Shin mai dabbobi zai iya samun zafin nama kamar na damisa? Dabbar musk - wakilin mafi ƙanƙantar dawa a arewacin duniya - tare da kangaroo da fartun damisa. Theangaran barewar musk suna taka rawa iri ɗaya kamar ta tururuwa a cikin wasu nau'o'in ƙirar. Fassara daga Latin, yana nufin "ɗauke da miski".
Bayani da fasali
Barewa miski yana cikin tsari na artiodactyls, dangi dangin musk ne. Sizearamin girma: tsayi a bushe santimita 70 ne kawai, a dunƙulen 80 cm, nauyi - kilogram 12-18, tsawon jiki har zuwa cm 100. Idanun zagaye akan bakin bakin na iya juyawa zuwa rami a cikin haske mai haske.
Launi launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu, launuka masu launin ruwan kasa masu haske a bazu a ko'ina cikin jiki, wanda ya sa kusan ba za a iya ganinsa a cikin dutsen tsakanin fitowar iska ba, masu sanya duwatsu da kuma taiga coniferous duff. Ciki mai launin toka-toka-toka-ruwan toka ko ruwan kasa-kasa; a cikin maza, ratsi mai haske guda biyu ya sauko daga wuya zuwa gaban goshi, yana ƙara wasan haske da inuwa, yana narkar da shi tsakanin spruce ko itacen al'ul. A cikin ƙananan maruƙa, aibobi suna da haske, a cikin maza kusan ba a iya gani.
Gashi mai tsaro yana da tsawon 95 mm; a lokacin hunturu, yanayin iska a cikin gashi yana ƙaruwa, yana kiyaye dumi sosai a cikin sanyi. Yana da kyau sosai cewa dusar ƙanƙara ba ta narkewa a ƙarƙashin dabbar da ke kwance ba, amma tana narkewa a karkashin barewar da dabbobin gida.
babban fasali barewa - musky gland, wanda kusan ya kai ta ga gama bacewa. Sirrin busasshen da aka fitar ana amfani dashi ne da magungunan kasar Sin da masana'antun turare na Faransa.
Irin
Nau'o'in dangi sun bambanta ne kawai a mazauninsu:
- Siberiya miski barewa - Mazaunin Siberia daga Yenisei zuwa Tekun Pacific, a kan tsaunuka masu yawa, tsaunukan tsaunuka, taiga mai duhu-coniferous, mafakar dawakai misk ta faɗaɗa;
- Sakhalin musk barewa ta kowane fanni yana kama da sauran nau'inta, kawai ana ɗaukarsa mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin iyali;
- Himalayan - yana zaune a cikin Himalayas, yana zaune cikin yankunan jihohin da ke kusa da shi;
- Mai jan ciki - yana zaune a yankunan China da ke makwabtaka da Tibet;
- Aramin miski na Berezovsky, yankin mazaunin - yankuna na Vietnam da China;
- Baƙi - an rarraba daga China zuwa Indiya, wanda aka samo a cikin Bhutan.
- Fari - launinsa saboda lalacewar kira na melanin, wanda ke ba da halayyar halayyar riga da idanun ido. Ana ganin babbar nasara ce ga jama'ar yankin su kama farin barewa, ko da yake wasu kabilun sun yi amannar cewa wannan alama ce ta masifa.
Rayuwa da mazauni
90% na duk yawan mutanen duniya suna zaune a tsakanin yankunan tsaunuka-taiga na Rasha:
- Sakha-Yakutia;
- Altai;
- Gabashin Siberia;
- Yankin Magadan da Amur;
- Yankunan tsaunuka na Sakhalin;
- Spurs na tsaunukan Sayan.
Bugu da kari, ana samun sa a Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Korea.
Gudu daga bin sa, barewar musk tana rikitar da hanyoyi kamar kurege. Barin bi, zai iya juya digiri 90 a kan motsi ko ya tsaya nan take.
