Mai hankali (Sorex) ƙananan dabba ne na kwari na iyalin shrew. Suna rayuwa ne a duk nahiyoyin da ke arewacin duniya, galibi a cikin dazuzzuka da tundra. Wannan jinsi ya hada da wadanda suka yi nasara a cikin "mafi kankanta" da kuma "mafi yawan rashi" nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Kalubalanci dokar Bergman da nuna tasirin Denel. A cikin duka, akwai kusan nau'in 70 a cikin jinsin, wanda a cikin Rasha - 15 - 17 nau'in.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Shrew
Sunan Latin na jinsin ya fito ne daga kalmar ma'anar "waswasi, ihu, kugi". Wannan yana nufin sautunan da dabbobi ke yi yayin arangama da juna. Sunan Rashanci na jinsi an sanya shi ne don launin hakora-launin ruwan kasa na saman haƙoran.
Akwai nau'ikan bisa ga tsarin hakoran, wanda ke da matukar wahala ga mai shimfidawa. Tsarin haraji ba shi da kyau, a yau akwai rarrabuwa daban-daban, a cewar ɗayansu, rukunin ƙungiyoyi uku sun bambanta.
Bidiyo: Shrew
Amma a cewar wani - hudu:
- jinsunan da ba a san asalinsu ba, gami da kankanin shrew (Sorex minutissimus) - hakika, mafi karancin dabbobi masu shayarwa a Rasha da kuma na biyu a duniya, wadanda suka fi shi kankanta shi ne dwarf shrew (shrew) na irin shrews din;
- subgenus Sorex, wanda kowa ke da shi, shima shrew ne (Sorex araneus) - mafi yaduwa da kuma wakiltar jinsin halittu kuma mafi yawan dabbobi masu shayarwa a arewacin Turai;
- subgenus Ognevia tare da guda ɗaya, amma mafi girma, wakilin - ƙwararren shrew (Sorex mirabilis);
- Subisus Otisorex ya haɗa da galibi nau'in Arewacin Amurka da ƙaramar dabba mai shayarwa, pywayar pygmy ta Amurka (Sorex hoyi).
Burbushin ya kasance ne tun daga Upper Eocene, lokacin da umarnin zamani na dabbobi masu shayarwa suka bayyana.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya mai hankali yake kama
Da farko kallo, dabbobin suna kama da beraye, amma suna cikin tsari daban - kwari. Tsarin jiki game da cikakken bincike ya sha bamban da na linzamin kwamfuta. Da farko dai, kan babba kai tare da bakin wuya wanda aka faɗaɗa zuwa cikin proboscis mai saurin canzawa. Dabbar tana motsa shi koyaushe, yana lazimi yana neman abin farauta. Kunnuwa kaɗan ne, kusan ba sa fitowa daga Jawo. Idanun ba su da kyau, kwata-kwata ba su da ma'ana.
Idan muka dauke su a matsayin madubin ruhu, to lallai mai hankali bashi da kurwa - duk tunanin dabba bai wuce abincin su na yau da kullun ba. Amma irin waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi ba za su iya zama ba haka ba, suna rasa zafi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da manyan, koyaushe suna buƙatar cikewar makamashi na tafiyar da rayuwa, wanda suke da shi cikin saurin damuwa. “Theananan nauyi, yawancin abinci” ƙa’ida ce ta gama gari ga duk dabbobin da ke da jini da dumi. Yaran suna da hakora 32, kamar na ɗan adam, amma abubuwan da ke ciki, musamman ƙananan, suna da tsayi sosai. Ana maye gurbin haƙoran madara da na dindindin koda a amfrayo, don haka an haifi dabba tuni ta kasance cikakke da dukkan haƙori.
