Gopher dabba ce ta dabba wacce take cikin dangin kurege, wanda ke cikin tsarin beraye (wanda ya hada da muskrat da beran filin). Waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi ne 17-27 cm, suna yin nauyi zuwa kilogram ɗaya da rabi. Dabbobin zamantakewar yau da kullun, suna rayuwa a cikin kaburai, suna sadarwa ta hanyar busa da ba'a ko ba'a. A cikin hunturu mai sanyi ko rani mai rani, suna hibernate, wanda suka sami laƙabin "Sony".
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Asalin gophers ya kasance ba a sani ba na dogon lokaci. An daɗe da gano su a cikin iyalai daban-daban, jinsuna, har ma da umarni.
A halin yanzu, akwai kusan nau'ikan 38 kuma mafi yawancin sune masu zuwa:
- Bature;
- Ba'amurke;
- Babba;
- Karami;
- Dutse.
Kamar yadda ya juya, suna da kakansu na asali wanda ya rayu kwanan nan. Ya zama abin godiya ga fursunonin GULAG wadanda suka sami wasu mayukai na gwanayen ƙasa a cikin ramin Yakutia a zurfin sama da mita 12. Bayan jeranta ɗayan kwayoyin kuma aka yi nazari tare da hanyar ƙwayoyin halitta, an gano cewa wannan nau'in Indigir yana da shekaru dubu 30.
A lokacin Oligocene, wani sabon zagaye na juyin halitta ya faru, wanda sakamakonsa ne sabbin iyalai suka bayyana, musamman ma muzurun, wanda mafi yawan nau'ikan ƙwararan ƙasa, na Indigirsky suke. Ya zama cewa gophers dangi ne na marmot, ƙanana ne kuma masu rauni. Kazalika da gwatso, da gwatso masu tashi da karnukan jeji.
Iyalan kurege, bi da bi, na cikin tsoffin ƙa'idodin rodents. Wasu masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa sun samo asali ne daga shekaru miliyan 60-70 da suka gabata, wasu kuma sun tabbata cewa su cigaba ne mai ma'ana na canjin zamanin Cretaceous. Amma, a kowane hali, ana iya jayayya cewa su ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin dabbobin da suka rayu har zuwa yau.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Gophers na kananan rodents ne, saboda tsayin jiki daga 15 zuwa 38 cm, kuma jelar daga cm zuwa ashirin zuwa ashirin da uku 3. Suna da kananan kunnuwa da aka rufe da kasa. Bambancin launin launi na baya ya fito daga kore zuwa purple. A bayan baya akwai duwatsu masu duhu ko raƙuman ruwa. Ciki mai haske ne ko rawaya. A lokacin hunturu, Jawo ya zama mai kauri da tsayi, saboda sanyi yana gabatowa.
Squirƙirar ƙasa ta Turai ƙanana ce da misali. Tsawon jikin daga santimita 16 zuwa 22, wutsiya gajere ce: kawai cm 5-7. Bayanta an zana launin toka-launin ruwan kasa mai launin rawaya ko fari. Gefen suna rawaya ne tare da kalan ruwan lemo mai haske. Idanun suna kewaye da wuraren haske, da tummy tare da kodadde inuwar rawaya.
Gofer Ba'amurke ya fi makwabcin Turai girma. Mazaunan Chukotka suna da tsayi 25-32 cm, Amurkawa daga 30 zuwa 40 cm.Sun auna nauyin gram 710-790. A cikin girma, maza kusan ba su bambanta da mata, amma sun fi nauyi. Suna da wutsiya mai laushi da kyau wacce ta kai tsayin cm 13. Bayanta launin ruwan kasa-ocher mai launuka masu haske, kai kuwa yana da launin ruwan kasa. A lokacin hunturu, fur din ya zama mai haske, kuma samari matasa sun fita daban da launi mai laushi.
