An daɗe da ajiye kaji a bayan gari a matsayin tushen nama da kwai. Tsuntsaye ba kawai ana yin kiwonsu ba saboda dalilai na abinci. Akwai masu goyon baya da ke ajiye kaji iri-iri na ado. Gwagwarmaya da gasa na da shahara a wasu yankuna. Don shiga cikin su ana yakar nau'in kaza ana nome su.
Har ma akwai masu sha'awar zakara. An tayar da tsuntsaye na musamman don irin wannan fasahar murya. An yi imanin cewa kaji na cikin gida sun fito ne daga kajin kurmin Asiya Gallus bankiva. Bayan gyara na gaba na masu nazarin halittu, aka sake musu suna Gallus gallus. Sun riƙe sunansu na yau - banki kaza.
Masanan ilimin kwayar halitta a shekara ta 2008 sunyi karamin bincike: DNA na kaji na gida yana dauke da kwayoyin halittar da aka aro daga Gallus sonnerati (kaji na gurnin launin toka). Wato, asalin zakaru na gida, yadudduka da brooders sun fi rikitarwa fiye da yadda ake zato.
A yanayi, ana iya raba kaji zuwa tsuntsayen zaɓi na ƙasa, zuwa cikin tsuntsaye masu daraja masu daraja, da kuma gicciye - sakamakon ƙetare nau'ikan layuka da layuka, da tara kaddarorin da aka amince da su a baya kuma aka aiwatar da su bisa ƙa'idojin zaɓi na tsaurarawa.
Aƙancin kiwo na kiwon kajin ya fara ne a cikin ƙarni na 19. An dauki nau'ikan kaji na Autochthonous a matsayin tushe, wanda ya nuna kyakkyawan sakamako a cikin kwai, nama da sauran kwatancen. Bukatar keɓancewa ya samo asali ne saboda farkon masana'antar, ƙwai da yawa da naman kaji.
Akwai kusan nau'ikan kaji 700 da aka sani a duniya Amma yawan su kullum na raguwa. Fiye da nau'in 30 ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ɓatattu, game da nau'ikan 300 kusan sun kusan ƙarewa. An lura da irin wannan yanayin a Rasha da Gabashin Turai: daga cikin sanannun nau'ikan zuriya 100 a farkon karni na 21, ba fiye da 56 da suka rage ba.
Kajin zaben kasa
Mafi yawan mazaunan ƙauyukan gonakin kaji ne, waɗanda da wuya ake danganta su ga wani nau'in. Sau da yawa yana cakuda nau'ikan nau'in kwai da yawa na mutane. A wasu lokutan autochthonous hybrids suna nuna kyakkyawan sakamako: kyakkyawan samar kwai, nauyi mai kyau da ɗanɗano nama.
Theanshin da yake fitowa daga broth wanda aka dafa daga kaza na gari ya wuce duk wani abu da zaku yi tsammani daga kowane irin naman sa na musamman. Bugu da kari, ma'abota kaji suna jin alfahari da nutsuwa a cikin launi na musamman na zakara, da iyawarta da kuma mafi karfin kuka a duk gundumar.
Kwan ƙwai na kaji
Tushen yawan kaji da ke zaune a gonaki na kowane irin girma shine kajin kaji ga gidan... Yawancin jinsuna sun wanzu shekaru aru aru, har yanzu suna nan sanannun yadudduka, basu rasa dacewa ba.
Leghorn
Gane kuma, watakila, mafi kyaun ƙwayayen ƙwai don kiwo na gida... Halittarta ana danganta ta ga mazaunan lardin Italia na Tuscany a cikin ƙarni na 19. Sunan nau'in yana hade da cibiyar gudanarwa ta Tuscany - Livorno, wanda Birtaniyya ta kira Leghorn.
Tare da baƙin haure na Italiya, Leghorns sun zo Amurka. A cikin wannan ƙasar, nau'ikan ya haɗu da sauran nau'in kaji. A sakamakon haka, ya sami suna a matsayin mai saurin girma da saurin kwan-ƙwai.
A farkon rabin karni na 20, ya zama Tarayyar Soviet. An sanya wannan nau'in a cikin gonakin kaji da yawa: a cikin Crimea, yankin Moscow, a Arewacin Caucasus. Daga inda samarin suke zuwa gonakin kaji.
A cikin duk ƙasashe da gonakin kiwo iri daban-daban inda Leghorn ya sami kansa, an yiwa nau'in nau'in tsaftace zaɓi. A sakamakon aikin masu kiwo, nau'ikan 20 na leghorns masu launuka daban-daban sun bayyana. Amma waɗannan tsuntsayen sun riƙe ainihin inganci.
