Kulan - dabba ta dangi, wanda yake da kamanceceniya da danginsa na kusa: doki da jaki. Equus hemionus bashi ne na binomial sunan masanin kimiyyar dabbobin nan na Jamus Peter Pallas.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hoto: Kulan
Kulans na jinsi ne na Equus - tare da kakanninsu tare. Kayan biyu sun fito ne daga Dinohippus, suna wucewa matsakaiciyar matsayi a cikin fasalin Plesippus. Dabba mai bayanin kwatancin jakin dawa, Equus simplicidens, ana ɗaukarsa mafi tsufa. Tsohon burbushin da aka samo a Idaho yana da shekaru miliyan 3.5.
Wannan halittar ta bazu zuwa Eurasia, Rasha da Yammacin Turai, inda aka samo ragowar Equus livenzovensis. Kasusuwan da aka samo a Kanada sun dawo ne zuwa tsakiyar Pleistocene (7 Ma). Tsoffin rassa ana ɗaukarsu sune zafin ƙasashen Asiya: kulan, onager, kiang. Ragowar su na farkon Pleistocene ne a tsakiyar Asiya. A Arewacin Asiya, Arctic Siberia, an sami kakannin kulans a ƙarshen Pleistocene.
Bidiyo: Kulan
A cikin Middle Pleistocene, an ga taron a ko'ina cikin Asiya ta Tsakiya, a cikin yankuna masu tarko na Ukraine, Crimea, Transcaucasia da Transbaikalia. A cikin Late Pleistocene - a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Asiya, a kwarin Kogin Yenisei. A Yakutia, a China.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin Texas Middle Pleistocene sediments a 1970 gano burbushin Equus franciski, kwatankwacin Yakut.
Kulans a waje suna kama da sauran danginsu - jakuna, wannan alamar an saka ta a sashi na biyu na sunansu na Latin - hemionus, Semi-jaki. Ana kuma kiran dabbobi jigetai. Suna da ragi da yawa, biyu daga cikinsu sun mutu (Anatolian da Syria).
Ana samun rarar rarar wasanni guda huɗu a cikin:
- arewacin Iran - Iran ko onager (onager),
- Turkmenistan da Kazakhstan - Turkmen (kulan),
- Mongolia - Mongoliya (hemionus),
- arewa maso yammacin Indiya, kudancin Iraki da Pakistan - Indiya (khur).
A baya can, an yi amannar cewa ana iya haɗuwa da ƙananan ƙasashen Iran da Turkmen, amma binciken zamani ya tabbatar da cewa sun bambanta da juna. Hakanan yana yiwuwa a raba zuwa cikin nau'ikan ƙananan gobi kulans (luteus).
Hakanan akwai nau'in da ke da alaƙa da ake kira kiang. Ana samun sa a yammacin China da Tibet, har zuwa yanzun nan ana daukar sa a matsayin mafi yawan kananan kungiyoyin, amma da taimakon binciken kwayoyin an tabbatar da cewa wannan wani jinsi ne daban, ya rabu da kulans kimanin shekaru miliyan biyar.
Wadannan nau'ikan kayan suna da ingantaccen gani, ba shi yiwuwa a kusanceta kusa da kilomita daya. Amma zai iya wucewa kusa da maƙaryaci, rarrafe zuwa gare shi ba zai fi kusa da mita 200 ba. Kulans yana hango sautuna da sauri fiye da ɗan adam, yana tantance alkiblar su. Halin ƙanshin dabba yana da kyau kwarai, kodayake a zafin rana, a cikin iska mai zafi, bashi da amfani kaɗan.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yadda haduwa take
Kulan a waje suna kama da dawakai. Suna da dogayen kafafu, jiki siriri ne, amma kan bai da girma daidai gwargwado, kunnuwa wani abu ne tsakanin jaki da doki. Wutsiya ba ta kai hock ba, an rufe ta da gashi, a ƙarshen dogon gashin yana yin baƙi mai baƙar fata, kamar zebra ko jaki.