Babban squirrel na ƙasa yana da girma sosai kuma shine na biyu kawai ga mai rawaya a girma. Suna da tsayin jiki na 25-33 cm, da kuma wutsiya na 7-10 cm. nauyi ya kai kilogram ɗaya da rabi. Bayan baya koyaushe duhu ne, galibi launin ruwan kasa ne, ya bambanta da jan gefe. Bayan baya an watsa shi da fararen fata, kuma cikin ciki launin toka ne ko rawaya. Manyan kifayen kasa suna da chromosomes 36 a cikin karyotype, sabanin danginsu, wanda hakan na iya zama dalilin da ya sa suke fara shuka gashin hunturu a watan Yuli.
Iraramar squirrel ƙasa ta kai 18-25 cm, kuma nauyinta bai kai rabin kilo ba. Wutsiyar ma ba ta fi cm huɗu ba .. Mutanen Arewa suna da launi mai launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ta baya, a kudu ya zama launin toka-rawaya. Gabaɗaya, akwai ƙungiyoyi har zuwa 9, waɗanda suka bambanta a zahiri kuma galibi sun zama ƙarami zuwa kudu maso gabas.
Mai goge dutse yana da kamanceceniya da ƙarami; a da ma mutane kalilan ne suka bambanta su. Girman jiki bai kai cm 25 ba, kuma jelar ya kai cm 4. Bayan baya launin toka ne tare da launin ruwan kasa-mai launin rawaya. Akwai tabo duhu a bayanta. Gefen ciki da na ciki sun fi haske baya, tare da saka ruwan rawaya. Yaran yara suna da duhu kuma sun fi manya girma.
Ina gopher yake zama?
Europeanasar Kankana ta Turai ta zama ta zama mai tudu da mazauniyar gandun daji, kamar marten, kodayake a yanzu yana da wuya. Mamaye ɓangaren gabashin cibiyar da gabashin Turai. Mafi yawanci a cikin Jamus, a Poland akan tsaunukan Silesian. Hakanan ya sauka a Austria, Czech Republic, Moldova. Ina kuma son bangaren yammacin Turkiyya da Slovakia. A kudu maso yammacin Ukraine, ana samun sa ne kawai a yankunan Transcarpathia, Vinnitsa da Chernivtsi.
Ba'amurke gofer yana zaune ba kawai a Arewacin Amurka ba, har ma a gabashin Rasha. A arewa maso gabashin Siberia, yana zaune a cikin Chukotka, Kamchatka da Kolyma Upland. Yawan Yanskaya da Indigirskaya sun wanzu daban da sauran mutane. A kan Arewacin Amurka akwai mai yawa a cikin Alaska da Kanada. Babban kifin da ke zaune a ƙasan tsaunuka da filayen Kazakhstan da Rasha. Mazaunin yana farawa daga Kogin Volga a yamma kuma ya ƙare a yankin tsakanin kogin Ishim da Tobol a gabas. A kudanci, iyakar tana gudana tsakanin kogunan Bolshoi da Maliy Uzen, kuma a arewa tare da tafkin dama na Agidel.
Galibi ana rarraba ɓoyayyun ƙasa kusa da kogunan Kuban da Terek, da kuma yankin Elbrus. Hawan hawa sosai: 1250 - 3250 m sama da matakin teku. Yankin sasantawa shine kadada dubu dari uku, wanda yake da yawa kuma yana magana akan adadi mai kyau. Suna rayuwa kamar yadda zai yiwu: inda akwai ciyayi da za a ci.
Me gophers suke ci?
A baya, ana ɗaukar gophers na Turai na musamman masu cin ganyayyaki, saboda babban abincin ya ƙunshi tsire-tsire. Daga baya ya zama cewa suna cin abinci iri-iri na asalin dabbobi. Sakamakon farkawa, suna yin liyafa a kan kwararan fitila, sa'annan su sauya zuwa hatsi. A lokacin rani, galibi suna cin ganye da 'ya'yan itace. Mai iya lalata ƙananan filaye.
