Beasa irin ƙwaro Awaro ne mai ƙwaro mai launuka iri-iri wanda yake rayuwa kusan ko'ina. Akwai wasu sunaye: bama-bamai, masu tsalle, lambun beetles. Wasu daga cikinsu suna da matukar amfani ga shuke-shuke da aka noma, wasu kuma cutarwa ne kawai. Su wane ne ƙwarraren ƙasa yanzu za mu gwada su.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: roundasa irin ƙwaro
Bewarorin ƙasa (Carabidae) dangi ne na ƙwaro, kwari masu aji, kamar su arthropods, na ƙwaro. Sunan ƙwaro ya fito daga kalmar "buzz". Masana kimiyyar ciki sun san kusan nau'in 40 na ƙwarin beet, kuma aƙalla nau'ikan dubu 3 za a iya lura da su a Rasha kawai. Dukansu jinsinsu daya, amma a lokaci guda suna da wasu bambance-bambance a tsakanin su: a girma, launi, har ma da bayyanar.
Bidiyo: beasa irin ƙwaro
Bewaron ƙasa, a matsayin mai mulkin, launuka ne masu duhu, wani lokacin tare da ƙarfe mai haske na kore, shuɗi da zinariya. Lokaci-lokaci zaka iya samun launuka masu launin ja da ja. Idan ka lura da ƙarfen ƙarfe, za ka ga ratsi-raɗi da yawa sosai. Tsawon jiki na nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwaro ƙasa ya bambanta daga 1 zuwa 10 cm.
Mafi ban sha'awa iri na ƙasa beetles:
- ƙasa ƙwaro Caucasian. Yana zaune galibi a arewacin Caucasus, amma galibi ana samunsa a cikin Krasnodar Territory. Caasar ƙasa ta Caucasian tana da shuɗi mai haske, wani lokaci ruwan hoda ko launin kore. Adadin nau'in yana raguwa cikin sauri, shi yasa aka sanya shi a cikin Red Book of Russia;
- Beasa irin na Kirimiya. Ana samun nau'ikan ne kawai a yankin Tsibirin Crimean kuma yafi aiki da daddare. Wannan ƙwaro ya fi girma - tsayin jikinsa sau da yawa yakan kai 6 cm.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin ɓangaren baya na jikin, yankin ƙasar Kirimiya yana da gland tare da ruwa mai guba, amma ba mai guba ba, tare da taimakon da yake “harba” a kan abokan gabanta a nesa har zuwa mita 2.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya irin ƙwaro a ƙasa yake
Shugaban dukkan nau'ikan carabi karami ne kuma galibi ana tura shi gaba. A kansa akwai nau'in kayan bakin da ke cizon yatsa mai ƙarfi da kaifi. Halin jaws na iya zama daban kuma ya dogara da fifikon abinci na ɗaya ko wata nau'in.
Misali, masu farauta suna da halaye masu tsini irin na sikila, tare da taimakon waɗanda suke kamawa kuma su riƙe ganimar su da ƙarfi. Characterizedwaron ganyayyaki na ƙasa yana da alaƙa da manyan jaws, waɗanda suka dace sosai don narkar da zaren tsire-tsire.
Girman idanun berayen ƙasa ya dogara da salon rayuwarsu: a cikin burgewa da nau'ikan kogo ƙananan ƙanana ne, waɗanda ba za a iya lura da su ba, a cikin nau'ikan halittar dare sun fi girma, a cikin halittu masu rarrafe da na rana idanunsu manya ne. Eriya eriya yawanci bakin ciki ne, wanda ya kunshi sassa goma sha daya.
Siffar jiki ga mafi yawan gaske kala ne, ɗan tsayi, duk da haka, akwai kuma nau'ikan da ke da siffa ta daban:
- zagaye, biconvex;
- ganye;
- convex tare da takurawa da babban kai, kwatankwacin tururuwa;
- zagaye, mai gefe daya;
- mai siffa
Bewarorin ƙasa, kamar kowane kwari, suna da ƙafa 6, waɗanda suka ƙunshi sassa biyar. Siffar su, bayyanar su da aikin su sun dogara da yanayin motsi. Misali, ana alakanta nau'ikan burrowing da gaɓoɓi da gaɓaɓɓu masu kaifin hakora, yayin da duk sauran dogaye ne kuma sirara. Abin lura ne cewa akan tibi na kowane kafa akwai ƙira ta musamman wacce ƙwaro ke tsabtace eriya.