Tsawon jiki (ba tare da wutsiya ba) a cikin jinsuna daban na iya zama daga 4 cm a cikin ƙaramin shrew, har zuwa 10 cm a cikin babba; nauyin nauyi daga 1.2 - 4 g zuwa 14 g, bi da bi. Matsakaicin matsakaita, alal misali, na abin da aka saba da shi shi ne cm 6 - 9 tare da jela na 3 - 5.5 cm. Jikin yana lulluɓe da gashin karammiski mai kauri wanda ke manne a tsaye, don haka ba za a iya shrew ɗin da hatsi ba. Launi na Jawo a gefen sama yana da ja, launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka kuma yana canza dabbar da kyau a kan ƙasa, a gefen ƙananan jikin yana da launin toka mai haske.
Wutsiyar na iya zama gajere sosai ko kuma kusan daidai da jiki, an rufe ta da raƙuman gashi. A bangarorin da kuma gindin wutsiyar, galibi akwai gland da ke ɓoye ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyen muski wanda ke kare dabara daga masu farauta. Mata suna da nono 6 zuwa 10. A cikin maza, gwajin yana cikin jikin mutum, kuma gabobin jini na iya kaiwa 2/3 na tsawon jiki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kwanyar shrew kamar wani alwatirabine mai tsayi - yana da fadin kwakwalwa sosai da kuma takaita zuwa hanci, don haka hammatarsu ta zama kamar hanzari. Zuwa lokacin hunturu, kokon kai yana raguwa, yana rage karfin sashin kwakwalwa, a lokacin bazara yana karuwa (abinda ake kira "Danel effect"). Brainwaƙwalwar tana ɗaukar nauyin 10% na nauyin dukan dabba, kuma wannan rabo ya fi na mutum ko, har ma, dabbar dolfin. A bayyane, bukatar da ake da ita don magance matsalolin abinci na taimakawa ci gaban kwakwalwa.
A ina mai hankali yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Shrew a Rasha
Yanayin jinsin ya kunshi galibi yankuna masu karko da na yanayi na dukkan nahiyoyin arewacin duniya. A cikin yankuna kudu maso kudu, kamar Amurka ta tsakiya ko Asiya ta Tsakiya, ana samun shrews a cikin tsaunuka.
Wani wakili na yau da kullun, mai hankali, shine mafi dacewa kuma ya dace da rayuwa a wurare daban-daban na yankuna daga arewacin tundra zuwa filayen filaye, inda yake zaɓar wuraren ambaliyar ruwa da ciyawar ciyawa masu tsayi don sasantawa. Dabbobi ba sa son buɗe wurare, ba za su iya tsayawa kai tsaye hasken rana ba - wuraren da suka fi so koyaushe suna da inuwa da damshi. A cikin hunturu suna rayuwa a ƙarƙashin rufin dusar ƙanƙara, kusan ba sa zuwa saman.
A tsakiyar Rasha, ana samun shre-shre na yau da kullun ko'ina a cikin dazuzzuka da wuraren shakatawa, musamman ma waɗanda suke da shara, tare da gandun daji da yawa da kuma kaurin dajin. Suna zaune ne a gefen bankunan ruwa a tsaunuka na ciyawar bakin ruwa, kusa da fadama. Amma ba sabon abu ba ne a cikin gidajen rani da aka noma, wanda kuliyoyi ke tabbatar da su a matsayin ganima. An fi jan hankalin su zuwa gidajen mutane a jajibirin hunturu, lokacin da zasu iya hawa cikin gidaje ma.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi ƙanƙancin jinsin suna rayuwa a cikin tundra da tsaunuka, suna jimre da tsananin sanyin tsakiyar Siberia, kodayake, zai zama kamar, ya kamata su yi ƙoƙari su ɗumi wuraren. Haka kuma, nazarin yadda ash ash shru na Amurka (Sorex cinereus) ya nuna cewa nesa da arewa suke, ƙaramin girman dabbar. Wannan ya saba wa sanannen dokar Bergman, gwargwadon yadda girman mutane a yankunan sanyi na kewayon ya kamata ya karu.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo dabarar. Bari muga abin da wannan dabbar take ci.
Menene mai hankali ke ci?