Farar fuka-fukan suna dauke da gargajiya. Leghorns sune kaji masu matsakaici. Zakara na manya na iya kaiwa nauyin kilogiram 2.2-2.5, kaji na samun nauyi har zuwa kilogiram 2.0. Kwai na farko an aza shi ne cikin watanni 4.5. Kwancen ƙwai yana da kyau har zuwa guda 250 - 280 a kowace shekara. Leghorns ba kaji bane - ba su da wata dabi'a ta uwa.
Irin wannan ba shi da kyau kuma yana da kyau a cikin gidajen da ke cikin yankuna masu dumi, masu sanyin jiki da sanyi. Sau da yawa ana amfani da Leghorns azaman tushen asali don samar da kwai a cikin manya da manyan-manyan gonakin kaji.
Rasha farin jinsi
Don kiwo a cikin kasashe daban-daban (Denmark, Holland, Amurka) An sayi kaji na Leghorn. Tsuntsayen da suka isa cikin USSR sun zama abubuwan aikin zaɓi. A cikin shekarun 30 na karnin da ya gabata, sakamakon tsallaka tsuntsaye masu tsarkakakku tare da nau'ikan autochthonous, sabo kwan ƙwai.
Haɗuwa ya kai kusan kwata na ƙarni (shekaru 24). A sakamakon haka, a cikin 1953, fitowar sabon kwai, wanda ya dace da nau'in "Farin Rashanci" an rubuta shi. Tsuntsayen da ake kiwo a ƙasarmu sun bambanta da Leghorns ta fuskoki da yawa don mafi kyau. Yanzu wannan irin na kwanciya kaji domin kiwo ya jagoranci jerin tsuntsayen da suka kware a gonakin gida.
Roosters suna samun nauyi daga 2.0 zuwa 2.5 kilogiram. Kajin ya kai nauyin kilogiram 2.0. A shekarar farko ta kwan kwai, fararen kaji na Rasha na iya samar da matsakaitan ƙwai 300. Kowace shekara tsuntsu yana rayuwa yana rage adadin kwayayen da ake hadawa da 10%. Nauyin ƙwai, akasin haka, yana ƙaruwa kuma ya kai 60 g. Nau'in yana da halin tsananin juriya ga cututtuka, yana zama tare da sauran tsuntsaye. Rashin damuwa yana jure rashin jin daɗi da abinci iri-iri.
Nau'in kaji tare da zanen kunne
Wai nau'in zaɓi na ƙasa. Ya yadu a cikin Ukraine da kudancin Rasha, sabili da haka ana kiran shi ɗan yaren Yukren ko Kudancin Rasha. Wannan nau'in kirar autochthonous sananne ne saboda samar da kwai da kuma nauyin jiki mai kyau. Kaza na iya sawa har guda 160 wadanda ba su manyan qwai (gram 50) a shekara. Roosters na nau'in Ushanka sun sami gagarumin nauyi na kilogiram 3, kaji sau ɗaya da rabi - ba su wuce 2 kilogiram ba.
Jikin tsuntsayen wannan nau'in yana da ɗan tsayi, kai matsakaici ne, an rufe shi da fasalin mai kama da ganye ko kama da na goro. Launi na fuka-fuka yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne tare da raƙuman duhu da haske. Akwai sanannen "gemu" a kan ƙugu, jan earan kunnen kusan kusan an rufe shi da gashin tsuntsu "waswasi", wanda ya ba da sunan ga nau'in - ushanka.
Duk da matsakaicin nauyi da halaye masu ɗauke da kwai na tsuntsayen wannan nau'in sun shahara tsakanin kaji. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa ta bayyanar da baƙon abu. Kari akan haka, zoben kunnen kaza ne masu kyau da kuma uwaye masu kulawa. Ba kwa buƙatar ɗakunan kaji masu zafi. Tsayayya da cuta, rashin buqatar abinci. Mutanen da suka san abin sawa a kunne ba su da matsala da su wane irin kajin da za'a zaba domin kiwo a gida.
Hamburg kaji
Asalin matasan ya samo asali ne ta hanyar kaji, wanda manoma ke kiyaye shi a cikin yankunan karkarar Yaren mutanen Holland. Masu kiwo daga Jamusawa sun haɓaka ingantaccen nau'in tasiri tare da sunan Hanseatic kyauta "Hamburg" daga birdsan asalin tsuntsayen Holan masu yatsu.
