Daya daga cikin hanyoyin gurbata muhalli shine karafa masu nauyi (HM), sama da abubuwa 40 na tsarin Mendeleev. Suna shiga cikin hanyoyin nazarin halittu da yawa. Daga cikin mafi yawan ƙarfe masu nauyi waɗanda ke gurɓata halittun halittu sune masu zuwa:
- nickel;
- titanium;
- tutiya;
- jagoranci;
- vanadium;
- sinadarin mercury;
- cadmium;
- kwano;
- chromium;
- tagulla;
- manganese;
- molybdenum;
- cobalt.
Tushen gurbatar muhalli
A ma'ana mai fadi, ana iya raba tushen gurbatar muhalli tare da manyan karafa zuwa na halitta da na mutum. A yanayin farko, abubuwan sunadarai sun shiga cikin halittun ne sakamakon zaizayar ruwa da iska, da fitowar duwatsu, da kuma yanayin ma'adanai. A yanayi na biyu, HMs sun shiga sararin samaniya, lithosphere, hydrosphere saboda aikin anthropogenic mai aiki: lokacin ƙona mai don kuzari, yayin aiki da masana'antar ƙarfe da sinadarai, a aikin noma, yayin hakar ma'adinai, da sauransu.
Yayin gudanar da ayyukan masana'antu, gurbatar yanayi tare da manyan karafa na faruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban:
- a cikin iska a cikin yanayin aerosols, yada a kan manyan wurare;
- tare da kayan masarufin masana'antu, karafa suna shiga jikin ruwa, suna canza sinadaran koguna, tekuna, tekuna, da kuma shiga ruwan karkashin kasa;
- Ta hanyar daidaitawa a cikin layin ƙasa, karafa suna canza abubuwan da suke ciki, wanda ke haifar da raguwa.
Hadarin gurbatawa daga manyan karafa
Babban haɗarin HM shine cewa sun ƙazantar da duk matakan halittar. A sakamakon haka, hayakin hayaki da turbaya suna shiga cikin sararin samaniya, sa'annan su fado a cikin ruwan sama mai guba. Sannan mutane da dabbobi suna shaƙar iska mai datti, waɗannan abubuwan suna shiga jikin halittu masu rai, suna haifar da kowane irin cuta da cuta.
Karafa na gurbata dukkan wuraren ruwa da hanyoyin ruwa. Wannan ya haifar da matsalar karancin ruwan sha a doron kasa. A wasu yankuna na duniya, mutane suna mutuwa ba kawai daga shan ruwa mai datti ba, sakamakon haka suna rashin lafiya, amma kuma daga rashin ruwa.
HMs suna tarawa cikin ƙasa kuma suna sanya guba ga shuke-shuke da suke girma a ciki. Da zarar cikin ƙasa, karafa suna shiga cikin tsarin tushen, sannan shigar da mai tushe da ganye, tushe da iri. Excessarancin su yana haifar da lalacewa cikin ci gaban flora, yawan guba, rawaya, ruɓuwa da mutuwar shuke-shuke.
Don haka, karafa masu nauyi suna da mummunan tasiri ga mahalli. Sun shiga cikin halittun duniya ta hanyoyi daban-daban, kuma, tabbas, zuwa mafi girman godiya ga ayyukan mutane. Don rage saurin kamuwa da cutar HM, ya zama dole a sarrafa dukkan yankunan masana'antu, yi amfani da matatun tsarkakewa da rage adadin sharar da zata iya ƙunsar ƙarafa.