Akwai ƙarancin abinci a wuraren da baffa Ba'amurke yake zaune, don haka a shirye suke su ci komai a cikin tafarkinsu. Kafin shiga cikin hibernation, suna lalube kansu akan rhizomes da kwararan fitila na shuke-shuke, suna ƙara 'ya'yan itace da namomin kaza da zasu iya saduwa dasu. Saboda yanayin sanyi, dole ne ku ci kwari, beetles na ƙasa, filly, da kuma wani lokacin gawa. Yana kan hanyarsa zuwa ƙauyuka, ya sami abinci a cikin kwandunan shara, wani lokacin akwai al'amuran cin naman mutane. Rayuwar gandun daji na Amurka haɗari ne: zaku iya mutuwa saboda yunwa ko kuma dangi ya ci ku.
Manyan kifayen ƙasa suna rayuwa a cikin yanayi mafi dacewa kuma suna ciyar da hatsi da ganyen furanni. A lokacin bazara, suna son samun kwararan fitila da tushen shuke-shuke, suna matsawa zuwa furanni da ganye. Kusa da kaka, hatsin rai, alkama, gero da hatsi suna ƙara abinci iri-iri. Ba su yin tanadin abinci don lokacin sanyi. Ananan squirrels suna ciyarwa akan tushen, ganye da furannin ganye. Wani lokacin basa raina abincin dabbobi. Abinci yana wadata sosai ta hanyar cin tsire-tsire da ɗan adam ya shuka. Har ma tana fitar da itacen ɓaure da 'ya'yan itacen maple da dazama. Daga 'ya'yan itace kamar apricot.
Manyan gophers suna da kusan yawancin abinci, Amurkawa a zahiri suna rayuwa, kuma masu goge dutse basa tunanin abin da ke jiransu yau don karin kumallo, abincin rana da abincin dare. Musamman a cikin duwatsu ba za ku iya tafiya da gaske ba. Kusan dukkanin sassan tsirrai na iska ana cin su, wani lokacin ana narkar da abincin dabbobi, amma ba safai ba.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Europeanasashen Turai suna son filayen da ke cikin tudu da gandun daji, suna sauka a wuraren da shanu ke kiwo kuma waɗanda ba su dace da shuka da hatsi ba. Ba ya son yankuna masu damshi, bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi. Suna zaune ne a cikin mulkin mallakar mutane 7-10. Burrows na dindindin ne kuma na ɗan lokaci, suna da dama. Ya ƙunshi ɗakunan gida da yawa.
Lonungiyoyin mulkin mallaka na Amurka sun isa ga mutane 50! Makircin mutum ya kai kadada 6. A kan ƙasa mai rairayi, burrows na iya zuwa mita 15 da zurfin mita 3. Inda raƙuman ƙanƙara ba su da zurfin ƙasa da inci 70. A lokacin ɓoyewa, suna rufe kabarinsu da ƙasa. A cikin ƙauyuka, suna zaune a cikin tushe na gidaje da kuma greenhouses. Yana aiki daga sa'o'i 5 zuwa 20 a rana.
Babban gopher yana zaune a cikin yankuna masu tarin yawa, yana da burbur na sirri na 8-10, ana rarraba ƙasar a ko'ina a kewayen yankin. Hawan ciki ya kai watanni 9, maza ne suka fara bayyana, sannan mata. Suna da ciki na kimanin wata ɗaya, daga 3a 3a 3 zuwa 15 ake haihuwa. Bayan wata daya, sun riga sun shirya don rayuwa mai zaman kanta, a cikin shekaru biyu zasu iya haifar da sabbin offspringa offspringa.
Irananan squirrels suna ɓoyewa har na tsawon watanni 9 kuma suna farkawa bayan dusar ƙanƙara ta narke. A lokacin zafi mai zafi, sakamakon abin da tsire-tsire suka mutu, dabbobin sun zama masu bushewa, suna iya shiga cikin hutun bazara, wanda zai iya juyawa zuwa hunturu. Da wuya su wuce shekaru 3.