An hayayyafa nau'in ne kamar oviparous, amma saboda fitowar sa da kyau, akan kira shi da ado. Matsakaicin duka kwatankwacin kaza ne. Akwai fasali. Wannan doguwar fuka-fukai ce, wutsiya mai ban mamaki da canza launi mai ban mamaki: duhu, kusan tabo baƙi sun bazu a kan asalin farin fata. Gabaɗaya na gaba na iya zama azurfa, sa'annan ana kiran kaji "wata".
Nauyi da alamomin kwan kwan sun bambanta kadan daga sauran nau'ikan yanayin kwan. Tsuntsayen na iya samun nauyin kilogiram 2, zakara yana da ɗan nauyi. Sun fara sauri da wuri, a watanni 4-5. Har zuwa qwai 160 ana dage farawa a cikin shekarar farko mai bada amfani. A lokacin sanyi, adadin ƙwai da kazar Hamburg ke raguwa sosai. Wato, waɗannan kaji sun fi dacewa da adana su a yankuna masu dumi.
Naman nau'in kaji
Tushen farko na samun nau'ikan kaza masu nauyi shine tsuntsaye daga Indochina, inda suka taka rawar gani. Masu kiwo daga Amurka sun karɓi haɗuwa kuma sun sami nasara mai ban sha'awa. A cikin karni na 19 ya bayyana naman kaji na kiwo don kiwo a gona ko gona.
Kirkin naman kaji yana da alaƙa mara ma'ana da kalmar "broiler". Wannan sunan baya nuna nau'in, amma hanyar girma ta kowane irin nama. Kaji ana ciyar da abinci mai gina jiki, kiyaye su cikin yanayin da zasu dace da saurin ci gaba. A sakamakon haka, ana samun kaji na kasuwa cikin watanni 2, wanda za'a iya amfani da naman galibi don soyawa.
Brama irin
Ana kiran sunan wannan nau'in koyaushe da farko idan sun fara magana game da kaji nama. Malay da Vietnam sun samo asalinsu zuwa wannan tsuntsu. Nauyin zakara na brama na gabatowa da kusan kilo 7. Nau'in Brama, ban da waɗanda suke da nauyi, ba shakka babu fa'idar kaza mai ban sha'awa.
Wannan ya yanke shawarar ƙaddarar irin. Yin ƙoƙari don kyakkyawa ya ci halayen nama. A hankali, kaji na brama sun rasa rikodin su kuma sun zama manyan kayan ado. Lokacin haihuwar kwai a Brama zai fara ne a makare, a watanni 7-8. Tsuntsaye suna kawo manyan ƙwai kusan 90 a shekara.
Suna da kyakkyawar fahimta, amma saboda yawan adadinsu (kaji suna auna har zuwa kilogiram 3), ƙwai ƙwai ƙwai ne ake murƙushewa. Sabili da haka, ana amfani da rafin brooder sau da yawa don yin kwan ƙwai na manyan tsuntsayen gida: agwagwa ko geese. Lokacin adanawa a cikin gida, dole ne mutum yayi la'akari da yanayin yanayin wannan nau'in.
Gwanin Jersey
Wannan nau'ikan yana da'awar zama mafi kyawun kajin cin abinci. Lokacin ƙirƙirar kato, ƙirar Brama, Orlington da Longshan sun raba kayan halittar su. Autochthonous Oriental breeds sun halarci halittar kajin nama. Nauyin kaza na iya kaiwa 7 kilogiram. A lokaci guda, tsuntsayen suna kwance da kyau, suna samar da ƙwai har zuwa 170 a kowace shekara.
Kattai na Jersey sun riƙe bayyanar kajinsu na gargajiya duk da cewa suna da girma. Masu kiwo sun yi kiwon kaji a launuka kala uku: fari, shuɗi da baƙi. Ga duk wanda yake son kiwo kaji a farfajiyar gidan sa, babban dansandan Jersey shine mafi kyawon mafita. Amma kar a manta cewa bayan shekaru biyu na rayuwa, dandanon naman kato ya fara raguwa.
Cochinchin irin
Kayan nama na gabas. An adana shi kuma har yanzu ana noma shi a gonakin manoma a Vietnam. Tare da samar da kwai mai rauni (guda 100 a cikin watanni 12), nau'in na da kyan gani: Cochinchins sun fi kwan ƙwai a lokacin sanyi fiye da bazara.