Hotuna: Shrew daga littafin Red
Lokacin neman abinci, shrews yana jagorantar da ƙanshin ƙanshi da ji mai kyau; wasu nau'in suna amfani da echolocation. Abincin dabbobi, a matsayin wanda yake da gina jiki, shine asalin abincin. Mai hankali yana cin duk abin da zai kama kuma yana ɗanɗano da haƙoransa masu kaifi - allura.
Zai iya zama:
- duk wani kwari a duk matakan ci gaba, coleoptera, dipterans da lepidoptera, da karin larvae ana cinsu;
- gizo-gizo;
- tsutsar ciki;
- molluscs, gami da slugs, wanda shrews ke bin tsutsotsi;
- wasu invertebrates; misali, kivsaki wanda ƙaton mai hankali ke ci;
- 'ya'yan berayen murine;
- ƙananan amphibians;
- gawa, kamar tsuntsu ko bera;
- a cikin mawuyacin hali, ya tsunduma cikin cin naman mutane, har ma da cin nasa yaran;
- a lokacin hunturu yana cin abincin tsire, musamman tsaba conifer, wanda zai iya ɗaukar rabin abincin;
- yana cin namomin kaza da maina.
Don neman abinci, yana sanya kunkuntun sassan hanyoyin cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Adadin abincin da ake ci a rana ya ninka sau 2 zuwa 4 fiye da na dabbar kanta.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Shrew gama gari
Mafi yawan karatun shine maƙwabcinmu mafi kusa a cikin duniya - ƙwarewar gama gari. Ta amfani da misalinta, zamuyi la'akari da yadda waɗannan dabbobin suke rayuwa da abin da suke yi. Shwarewar tana da ma'ana da motsi. Duk da kafafunta masu rauni, cikin fara'a tana tafiya ta cikin ciyawa da sako-sako da daji, tana nitsewa a ƙarƙashin ƙwarin da suka faɗi da itacen itace, za su iya hawa kan gindin bishiyoyi, su yi iyo su yi tsalle. Ba ta haƙa ramuka, amma tana amfani da hanyoyin mutane na ɓoye, ba ta sha'awar ra'ayin mai shi. Rumaƙƙarfan marmarin da ke neman buƙata ta buƙaci cikin ciki da mutuwa daga yunwa sun fi mata tabbaci fiye da haƙoran mai farauta. Ba tare da abinci ba, tana mutuwa bayan awa 7 - 9, da ƙananan jinsuna - bayan 5.
Fiye da rabin lokacin, 66.5%, dabbar tana ciyarwa a motsi kuma a ci gaba da neman abinci. Bayan cin abinci, sai ya yi bacci, kuma bayan bacci, sai ya tafi neman abinci kuma irin wadannan hawan da ake yi da rana na iya zama daga 9 zuwa 15, dan jinkirin da aka samu a wannan zagayen zai sa rayuwarsa. Yayin binciken, yana tafiya har zuwa kilomita 2.5 kowace rana. Lokacin da kayan abinci suka ƙare, sai ya koma wasu wurare.
A cikin kaka, kuma musamman a cikin hunturu, shrew yana rage aiki, amma baya yin bacci. Jariri kawai ba zai iya tara wadatattun wuraren ajiya don hunturu ba kuma ana tilasta shi juyawa koda cikin yanayin sanyi. Abin mamaki ne cewa har ma ta tsira har zuwa bazara. Molting yana faruwa a watan Afrilu - Mayu da Satumba - Oktoba, kamar duk mazaunan wurare tare da yanayi mai yanayi. A lokacin hunturu, fatar ta zama wuta. Za'a iya bayyana sautuna azaman ƙararraki, tweets, ko ɓoye-ɓoye na wayo. Ana buga su galibi a taron da yaƙin da ke biyo baya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: sharamar shrew tana ci sau 120 kowane minti 10 zuwa 50 a rana. Bugu da ƙari, yana zaune a cikin yankin sanyi na Eurasia fiye da ƙwarewar gama gari.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: rewan shrew
Shrews ba sa zama tare kuma idan sun haɗu, suna nuna tashin hankali, suna kai wa juna hari tare da kuka da fitar da ƙanshin alamar kasuwancin su. Mace da miji na ɗan lokaci kaɗan don saduwa, wanda a cikin shrew na yau da kullun na iya faruwa sau 3 ko 4 daga Afrilu zuwa Oktoba.