Fukafukan beetles na ƙasa na iya bambanta ko da a cikin wakilai na jinsi guda: gajere ko tsayi, ingantacce ne ko ba shi da kyau. Elytra na ƙwarin beraye suna da tsauri, na iya zama ko dai in an gwada ko an rufe su da tsagi ko kumbura daban-daban. A cikin nau'ikan halittar mara fuka-fuka, elytra suna girma tare kuma suna wakiltar yanayin abu ne mai mahimmanci.
Bayyananniyar jima'i a cikin ƙwarraren ƙasa an bayyana ta sosai. Misali, mata sun fi maza girma koyaushe. A cikin maza, manyan hannayen hannu da kuma eriya masu tsayi suma suna faɗaɗa kuma suna lura da ƙuruciya. Launi na ƙwaro ƙasa na iya zama daban, amma tare da fifikon sautuka masu duhu, haka kuma tare da ƙarfe mai ƙyalli da baƙin ƙarfe. Jinsunan ƙwarin beetles da ke rayuwa akan tsirrai da kuma kusa da ruwan ruwa yawanci suna da haske: shuɗi, kore, shunayya.
Yanzu kun san yadda ƙwaro ƙasa take. Bari muga inda wannan kwaro yake zaune.
A ina kasan irin ƙwaro?
Photo: roundasa irin ƙwaro a Rasha
Bewarorin ƙasa kwari ne waɗanda aka rarraba kusan ko'ina a duniya, ban da Antarctica. Ana iya samun su a Turai da Asiya, Afirka, Ostiraliya, Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka, kuma a cikin wasu yankuna masu yanayi. Akwai nau'ikan da zasu iya rayuwa cikin yanayin zafin rana da nau'ikan dake iya jure fari.
Tunda nau'ikan jinsunan beetles na ƙasa sunada girma, ana iya samunsu a cikin yankuna masu zafi da na subtropics, a cikin yanayin yanayi mai kyau, a cikin taiga da tundra. Hakanan mazauninsu ya banbanta sosai: yanki na gandun daji da tuddai, savannas da hamada, dazuzzuka da dazuzzuka, gandun daji masu zafi mai zafi da tsaunuka.
Don rayuwarsu, ƙwayoyin ƙasa, a matsayin mai mulkin, zaɓi:
- matakan ƙasa na sama (a cikin filaye, makiyaya da filayen lambu);
- bawon tsofaffin bishiyoyi da ganyen da suka faɗi (a cikin dazuzzuka da wuraren shakatawa);
- tsattsagewa, kogwanni da rami (a cikin duwatsu).
Daga cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin ƙasa, masana kimiyyar halittar jiki kuma sun rarrabe yawancin jinsunan dare da rana, amma tare da ɗan ajiyar wuri. Tushenta ya ta'allaka ne da cewa mafi mahimmancin ma'aunin aiki ga ƙwaro shine kasancewar kasancewar babu ko rashin hasken rana a wani lokaci ko wani yini, amma ƙara damshin iska. Lallai, a lokacin bazara, lokacin da danshi ke karuwa, jinsunan dare sukan zama masu aiki da rana.
Menene ƙwaro ƙasa?
Photo: Crimean ƙasa irin ƙwaro
Kamar yadda kuka sani, ƙwaro na ƙasa suna rayuwa a cikin filaye, dazuzzuka, wuraren shakatawa, a cikin filaye na kashin kansu, a cikin lambuna, gaba ɗaya, inda akwai ƙananan dabbobi da yawa waɗanda suke gudu, rarrafe ko tashi. Abubuwan da aka zaɓa na abinci na ƙwaro na ƙasa: katantanwa, slugs, larvae na wasu kwari, caterpillars, aphids.
Godiya ga wannan "menu", gandun daji masu cin nama suna girmamawa sosai daga masu lambu, tunda suna ba da gudummawa sosai wajen yaƙi da kwari. Ka'idar farauta a cikin ƙwaruruwar ƙasa abu ne mai sauƙi. Lokacin da irin ƙwaro ya ga abin farautarta kuma ya shirya tsaf don afka mata, wani ruwa na musaki na musamman ya bayyana a gland ɗin muƙamuƙashinta. Bewaro yana fesa abincinta da wannan ruwan, yana jira na minutesan mintuna, sannan ya fara ci.
Wannan ruwan yana ƙunshe da abubuwa waɗanda ke ba da ƙarfi da tausasa wanda aka azabtar, ya mai da shi kamar gruel na rabin ruwa. Irin ƙwaro na shan wannan abincin kuma ya dawo cikin mafaka na kwanaki da yawa - don narkar da abinci da hutawa. Bayan wasu kwanaki, ƙwaro ya fito daga mazaunin kuma ya sake farauta.