Tsuntsayen wannan nau'in ba safai manoma da manoma ke kiyaye su ba. Amma masu kiwo suna kare Cochinchins a matsayin abubuwa masu mahimmanci na kwayoyin halitta. Ba tare da haɗin Cochinchins ba, da yawa masu nauyi kuma kaji mai yawa. Jinin waɗannan tsuntsayen da ke gabashin autochthonous suna gudana a jijiyoyin kusan dukkanin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan zuriya da aka haifa a cikin karnin da ya gabata.
Kwan ƙwai da nama
Yawancin yawancin nau'ikan da ake kira zaɓin mutane koyaushe suna da fuskantarwa biyu. A cikin fewan shekarun farko na rayuwa, tsuntsaye suna samun ƙwai. Da shekaru, yawan kwai ya ragu, don haka ake yanka kajin. Tsuntsu ya canza maƙasudinsa: daga tushen ƙwai ya zama tushen nama.
Oryol nau'in kaji
Ya haɗu da halaye da yawa: nauyi mai kyau, ƙoshin ƙwai mai gamsarwa, juriya ga sanyi da kuma halin rashin da'a game da abinci da yanayin rayuwa. Bugu da kari, tsuntsayen wannan nau'in suna da launi mai ban mamaki da bayyana bayyanar su. Oryol zakara a zamanin da sun kasance mahalarta ba makawa a cikin faɗa, sun nuna kansu da kyau a cikin zobe.
An yi kiwon irin a cikin Rasha kuma sun sami matsayin hukuma a cikin 1914, kamar yadda Imungiyar Imperial Society of Poultry Farmers ta nuna. Matsakaicin nauyin kajin Oryol bai wuce kilogiram 2.2 ba. Roosters a wasu lokuta kan auna nauyin kilogiram 3 na nauyin rayuwa. Yarinya kaza na iya yin kwai har zuwa 140 a cikin kwanaki 365, kowannensu ya kai kimanin 60. Bayan lokaci, adadin ƙwai ya ragu.
Zamanin da ake amfani da shi yanzu yana raguwa a hankali daga yanayin tare da alamomin matsakaici. Kyakkyawar kaza ba ta da kima sosai. Irin waɗannan nau'o'in kamar Orlovskaya suna ɓacewa a hankali, suna zama ba safai ba.
Orlington irin
Wani lokaci ana kiran wannan nau'in a matsayin ƙungiyar nama. Nauyin kaza ya kai kilogiram 4.5-5.5, nauyin zakara zai iya kusanto alamar 7 kg. Orlington suna samar da ƙwai 140 zuwa 150 a cikin shekara mai fa'ida. An yi kiwon nau'in ne a matsayin tsuntsu mai iya magance matsalolin nama da kwai na manoman Ingila.
Nasarar William Cook, mai kiwon kaji na Ingilishi kuma marubucin nau'in, ya bayyana. A ƙarshen karni na 19, kaji masu nauyi suka mamaye gonakin manoman Ingilishi. Orlington na farko sun kasance baƙi. Ma'aikatan Turai sun fara ginawa kan nasarar Baturen Ingila.
Orlingtons na launuka daban-daban 11 an ƙirƙire su da sauri. Dukansu sun riƙe halaye na nama da ƙwai na farkon Orlington. Sun zama mazaunan dindindin na gonakin manoma na Turai. Babban jikinsu, das hi mai ƙarfi yana basu damar jure yanayin sanyi, amma samar da ƙwai a cikin tsuntsaye yana raguwa a lokacin sanyi.
Plymouth dutse irin
Tsuntsaye na wannan nau'in sun haɗu da jiki mai yawa da samar da ƙwai mai kyau. Rooster ya kai kilogiram 4-5, kaji mai sauƙin kilo 1. A cikin shekara mai albarka, an kawo ƙwai har zuwa 190. Haɗuwa da waɗannan alamomin ya sa Plymouth Rocks ya zama kyakkyawan mazaunin magidanta.
Waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da tagomashi ta hanyar nutsuwa, halin ƙyanƙyashewa, ƙoshin lafiya da kyan gani. Tun daga 1911, da farko a cikin Daular Rasha, sannan a cikin USSR, waɗannan tsuntsayen sun zama tushen tushen kiwo.
Tsarin Kuchin Jubilee
An yi bred a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a gonar kiwo na Kuchinskaya. A 1990 masana'antar ta yi bikin cika shekaru 25 da kafuwa. Sabon nau'in kaji da ya bayyana a wannan lokacin an sanya masa suna "Kuchin Jubilee". A matasan shine cakuda Plymouth Rocks, Leghorns da wasu nau'ikan kiwo.