Jawo dabba gajere ne (cm 1), an zana shi da launi mai rawaya-yashi tare da kyakkyawar apricot ko ruwan lemu mai kyau, tare da dutsen akwai ratsi mai duhu - bel mai dogon gashi. Wasu wurare an rufe su da kirim mai sauƙi ko ma fari. Sidesangarorin, ɓangaren sama na ƙafafu, kai da wuya suna da ƙarfi rawaya sosai, zuwa bayan sautin sautin ya zama haske. Paintedananan rabin jikin, wuya da ƙafafu an zane su fari. Babban madubi kuma yana da farin launi, daga gare shi, yana tashi sama da jela, tare da guntun duwatsu masu launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, yanki mai kunkuntar fari.
Kunnuwa farare ne a ciki, waje ne rawaya, karshen bakin bakin ma fari ne. Gwanin launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa ba tare da ƙwanƙwasawa yana girma tsakanin kunnuwa a tsakiyar wuyansa har ya bushe. Hooves masu duhu kunkuntar sifa, ƙarami amma masu ƙarfi. Akwai kirji a ƙafafun gaba. Idanuwa launin ruwan kasa ne masu duhu. Salon yanayin hunturu ya ɗan fi na lokacin bazara fari da datti. Tsawonsa a cikin hunturu ya kai 2.5 cm, yana da ɗan wavy, mai yawa, tare da dutsen, dogon gashin kansa ya zama sananne.
Tsawon babban mutum 2 - 2.2 m. Tsayin dabba a bushe ya kai 1.1 - 1.3 m. Tsawon jela ba tare da tasi ba 45 cm, tare da tassel - 70-95 cm. Kunnen 20 cm, tsawon kwanyar shine Cm 46. Mata sun fi maza ƙanƙan da kaɗan, amma ba sa bambanta sosai. Yaran dabbobi suna da doguwar ƙafa ba daidai ba; sunkai 80% na jimlar tsawo.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Male kulans suna fafatawa sosai a lokacin rututu. Suna rugawa zuwa ga abokan gaba, suna toshe haƙoransu, suna danna kunnuwansu, suna ƙoƙarin kama shi da hock. Idan wannan ya yi nasara, to, karusar ta fara karkatar da abokin hamayyar har sai da ta buge shi a kasa, ta fado masa ta fara cizawa a wuya. Idan mutumin da aka kayar ya yi dabara, ya tashi ya gudu, to, mai nasara, bayan ya kama shi, ya kama wutsiya, ya tsaya kuma ya sake kokarin maimaita dabarar.
Ina haduwa?
Hoto: Kulan a Kazakhstan
Wadannan unguloli sun fi son tsaunukan tsaunuka, stepes, dajin hamada, hamada na fili ko mai hawan dutse. A wurare da yawa, an tilasta su daga yankuna masu tarko zuwa ƙarancin hamada mai ƙarancin ƙarfi. Za a iya samun sa a cikin wuraren tsaunuka da ƙetare tsaunukan tsauni, amma a guji shimfidar shimfidar ƙasa. Dabbobi suna yin ƙaura daga yanayi daga arewa zuwa kudu, suna wuce kilomita 10-20 kowace rana.
Ngauracewa kaucewa bayyana akan gangaren yashi mai yashi. A lokacin guguwar ƙura da guguwar dusar ƙanƙara, suna neman ɓuya cikin ƙananan kwari. A cikin hamadar hamada, ya fi son hatsi-wormwood, albasa, wuraren kiwo na gishiri, dajin shuke-shuken. A lokacin hunturu, galibi ana iya samunsa a cikin daji na jeji, gashin tsuntsu-ciyawa-dan tsako.
Ana samun kulan a cikin kasashe takwas na duniya:
- China;
- Mongoliya;
- Indiya;
- Kazakhstan;
- Turkmenistan;
- Afghanistan;
- Uzbekistan;
- Isra'ila.