Musk barewa na zaune a cikin dazuzzuka coniferous gandun daji, kunshi spruce, itacen al'ul, fir da kuma larch yankunan taiga. Vesaunar sararin da ke da shuke-shuke da gandun daji masu girma. Yana faruwa a wuraren da aka kone wadanda tuni suka fara murmurewa; suna zaune a tsakiyar tsaunuka, bayan sun zaɓi wuraren da duwatsu suke. Wuraren duwatsu wurare ne na mafaka da hutawa.
Kimanin yawan adadin barewa kusan mutum 30 ne a cikin kadada 1000. A cikin Rasha, mazaunin barewa na cikin yankin permafrost, dabbar tana ɓuya a cikin dazuzzuka, guguwar iska, masu gudu daga mahautan. Mai tsananin hankali da taka tsantsan, yana fadawa cikin hannun mai farauta yayin hadari, lokacin da ba'a jin dabba mai rarrafe daga ihun iska.
Dodging, impetuous, ba za ta iya yin tafiya mai nisa ba, saboda haka ta rikita hanyoyin, neman mafaka. Gudun daga abokan gaba, dabbar tana kan hanyarta ta kunkuntar hanyoyi da kusurwa a kan duwatsu, tana iya tsallakewa zuwa yanki mai tsawon santimita 10x15 kawai kuma ya daidaita a kai har sai hatsarin ya wuce.
Yin tsalle daga shinge zuwa shinge na dutse, yana tafiya tare da hanyoyi 10 nisa santimita. Kofato-kofofin ta suna da fadi sosai, wanda hakan ke bata damar shiga inda dabba ko mafarautan ba zasu iya isa ba. Abokan gaba na dawakai na wolverine, lynx, harza, waɗanda ke farauta tare da dukan dangin. A cewar lura da masanan farauta barewa yana haifar da salon rayuwa, ƙaura ne kawai yayin sare dazuzzuka, wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin tanadin abinci.
Dalilin kusan bacewar miskin barewa ya ta'allaka ne akan ciki - gland na miski suna kusa da jela. Tare da sirrinsu, maza suna yiwa bishiyoyi alama a lokacin rutting. Dalilin musk shine don jan hankalin mata, amma wannan misk ɗin yana cikin kusan shirye-shirye ɗari uku na maganin China. Kudin magunguna ya yi tsada sosai, saboda waɗannan gland ne har yanzu mafarauta ke farautar dabbobi.
Don dawo da yawan jama'a, ƙananan rarar Sakhalin barewa da aka jera a ciki Ja littafi. Adadin sauran ƙananan raƙuman ƙarancin mahimmanci. Raguwar mazaunin saboda yawan sare dazuzzuka a ma'aunin masana'antu, kona shi don faɗaɗa yankin da aka noma, ya sanya dabbar cikin hatsarin halaka.
Cibiyoyin Kula da Dabbobin sun hada da kungiyoyin al'umma don taimakawa kiyaye halittar. A yau adadin su a Rasha yakai mutane dubu 120-125. An bayar da lasisin farauta 1,500, kuma mafarauta na ci gaba da farauta ba tare da izini ba.
Gina Jiki
Theungiyoyin dawa na miski, masu tsawon santimita 11, sun haifar da tatsuniyoyi da yawa. Ofayansu ya ce ɗaruruwan vampire suna yawo a cikin gandun daji, wanda ke cin naman mutane. Tabbas, duk wannan hasashe ne wanda bashi da tushe.
Abincin barewa ya kunshi bishiyar bishiyar bishiya da moss. Ana cin ganyayyun samari na bishiyun coniferous. Takamaiman abinci yana nuna rayuwa tsakanin iska, bishiyoyi masu karyewa, danshi da kuma wurare masu duwatsu inda nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙasa da na bushy masu zuwa suke girma:
- Deer cladonia;
- Tauraruwa cladonia;
- Cetraria mai kankara
- Marhantia.