Kajin Kuchin na manya sun yi nauyi kadan kasa da kilogiram 3, zakara na samun kilogram 3.5-4. Tsawon watanni 12, tsuntsayen Kuchin suna yin ƙwai 200 ko fiye. Wato, masu kiwo sun sami nasarar samun ainihin kajin duniya na hakika.
Kyakkyawan lafiyar da ƙarancin hunturu suna magana game da fifita waɗannan tsuntsayen a gonar masu zaman kansu. A matakin kirkirar nau'in, sun kula da wannan mai nuna kulawa ta musamman, suna zubda jinin mafi kyawu na cikin gida.
Yurlovskaya nau'in kaji
Wadannan kaji galibi ana kiran su kaji na Yurlov mai raɗaɗi don kyankyamin zakara. An yi imanin cewa an haɓaka nau'in a cikin yankin Oryol a ƙauyen Yurlovo, wanda, rashin alheri, ba ya wanzu yanzu. Irin yana da nauyi. Wasu zakara suna da nauyin kilogiram 5.5, kaji har zuwa 3.0-3.5 kilogiram.
Tare da samar da kwai shekara-shekara na kwai 140, yana samar da babban kwai (daga 58 zuwa 90 g). Baya ga murya mai daɗi, zakokin Yurlov suna da fitacciyar fitacciyar fuska da ɗabi'ar faɗa. Ba a banza ba cewa aka yi amfani da kajin yaƙi na gabas a cikin aikin kiwo.
Jinsi Moscow baki
An samo irin wannan kajin a cikin USSR a karnin da ya gabata. Masana kimiyya na makarantar kwalejin ta Temiryazevsk da wasu masu aikin gona na Bratsk na kiwon kaji sun kwashe shekaru suna gudanar da kiwo, kuma ya kare a shekarun 80s. Tushen sabon iri shine kaji na Leghorn, New Hampshire da Yurlovskiy.
Don zakara baƙar fata ta Moscow, nauyin 3.5 kg ana ɗauka na al'ada. Kaza ba ta da nauyin da bai wuce kilogiram 2.5 ba. Farawa daga shekara 5-6, tsuntsu na iya kawo ƙwai har 200 a shekara. An rarrabe tsuntsun ta hanyar kiwon lafiyarsa da kyakkyawar dacewa da yanayin rayuwa daban-daban. Baƙin kaza na Mosko shine mafi yawan lokuta tushen tushen kiwo da gicciye.
Kayayyakin kiwon kaji
A cikin kwanakin da suka gabata, kasancewar kyawawan kaji, baƙon abu a farfajiyar yana nufin babban matsayin mai gidansu. Matsayi na farko tsakanin halaye da ake buƙata na kaji shine yanayin kyawun su. Yawancin lokaci, ciki ya rinjayi ruhu, nau'ikan kayan ado sun zama rarity. Mafi shahara sune:
- Kayayyakin kaji na shabo. Wani tsohon zamanin ya bunkasa a Gabas. A waje, yana da matuƙar tasiri. Wannan karamin tsuntsun yana da wahala kuma bashi da abinci da kiyaye shi.
- Karen siliki. Wani tsohuwar kasar Sin. Ya bambanta a fuka-fukai masu ban mamaki tare da shaft mai rauni. Saboda abin da murfin kajin ya zama kamar siliki.
- Bentamki. Dukkanin rukunin tsuntsayen tsuntsaye na nau'ikan nau'ikan. Shin sun bambanta sosai a cikin bayyanar. Abubuwan mallakar su na yau da kullun shine rashin wayewa da sauƙin kulawa.
- Phoenix na kasar Japan. Doguwar wutsiya, daidaitawa da launi na zakara ya sa wannan nau'in ya zama jagora a cikin kyakkyawar kaza.
- Kajin Pavlovsk. A wani lokaci waɗannan tsuntsayen sun shahara sosai a Rasha. An haɗu da kyakkyawan wayo tare da cikakken dacewa da yanayin Rasha.
Kaji abokin dadewar mutum ne. Sun ba mutane ƙwai, nama, fuka-fuka. Gamsar da sha'awar su da kyawawan halayen su. Kaji sun yiwa Faransa yawa fiye da sauran mutane. Godiya ga kaji, ikon Turai, Faransa, ya sami alamar ƙasa - zakara Gali.