A cikin ƙasashe biyu da suka gabata, an sake dawo da wannan dabba. Manyan wuraren zama sune kudancin Mongolia da kuma kusa da China. Duk sauran al'umman da suka rage suna kanana kuma sun fi kowa rabuwa da juna, gaba daya akwai wuraren zama 17 na wadannan dabbobin, ba masu hade da juna ba. A cikin Transbaikalia, ana iya samun kulan a yankin tafkin Torey Nur, inda suka fito daga Mongolia.
A kan yankin Batkhyz (Turkmenistan), ana lura da ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci, lokacin da dabbobin rani suka koma kudu, zuwa Afghanistan, inda akwai wadatattun hanyoyin samun ruwa. A watannin Yuni zuwa Yuli, kulans ya koma kudu, a watan Nuwamba suka dawo, kodayake wani bangare mai yawan jama'a na zaune ne.
Yanzu kun san inda kulan yake. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene taron ya ci?
Hoto: Tibetan kulan
Wannan wakilin dangin dangi ya fi son tsire-tsire masu ciyawa a cikin abincinsa, ba ya cin ƙananan shrubs mara kyau. A lokacin bazara, tsarin abincinta ya kunshi kananan hatsi, albasa iri-iri, da ganye. A lokacin kaka, babban rabo ya faɗi akan itaciyar, saltwort. A lokacin hunturu, hatsi ya sake zama babban abinci. Dabbobi daban-daban, ƙaya ta raƙumi, saxaul da 'ya'yan kandim na iya zama madadin abinci.
A cikin babban abincin waɗannan tsaran, akwai nau'ikan shuke-shuke kusan 15, ga wasu daga cikinsu:
- shuɗi;
- kwantar da hankali;
- wuta;
- ciyawar fuka-fukai;
- bayalych;
- ebelek;
- kulan-sara;
- baglur;
- ganye biyu;
- ephedra;
- hodgepodge shrub.
A lokacin sanyi, inda babu dusar ƙanƙara, kulans suna cin ciyawa iri ɗaya; idan zurfin murfin dusar ƙanƙan ya wuce santim 10, cin abincin zai zama da wahala. Suna ƙoƙari su sami abinci daga ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara, suna tono shi da kofato. Idan dusar ƙanƙara tana kwance na dogon lokaci kuma murfin yana sama, to dabbobi masu shayarwa dole ne su kashe kuzari da yawa suna hawan dusar ƙanƙarar. Sun fi son zuwa kwazazzabai, filayen ƙasa, kwazazzabai, inda ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara kuma a can suke ciyar da daji. Suna ƙaura gaba ɗaya zuwa lokacin damuna mai dusar ƙanƙara. Daga gaskiyar cewa dole ne su yi ta tono na dogon lokaci dusar ƙanƙan da aka rufe da ɓawon burodi, ƙwanƙolin dabbobi suna bugawa ƙasa zuwa jini.
Kulans yana buƙatar tushen ruwa, musamman a lokacin bazara. A lokacin sanyi, suna shayar da ƙishirwa da dusar ƙanƙara, narkewar ruwa da ciyayi masu ɗanɗano wanda ya ƙunshi lita 10-15 na danshi, amma da yardar rai suna sha idan akwai tushe.
A lokacin zafi, wuraren shayarwa suna da mahimmancin gaske. Idan babu damar samun hanyoyin samun ruwa, to taron suna barin irin waɗannan wuraren. Idan akwai damar samun ruwa a tazarar kilomita 15-20, to garken yakan ziyarce shi kowace rana da sassafe ko yamma. Idan ramin shayar yana da nisan kilomita da yawa, to dabbobin na iya yin ba tare da shan ruwa ba har tsawon kwanaki 2-3, amma suna buƙatar wuraren shayarwa akai-akai don wanzu. Idan a lokacin rani irin wadannan maɓuɓɓugan sun bushe ko kuma waɗancan yankuna sun mamaye ta dabbobin gida, ba a samun kulans.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kulawa na iya shan ruwan gishiri mai ɗaci, wanda jakuna da raƙuma ba sa sha.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Kulan a cikin steppe
Kulans suna tafiyar da rayuwa ta bangaranci tare da yin ƙaura daga lokaci, makiyaya kuma suna canza lambobin su, don haka yana da matukar wahala a binciko girman wuraren da suke. A lokacin bazara, garkunan garken ba sa motsawa sama da kilomita 15 daga hanyoyin ruwa. Idan akwai wadataccen abinci da hanyoyin samun ruwa, babu wanda ke damun dabbobin, to za su iya kasancewa a cikin yankin na dogon lokaci.