A lokacin sanyi, lokacin da abin ya zama da wuya a samu abinci, rassan bishiyar aspen, alder, da na itacen Willow suna zama abinci. Horsetail, daraja, fireweed da sauran tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na gida za su yi a lokacin rani. Kwayoyin Pine, bawon bishiyar matasa suna cikin abinci a cikin hunturu da kaka. Lokacin hunturu, saboda tsananin murfin dusar ƙanƙara, ana alakanta shi da ƙarancin abinci, wanda ya ƙunshi likafani da haushi. Barewa tafi lasa gishiri.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Da shekara uku, maza na samun hauren haushi, ɓullar ɓarnar musky gland yana ƙaruwa, wanda da ita yake yiwa bishiyoyi alama, yana jan hankalin mata. Kowane mutum na rayuwa daban ko a cikin ƙananan rukuni, suna haɗuwa yayin rutsi, lokacin da namiji ya tara garken mata don kansa. A nan abin ban mamaki, hauren hauren da ba a saba gani ba ya fara karfi: masu nema sun fara yakin neman mallakar mace, suna haifar da raunuka masu yawa da hammatarsu.
Abokan hamayyar sun ɗauki kamannin yaƙi, fur din da ke baya ya baci, wanda hakan yana ƙara girman su a gani. Mafi yawanci, abokan hamayya suna watsewa cikin lumana, amma akwai fada mai zafi. Jin ƙanshin barewa, maza na doke juna da kofato, suna amfani da hammatarsu, suna cusa su a baya ko wuya. Wani lokaci raunukan suna da karfi sosai har namijin da aka kayar ya tafi ya mutu.
Tsarin jikin dabbobi da ɗan ban mamaki: ƙafafun baya sun fi na gaba yawa, kamar dai kurege ne. Sacrum ya fi gaban girma, wanda ke haifar da damuwa lokacin saduwa, Don Juan ya rufe matar yayin gudu.
Gestation yakan ɗauki watanni shida, yawanci pan 1-2 ne a kowane zuriyar dabbobi. Don ɗan lokaci, barewar miski ba ta bin bayan mahaifiyarsu - tana ɓoye jariran a cikin lago, tana da kyan gani daga idanuwan da ke runtse ido. Saboda rayuwar sirrin rayuwar dabbobi, an kayyade tsawon rayuwar samun 'yanci ba daidai ba: kimanin shekaru 5, cikin zaman talala zasu iya rayuwa shekaru 10-14.
Farauta don barewar miski
Ana yin kifi da barewar misk tare da hanyoyin da aka dame su. Ta hanyar sanya tarko ta hanyar madauki a wuraren wucewa, mafarauta suna yin adon da zai fitar da sautuka kama da nawar barewar miski. Ba wai mace kaɗai ba, har ma namiji yana zuwa irin wannan sautin.
Madaukai suna kama maza da mata, dabbobin da ba su balaga ba sun haye. Kusan koyaushe, dabbar da aka kama tana mutuwa, kuma samari ba sa ba da cikakken miski, suna mutuwa a banza.
Ga masu farauta taiga farautar barewar miski sau da yawa shine kawai hanyar samun kuɗi. Farashin jirgin saman Rasha ya kai ruble 680 a kowace gram, China ta biya fiye da haka, don haka ba zai yiwu a daina farauta ba.
Daga babban saurayi, an samo gram 15-20 na busassun samfurin, don haka an watsar da gefen ɗabi'ar batun. Kusan an kawar da barewar Mongoliya, China ta gabatar da cikakkiyar doka game da farautar barewar.
Kiwo na miski a gonaki
A kasuwar Rasha, wacce ke samar da kusan dukkanin misk na duniya, ba a buƙatar jet deer jet.
Jirgin barewar musk ne kawai dalilin kamun kifin sa. Bangaren naman karami ne, don haka ba a yin su da masana'antu.
Miski miski wanda aka yanka ta hanyar yanka dabba da yanke glandar. Marco Polo ya ambace shi a cikin rubutun nasa, shahararren likita Avicenna yayi amfani da sirrin gland don magance cututtuka. Masanan harhada magunguna na kasar Sin suna kara shi zuwa kwayoyi don kara karfi, daga iska, sama da nau'ikan magunguna 200. A tsakiyar zamanai, an yi amfani da miski a matsayin matakin kariya daga annoba da kwalara. Sarakunan kasar Sin sun ba ganuwar kyakkyawan ƙanshin musky.