Daga cikin ƙwaro ƙasa akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan farauta, nau'ikan da abinci mai gauraya, da masu cin ganyayyaki. Daga cikin na ƙarshen, mafi haɗari ga tsire-tsire suna ɗaya daga cikin wakilan jinsi na Zabrus - ƙwaro irin ƙwaro. Suna ciyarwa galibi akan ɗanyun-cikakke hatsi na tsire-tsire na hatsi: hatsin rai, alkama, sha'ir, hatsi, masara, wanda ke haifar da lahani ga aikin gona.
Larwayoyin ƙwaro na ƙasa gabaɗaya suna ciyarwa kusan daidai da yadda manya suke, ban da 'yan jinsuna. A cikin larvae, parasitism a kan tsutsa na wasu kwari shima na kowa ne.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: ƙasa irin ƙwaro
Yawancin jinsunan beetles na ƙasa suna rayuwa ta rayuwa, suna fifita lalataccen rubabben ganye ko kuma busasshiyar ciyawar shekarar da ta gabata. Koyaya, akwai kuma ƙwaro ƙasar da ke rayuwa akan tsire-tsire, ƙasa ko parasitic.
Mafi yawan lokuta, ƙwaro yakan shirya wa kansu mafaka a tsakanin ganyen da ya faɗi, ƙarƙashin duwatsu, a asalin bishiyoyi, a cikin ciyawa. Wasu jinsunan kuma suna rayuwa akan rassan bishiyoyi a tsayinsu ya kai mita uku. Babban yanayin wurin zamansu shine tsayayyen zafin jiki, yanayin zafi mai yawa, da inuwa.
A cewar binciken kimiyya na baya-bayan nan, ana daukar beetet na kwari da ke rayuwa a kananan kungiyoyi, wanda ke basu damar samun nasarar farautar ba kawai kwari ba, har ma da manyan ganima, alal misali, kananan kadangaru.
Bewaro irin na ƙasa yawanci babu dare, kodayake akwai keɓaɓɓun jinsin rana. Da daddare, dukkan ofan karamin gida suna farauta, kuma da asuba, tun kafin wayewar gari, kowa ya ɓuya a cikin inuwa.
Da farkon kaka, a tsakiyar layin, yana da kusan tsakiyar Oktoba, lokacin da matsakaicin zafin yau da kullun ya riga ya yi ƙasa, ƙwayoyin ƙasa suna shiga cikin ƙasa zuwa zurfin rabin mita kuma suna shiga cikin nutsuwa. Kusan a tsakiyar watan Maris ko kuma daga baya, gwargwadon yanayin, ƙwaro ya fita sama kuma ya sake ci gaba da rayuwa.
Tsawon rayuwa na nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙwaro ƙasa ya bambanta, kuma mai banƙyama. Misali, akwai ƙwaro irin na ƙasa waɗanda ke rayuwa shekara ɗaya kawai kuma suna ba da zuriya ɗaya tak a gajeriyar rayuwarsu. Akwai kuma nau'ikan da ke rayuwa tsawon shekaru 2-5 ko fiye.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Aljanna ƙasa irin ƙwaro
Sake haifuwa a cikin beetles na ƙasa yana farawa tun yana da watanni 9-12.
Masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun rarrabe nau'ikan abubuwa masu zuwa na shekara-shekara na ƙwarowar ƙasa:
- lokacin saduwa yana faruwa ne a lokacin bazara (cigaban tsutsa tana faruwa a lokacin bazara, kuma kwari a cikin matakan girma a lokacin bacci);
- lokacin saduwa yana faruwa ne a lokacin bazara ko kaka (tsutsa masu tsutsa, babu kwanciyar lokacin bazara);
- lokacin saduwa yana faruwa ne a lokacin rani ko kaka (tsutsa masu tsutsa, akwai rashin lokacin bazara);
- sauyin yanayi mai canzawa (haifuwa na iya kasancewa a kowane lokaci na shekara, dukkan tsutsar tsutsar ciki da na manya manya);
- lokacin haihuwa da ci gaba yana ɗaukar sama da shekara guda.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wasu nau'in beetet na ƙasa waɗanda ke rayuwa a cikin wurare masu zafi da zuriya sau biyu suna haihuwa sau biyu a shekara.