Bayan saduwa, mace ta sami tsohuwar kututture, dunƙule, akwati, rami mara komai ko tari na itacen itace kuma tana yin gida daga ciyawa, gansakuka ko ganye. Gida yana zagaye tare da ramin 8-10 cm a cikin diamita. Bayan kamar makonni uku, mace ta haifi jarirai (3) 6 - 8 (11). Nauyin kumburin kusan 0.5 g, tsayinsa bai wuce cm 2 ba, baya gani, bashi da gashi har ma da proboscis. Amma bayan kwanaki 22 - 25, sabon ƙarni ya gama shiri tsaf don rayuwa mai zaman kansa, kuma mace a shirye take don sabon haifuwa.
Yaran sun balaga a cikin shekara mai zuwa, kodayake farkon bazarar bazara na iya haifuwa cikin watanni uku ko hudu. Gaggawar ta wajaba sosai - dabbobin da basa aiki sosai basu wuce shekaru 2 ba. Wannan al'ada ce ga dukkan mambobin jinsi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan gida na cikin haɗari, uwa da youngan samari na wasu nau'ikan jinsin (na kowa shrew, ash shrew) sun samar da abin da ake kira "caravans" - ɗan fari ya kama uwa ta gindin wutsiya, sauran kuma suna manne da juna. Don haka suna motsawa don neman kariya. Akwai ra'ayi daban-daban da suke nazarin abubuwan da ke kewaye da su, halayyar su, don haka a ce, "balaguro a cikin yanayi."
Abokan gaba na shrews
Photo: Grey shrew
Kowa yana da abokan gaba, har ma da waɗanda suke fushi da yara masu wari. Wasu kawai suna kashe su, yayin da wasu ke iya cin su, idan ba su da ƙanshin ƙanshi.
Yana:
- masu farautar dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da kuliyoyin gida, wadanda galibi suna barin ganima ba tare da cin abinci ba;
- owls wadanda ke cin su duk da warin;
- shaho da sauran masu cin abincin diurnal;
- storks;
- macizai da sauran macizai;
- kifin da ke kama shi ya kama dabbobin ninkaya;
- su kan su kansu suna da haɗari ga juna;
- parasites (helminth, fleas da sauransu) suna cutar da lafiya da yawa.
Shrews yawanci suna tare tare da mutane cikin lumana, kodayake, ba shakka, suna iya shiga cikin rarraba yayin harin ta'addanci akan ɓeraye da beraye. Babban illa har yanzu mutane suna haifar dashi a kaikaice - ta hanyar canza mazauni ta hanyar sare itace da ci gaban birane, ta amfani da magungunan ƙwari.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin da ake nazarin ɗayan al'umman dunƙule, an sami nau'ikan helminth 15 a cikin gutsuttsuren, na tsutsotsi masu zagaye da na kwance. Daya samfurin dauke da 497 daban-daban tsutsotsi. Anan ga misali na daidaito a yanayi!
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Yaya mai hankali yake kama
Girman yawan jinsuna daban-daban sun bambanta sosai. Mafi yawan nau'ikan jinsunan Eurasia, masu hankali, na iya samun yawan samfuran 200 - 600 a kowace kadada. Thearin abinci da wuraren ɓoye don mafaka, yawancin mutanen yana da yawa. Makamantan wuraren rayuwar Eurasia a cikin ƙananan ƙananan, ƙananan, masu haƙoran haƙori, da sauran su. Manya da yawan jama'a da ke tattare da tundra da yankunan gandun daji sun saba da yawancin jinsunan Amurka.
Wasu nau'ikan sun fi na cikin gida, kamar su shukokin Caucasian waɗanda ke zaune a dazukan Caucasus da Transcaucasia, ko Kamchatka daga Kamchatka da bakin Tekun Okhotsk. Amma ba safai ake samunsu ba, kaɗan ne a adadi kuma aka samo su a ƙaramin yanki, ba gama gari ba. Countriesasashe daban-daban suna da nasu rarities.