Masana’antar turare na amfani da shi azaman mai gyaran kamshi. Musk na halitta ana kara shi ne kawai ga turare na Faransa masu tsada, sauran ana diluted da analog na roba. A sarari yake cewa buƙatar miski tana da yawa. Amma ba za ku iya kashe duka dabbobin ba!
Don samun jiragen sama na barewa sun kasance suna ƙoƙarin haɓaka ta tun ƙarni na sha bakwai. Gonakin Faransa da Ingilishi ba su ci nasara ba. Altai Nature Reserve ya fara kiwo kafin Babban Yaƙin rioasa. An sami sakamako mai kyau: dabbobi sun fara haifuwa, an haifa zuriya zuwa tsara ta bakwai. Gabaɗaya, an haifi barewar musk 200, sannan aka soke aikin.
Yanzu a cikin Rasha an haife su ta gonaki biyu: a cikin yankin Moscow - tushe "Chernogolovka", a ƙarƙashin jagorancin V.I. Prikhodko. A Altai Ecosfera Rare Dabbobin Tallafawa Dabbobi.
Cibiyar ta kafa kanta burin ba kawai kama jirgin sama ba, har ma da sake cika yawan taiga, da fatan shirya cikakken sakin dabbobi cikin yanayi.
Cibiyar ta ƙunshi dabbobi mafi girma a cikin ƙasar, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin M. Chechushkov, tare da taimakon Geoungiyar Geoasa ta Rasha da ƙungiyar wasanni "Dynamo". Sun sami nasarar kafa tushe mai mahimmanci, tare da wurin da yake akwai shinge daban da duk sauran gonakin miski.
Yankin an katange shi da taiga ta yau da kullun akan dutsen da ke arewacin. Ana shigo da kayayyaki don gini da hannu ko akan babura don kiyaye yanayin ƙasa gwargwadon iko.
Babban matsaloli a cikin kiwo na musk suna da alaƙa da ƙarancin ilimin ilimin muhalli da ilimin dabbobi. Don gidaje, kuna buƙatar gandun daji mai duhu mai duhu, bishiyoyi masu tsayi, bishiyoyin da suka faɗi wanda mosses da lichens suke girma akan su. Theananan ƙwayoyin da ke rayuwa a cikinsu suna da matukar muhimmanci ga jarirai su samar da hanyar narkewar abinci.
Barewa miski na zaune ne a cikin kaɗaici, tare da kulawar gona suna buƙatar yanki mai girman hekta 0.5. Mussa suna da kunya, suna ganin mutum yana gudu da sauri, idan corral karami ne, zasu fasa kan shingen. Yankunan inuwa dole ne don taimakawa danniya. Zama tare da ƙananan dabbobi yana yin barazanar tare da yawan mace-macen maza saboda faɗa a kan raba yankin.
Abincin da ke gonar ya ƙunshi lichens, hatsi ko hatsi, 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan lambu, ciyawa a lokacin rani. Miski da aka samar shine gamsai. Dabarar cire kayan cikin gland ta hanyar matsowa daga cikin jaka tana cutar da membrane, jakar ta fashe - asirin ya daina samar da miski.
Hanyar zamani ta haɗa da zaɓin sirrin gland, cire shi ta ƙaramar buɗewa. Namiji ya cika tsawon mintuna 40, an sanya magani na musamman - 4-5mm a diamita - a hankali an saka shi cikin ramin, yana karɓar gamsai mai tamani. Deer ya farka a cikin aan awanni kaɗan, zaɓin na gaba ana aiwatar dashi a cikin shekara ɗaya.
Yawan karɓar muski mai sau ɗaya shine gram 5-11, mafi kyawun lokacin samfoti shine ƙarshen watan Agusta, lokacin da ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen abu ya daina aiki kuma ƙoshin ya fara bushewa. Manoman kasar Sin sun sanya naman miski a kan rafi. Tuni aka zaɓi zuriya masu inganci a gonakinsu. Indiya da Saudi Arabiya suma sun sami nasarar hayar barewar miski don miski.