Masu goge tsaunuka suna yin aiki mai wuyar gaske a cikin kwanciyar hankali, wanda tsawonsa ya dogara da tsayin da suke zaune. Lokacin aiki shine watanni shida. Hakanan ya dogara da ƙimar kiba. Sabili da haka, maimakon tsofaffin mutane na iya yin hibernate a baya, kuma dabbobi dabbobi suna buƙatar cin abinci don su rayu lokacin hunturu.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Bayan sun farka, maza na Europeanan tsuntsaye na Turai sun fara jiran mata, daga nan sai ruttu ya fara. Mafi yawan lokuta maza suna fada don mata. Ciki yana ɗaukar ƙasa da wata ɗaya, kuma sababbin haihuwa suna bayyana a ƙarshen Afrilu. Gabaɗaya, daga 3 zuwa 9 daga cikinsu za'a iya haifa. Suna da nauyin kimanin 5 g tare da tsawon cm 4. Bayan mako guda, idanu suka buɗe, kuma bayan 2, ulu ya girma. A tsakiyar watan Yuni, mata na haƙa ramin da yaransu ke ciki.
Gophers na Amurka suma suna yin kiwo sau ɗaya a shekara. Mata suna farkawa a cikin Afrilu-Mayu, bayan haka za a fara wasanni na aure, wanda galibi ke faruwa a cikin kabura. Ciki ya ɗan guntu fiye da na Turawan ƙasa, kuma an haifi san ƙwarƙwaran ƙasa daga baya saboda yanayin sanyi, amma a cikin adadi mafi girma: daga 5 zuwa 10, wani lokacin kuma 13-14.
Maza daga cikin manyan tsuntsaye suna jiran mata kuma, bayan farkawa, sun fara magance matsalolin alƙaluma na yawan jama'a. Wani fasali shine cewa mata basa tona ramin gado daban, amma sun sake gina masu zama. Irin wannan ramin yana da ɗakunan gida da yawa daga rabin mita zuwa zurfin biyu. Daga yara 3 zuwa 16 za'a iya haifuwa! Kuma ciki na iya daukar tsawon kwana 20 ko wata daya.
Mace daga ƙaramar ƙasa tana haihuwa bayan kwanaki 20-25 daga 5a 5an 5 zuwa 10, yayin da suke da amfrayo har 15. A cikin yanayi mara kyau, wasu daga amfrayo suna barin ci gaba da narkewa. Don makonni 3 za su iya yin nauyi zuwa 25 g, a rufe su da fur mai duhu kuma su fito daga cikin kabarin. Yayin da 'ya' yan suka saba da muhalli, sai mahaifiya ta haƙa ramuka sannan ta bar dutsen.
Tsuntsayen tsaunuka suna da zagaye daban-daban na renon zuriya, saboda ya dogara da tsayin gidansu da lokacin farkawa. Ciki yana faruwa tsakanin kwanaki 20-22, tare da bornan ƙananan gophers da aka haifa: daga biyu zuwa huɗu. An haife su makaho, kurma kuma ba tare da fur. Mace na tsawon wata guda, mace tana kula da su, bayan haka kuma suna zuwa duniyar buɗewa kuma suna zaune a cikin wasu ramuka a cikin sanannen ƙasa.
Makiyan makiya na gophers
Recentlyasar kurewar ƙasar Turai ba daɗewa ba ta sami raguwa mai yawa a cikin yawan ta saboda maƙiyan da ke kewaye da ita kuma da wuya su shafi yanayin halittu na cikin gida. Asali, masu shayarwa sun far masa. Waɗannan tsuntsaye ne: gaggafa da tursasawa, tsakanin mafarautan ƙasa yana da daraja a bayyana tudu.