Bewarorin ƙasa kwari ne tare da cikakken canji, ma'ana, a cikin ci gaban su, suna bi ta matakai 4: kwai, tsutsa, pupa, imago. A tsakiyar layi, lokacin daddawa don naman beetles yana farawa a ƙarshen Afrilu ko farkon Mayu. Bayan saduwa, mace na yin kama a zurfin 3-5 cm Oneaya kama zai iya ƙunsar ƙwai 20-80. Ya kamata masonry ya zama mai duhu, dumi da danshi. Ya kamata ƙasa ta zama mai wadata a cikin humus.
A cikin nau'ikan beetles na ƙasa, waɗanda ke tattare da kulawa da zuriya, akwai ƙananan ƙwai da yawa a cikin kama; a cikin wasu nau'ikan, ƙwai sun fi ƙanana, amma akwai sau da yawa daga cikinsu. A cikin sifa, ƙwai na iya kasancewa a cikin sifa mai tsayi ko silinda da aka zagaye a ƙarshen tare da siririn haske mai launin rawaya mai launin rawaya ko fari, ta inda ake ganin tsutsa daga ƙarshen shiryawa.
A yawancin jinsunan beetles na ƙasa, kula da zuriyar ya ƙunshi zaɓar wurin da ya fi dacewa don kwan ƙwai, amma akwai nau'ikan da ke ɗaukar nau'ikan hadaddun. Misali, a cikin garin berayen Pterostichini, mace tana kiyaye kama har sai kwayayen sun fito, suna kare ta daga cin zarafin wasu kwari da kuma kamuwa da kwayoyin.
A ƙasar Madagascar beetles Scartini, mace na kiyaye ƙwai a duk tsawon lokacin shiryawar, sannan kuma na ɗan lokaci tana rayuwa tare da tsutsa, tana ciyar da su da kwari da tsutsar ciki. A cikin ƙwayar bepal na Harpalini, mace tana shimfidar gida tare da wadataccen tsaba na tsire-tsire, sa'annan ƙwayoyin da suka kyankyashe suna cin shi.
Larwayoyin ƙwaro na ƙasa suna da jiki mai tsayi (har zuwa 2 cm a tsayi) tare da babban kai, babban baki, ciki mai gaɓoɓi, da gajerun ƙafa. Suna yawanci abinci iri daya ne da na manya. A cikin ci gaba, larvae ya narke sau uku. Pupae na ƙwaro ƙasa beraye ne, ba tare da harsashi ba, sosai kamar manya. Suna kwance a cikin ɓacin rai da aka yi a cikin ƙasa; wasu nau'in suna pupate a cikin kwakwa. Matakin ɗalibi yakan ɗauki kwanaki 7-12.
Maƙiyan ƙasa na ƙwaro
Photo: Kwarin ƙwaro ƙasa
An san cewa ƙwaro na ƙasa yana ciyar da duka a kan manyan kwari na lambuna da lambuna na kayan lambu, da kuma na tsutsa, suna hana su ninka cikin sauri kuma hakan na kawo fa'idodi masu yawa. Don haka idan akwai ƙwaro ƙasa a cikin lambun, bai kamata ku halakar da su ba, saboda fa'idodin su ba su da yawa. An kiyasta cewa, a matsakaita, ƙwararren ƙwaro ƙasa a kowane yanayi na iya halakar da kwari 150-300, pupae da larvae. Don haka, yawancin nau'ikan waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halittar tsari ne na gandun daji, lambuna, gonaki da lambunan kayan lambu.
Duk da cewa mafi yawan nau'ikan kwari na kasa kwari ne masu cin nama, kwari, kwayayen su da tsutsa ba sa kyamar cin nau'ikan kwari da yawa, alal misali, tururuwa, da kuma nau'ikan da yawa na kanana da manyan tsuntsaye. Hakanan, bushiya da badgers suna son yin biki a kan ƙwaro, kuma a cikin taiga, har ma da manyan dabbobi kamar beyar da aladu na daji ba sa kyamar waɗannan ƙwaro.
Abin lura ne cewa tururuwa sun fi son hawa zuwa cikin dakunan buhunan ƙwayoyin ƙasa kuma su kwashe ƙwai, walau masu rai ko tsutsa, kodayake wani lokacin ba sa damuwa da jan ƙwarjin ƙwaryar da ta mutu a cikin tururuwa. Tururuwa ba ta taɓa ƙwaro mai rai, tun da su kansu za su iya zama ganima. Bayan haka, ƙwayoyin ƙasa suna fesa abincinsu da ruwa, wanda a zahiri ya mai da shi da rai ya zama gruel.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yaya irin ƙwaro a ƙasa yake
Bewaron ƙasa babban dangi ne na ƙwayoyin kwari, wanda, bisa ƙididdiga daban-daban na masana kimiyyar ciki, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan dubu 25-50. Mafi yawansu kwari ne masu cin nama, wanda kuma hakan ke aiki sosai a matsayin hana yaduwar kwari.