Littattafan Red bayanai na yanki na Rasha sun haɗa da:
- an kare ƙaramin shrew (S. minutissimus) a cikin yankunan Moscow, Ryazan, Tver, Kaluga;
- da shwed shrew (S. unguiculatus) da siririn hanci (Sorex gracillimus) an sanya su a cikin Littafin Ja na Yankin Amur;
- da Radde shrew (S. raddei) a cikin KK na yawancin jamhuriyoyin Caucasian ta Arewa;
- ƙaramin shrew (S. minutus) ragin Crimean ne. A cikin kowane hali, an haɗa shi a cikin Red Book of Moscow, a matsayin mai nuna alamun gandun dajin da aka kiyaye a cikin yanayin da ba a damu ba. Kodayake a dunkule babu abinda yake yiwa jinsin barazana;
- mai haƙoran haƙori (S. isodon) yana da kariya a cikin yankin Moscow da Karelia. Yankin ya mamaye yankin gandun daji na Eurasia daga Scandinavia zuwa Tekun Fasifik.
Kare shrews
Hotuna: Shrew daga littafin Red
Akwai nau'in guda daya a cikin Littafin Rubuce na Rasha: katuwar shrew. Tabbas, babban wakilin jinsi. Nau'i na 3 nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ne masu ƙarancin yawa da iyakantaccen iyaka. Ya faɗa cikin rukunin ƙananan haɗari ta IUCN. Wani mazaunin bishiyun daɗaɗɗen gandun daji na Kudu Primorye, wanda aka samo a wurare uku kawai: a cikin wuraren Lazovsky da Kedrovaya Pad, da kuma kusa da Lake. Hanka.
Lissafin Red IUCN na Kasa da Kasa ya haɗa da:
- Babban mai haƙori (S. macrodon) wani nau'in haɗari ne mai raunin yanayi. An san yankuna da yawa a tsaunukan Mexico a cikin dazuzzuka daga tsawa zuwa 1200 zuwa 2600. Yana faruwa a wani yanki na 6400 km², yankin da aka kiyasta shi ne 33627 km²;
- Hannun tsaunukan Carmen (S. milleri) nau'ikan halittu ne masu rauni. Yana faruwa a cikin dazukan tsaunukan Mexico a tsaunuka 2400 - 3700. Yankin da aka kiyasta shine 11703 km is;
- The Pribilofskaya shrew (S. pribilofensis) wani nau'in haɗari ne mai haɗari wanda aka samo shi a cikin makiyaya na bakin teku kawai a ɗayan Tsibirin Pribilof (Amurka) a cikin Tekun Bering. Yankin tsibirin yana kilomita 90². Adadin nau'ikan halittu 10,000 - 19,000;
- Sklater shrew (S. sclateri) wani nau'in haɗari ne mai hatsari. Akwai sanannun wurare a cikin Mexico. Yana zaune a cikin gandun daji da ke taƙaitawa. Babu wani abu da aka sani game da lambar;
- San cristobal shrew (S. stizodon) - jinsin dake gab da halaka. Yana zaune a cikin dazukan tsaunuka masu danshi. Locationaya daga cikin wurare sananne ne a cikin Mexico, an yi sa'a a yankin da aka kiyaye.
Matakan kariyar ba na asali bane: adana yankuna da babu rikici, inda dabbobin zasu iya rayuwa a cikin adadin da zai iya haifuwa. Yanayi yana ƙin wani wuri. Duk wani nau'ikan muhalli dole ne a shagaltar da shi, har ma da irin wadannan halittu masu rai wadanda suke kan dabarun yiwuwar dabbobi masu jini-dumu su sami wurin kansu. Kada ku bari a ƙarƙashin rana, amma a cikin inuwar wasu kwayoyin - babban abu shine shrew zai iya rayuwa.
Ranar bugawa: 11/04/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 02.09.2019 a 23:06