Squasashen ƙasa na Amurka suna cikin mummunan yanayi. Ga dukkan matsaloli da masifa, ana ƙara masu ɓarna a cikin nau'ikan skuas, kerkeci, girazzly beyar da mujiya mai dusar ƙanƙara, waɗanda ba sa yaba da gabatarwar waɗannan gophers cikin ci gaban tundra. Hakanan babban gofer yana fuskantar yanayi mara kyau daban-daban. Theasa na iya daskarewa, bazara na iya jan mutum ko cutar da shi. Dangane da gandun daji na Turai, tsuntsaye masu tsalle suna da haɗari ga manya, waɗanda ke cin su duk tsawon shekara, har ma a lokacin shakatawa.
Hakanan, corsacs da foxs ba sa wulakanta ganima mai sauki, kuma waɗanda suka fi ƙanana ci weasels da ermines. Daga sama zan iya kai hari kan gaggafa, filin binnewa, buzzagwa masu dogon kafa da baƙar fata, kuma a arewacin akwai wasu mujiyoyi masu dogon kunne. Kananan yara masu farautar dabbobi wadanda ke rayuwa a wannan yankin ke farautar su. Filaye, corsacs da ferrets za su iya yage burrows. Takun tudu da gaggafa binne masu hatsari daga sama. Akerananan mutane ne da ba su balaga ba daga Saker Falcons, hankaka ko magi.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Squasashen Turai suna zama keɓaɓɓun sassan ƙaramin yanki. An saka shi a cikin littafin Red Book na ƙasashen gabashin Turai, kuma a cikin ƙasashe maƙwabta yana ƙarƙashin kariya mai ƙarancin gaske. A cikin karnin da ya gabata, an yi gwagwarmaya ta gaske tare da su, farauta da lalatawa. Sun tilasta manoma su kashe gophers, sun yi amfani da alkama mai guba, tilasta 'yan makaranta suyi yaƙi da "kwari".
Duk da mawuyacin yanayin rayuwa, rashin abinci da masu cin duri, gophers na Amurka suna da kyau kuma suna bunkasa. A lokaci guda, suna da tasiri mai fa'ida ga mahalli. Dabbobi da yawa suna rayuwa a cikin kabarinsu, kuma idan suka tona, sai su kawo iri a farfajiyar. Saboda kyawawan dabi'un haihuwa na babban kurarren ƙasa, ba nau'in haɗari bane. Amma a wasu wuraren an rage shi sosai saboda hucin gonakin budurwa da lalata kai tsaye. Misali, a kasar Kazakhstan ana daukar sa a matsayin kwaro. Bugu da kari, shi ne wakili na annoba da sauran cututtuka marasa dadi.
Karamin gopher da gaske kwaro ne, yana cin shuke-shuken da mutane ke shukawa a lambu da filaye, tare da lalata mafi kyawun shuke-shuke a wuraren kiwo. A lokaci guda, tana ɗauke da annoba da wasu cututtuka da yawa. Amma saboda yawan karfin haihuwa da abinci iri-iri, bai kasance daga jinsunan da ake kiyayewa ba. Gopher a cikin ɗan adam yana haifar da ƙaramin tsoro game da rayuwa. Kuma ba abin mamaki bane, saboda yana zaune inda wasu basu zauna ba, yana cin abin da maƙwabta basu da sha'awa, yayin da basa damun kowa, sabanin ƙananan gophers.
Duk nau'ikan gophers suna kama da juna, saboda sune:
- Suna cin abinci iri ɗaya;
- Jagoranci salon ɗan bambanci kaɗan;
- Shin masu cin naman iri daya;
- Suna kama da kamanni ɗaya.
Wasu daga cikinsu suna cutar da mutane, wasu suna amfani da mahalli kawai. Wani ya kusan gab da halaka, yana rayuwa cikin yanayi na ban mamaki, wani kuma yana cikin koshin lafiya da wadata, yana cikin mawuyacin hali. Shin gophers da yawa abubuwa daban-daban, amma yafi na kowa.
Ranar bugawa: 24.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 10:21