Duk da yawa da bambancin dawa na ƙasar, akwai nau'ikan da yawa waɗanda lambobinsu ke raguwa:
- gasa irin Shagrenevaya (an samo shi a ko'ina cikin Turai da kuma yankin Turai na Rasha; ƙuraren ƙwayoyi an jera su a cikin Littafin Ja na Smolensk Region, Jamhuriyyar Chuvash, Lithuania, Belarus);
- ƙasa ƙwaro Caucasian (yana zaune a arewacin yankin Caucasus, haka kuma a cikin Krasnodar Territory, an jera shi a cikin Littafin Ja na Rasha, Georgia);
- beasa irin ta Kirimiya (an samo ta ne kawai a cikin yankin Kirimiya; saboda girmanta da fitowarta, ya zama sananne ga masu tarawa, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa adadinta ke raguwa, yana cikin Red Book of Ukraine);
- groundasa mai ƙanshi (yana rayuwa ne a dazukan mafi yawan ƙasashen Turai, a Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, a wasu ƙasashe na Asiya ta Tsakiya; kwarin yana cikin littafin Red Book of Europe da Red Book of Russia);
- pasa irin ƙwaro Lopatin-Yankovsky (wanda aka samo a yankin Turai na Rasha; an jera shi a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha a matsayin nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba safai ba).
Kariya daga ƙwaro ƙasa
Photo: roundasa irin ƙwaro daga littafin Red
Adadin nau'ikan nau'ikan berayen kasa na raguwa a koyaushe a duk wuraren da suke.
Wannan yana sauƙaƙe ta abubuwa masu zuwa:
- gungumen azaba;
- fadada wuraren shakatawa;
- raunin ƙarfin ƙwaro don ƙaura;
- yawan kula da daji da ƙasar noma tare da magungunan ƙwari da kayan gwari;
- Don kiyaye nau'ikan nau'ikan beet din kasa da kara yawansu, ya zama dole a gabatar da tsauraran matakan hana karbar kwari, sake fadada sake fadada yankunan dajin gandun daji a muhallinsu, da kuma fara kiwo mai yawa a cikin kamuwa.
Haka kuma, an dade ana amfani da wannan don yaki da kwari na amfanin gona. Saboda wannan, an sanye kwantena na musamman - keɓaɓɓu (aquariums) tare da ƙasa da kuma layin gansakuka ko rubabben ganye. An sanya nau'i-nau'i da yawa irin na ƙasar, ruwa da abincin da suka saba. Bewarorin ƙasa suna rayuwa a wurin, suna yin abokai kuma suna yin ƙwai cikin nasara.
Bayan kyankyashe, sai a cire larvae din a ajiye su daban. Yawancin lokaci ana ciyar da larva da katantanwa, kwari, slugs, tsutsar ciki. Don lokacin hunturu, ana sanya kejin tare da larvae a cikin ginshiki na musamman ko firiji.
A cikin bazara, lokacin da larvae pupate, ana kwashe kwantena tare dasu zuwa ɗakin dumi. Bayan 'yan makonni na kwanaki, manyan ƙwaro sun tashi daga cikin ƙasa, waɗanda aka sake su zuwa wuraren da ke da kwari. Amfani da masana'antun ƙwaro ƙasa ba wani abu bane mai yaɗuwa, tunda yana da wahala a hayayyafa waɗannan ƙwaro a cikin fursuna.
Mafi yawan masu lambu da masu lambu, a wurin ganin kwari kamar su ƙasa irin ƙwaro a shafin su, ba su ma shakku ko zargin cewa waɗannan kwari na iya zama da amfani sosai.Saboda haka, idan suka gansu, nan da nan suke kokarin hallaka su. A zahiri akwai jinsunan ƙwaro irin na ƙasa da yawa, kuma a cikin su akwai nau'ikan jinsin guda guda ɗaya waɗanda ke da kwaro mai tsanani - ƙwaro ƙasa (peun humpbacked).
Ranar bugawa: 08/22/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 21.08.2019 a 21:43