Tare da karancin makiyaya a lokaci-lokaci, yankin da garken garken ke zama zai iya ninka sau biyar. Garkunan na iya yin ƙaura sosai kuma suna haɗuwa a cikin babban garken don yanayi. Gaba ɗaya, dabbobi yayin rana don hutawa 5 - 8 awanni, akan miƙa mulki 3 - 5 hours, sauran lokacin suna kiwo.
Kulans duk yini, sannu a hankali yana motsawa cikin makiyaya, suna cin ciyayi. A lokacin zafi, idan sauro yana da matukar damuwa, dabbobi na iya hawa a cikin wurare masu ƙura. Dabbobi masu shayarwa sun zaɓi ƙaramin, ɗan rake shrub na dare kwance. A wayewar gari, bayan sun tashi daga halin da suke ciki, sannu a hankali suna matsawa zuwa rami mafi kusa da su, da fitowar rana sai suka watse a cikin hamada suna kiwo haka har zuwa yamma, da faduwar rana sai su taru a ramin shayar suma a hankali. Dabbobi suna zuwa ruwa tare da hanyoyin da aka taka waɗanda aka shimfiɗa a buɗe a ƙauyuka.
Idan shugaba ya hango haɗari, to sai ya fara sauri a tsere. Lokacin, a wannan yanayin, garken garken a tsayi, sai karusar ta dawo, tana kiran dangi tare da maƙwabta, yana roƙonsu ta hanyar cizon ko motsin halayyar kai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin da aka kashe ɗayan mareshi, dajin ya dawo gareta na dogon lokaci yana zagayawa, yana kiranta da maƙwabta.
Gudun garken yayin gudu ya kai kilomita 70 a awa ɗaya, don haka suna iya rufe kusan kilomita 10. A matsakaita gudun kilomita 50 a awa daya, dabbobi na iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Ba shi yiwuwa a fitar da kulan a kan dawakai. Yayin farauta, dabbobi sukan yanke hanya zuwa mota ko mahayi, suna yin wannan aikin har sau uku.
Kulans na iya yin kiwo ba da nisa da garken tumaki ko garkunan dawakai ba, suna da nutsuwa game da kasancewar mutum idan ba su damu ba, amma ba su dace da ramuka masu amfani da dabbobin ba, koda da tsananin kishi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Kubiyon kulan
6-12 hadus sun zama garke. Babban dokin da ke ciki babban karuwane ne wanda ke kula da mawarsa da kuma matashi na farkon shekarun biyu na rayuwa. A farkon lokacin bazara, mares tare da jarirai na iya yaƙar dangi. A lokacin hunturu, garken dabbobi suna haduwa cikin garken dabbobi. A cikin ɗayan waɗannan al'ummomin, za a iya samun ɗari ko fiye da mutane. Tun da farko, lokacin da ake haduwa da yawa a Asiya ta Tsakiya, a Kazakhstan, garkensu ya kai dubban kawuna.
Babban marainiya ya jagoranci garken. Motar tana kiwo tana kallon dangin ta daga gefe. Yana jagorantar garken tare da raƙuman ruwa na kansa, yana danna kunnuwansa, kuma idan wani bai yi masa biyayya ba, to sai ya huda, ya toshe haƙora da cizon. Mace mai jagoranci ba koyaushe take girmi wasu, banda ita akwai mata biyu. Ba tare da tambaya ba suna yi wa dattijo biyayya kuma suna jagorantar sauran membobin garken. Wasu mutane a cikin al'umma suna tafiya bibbiyu, suna caccakar juna, wanda ke nuna irin halayensu. Duk membobin al'umma, yayin kiwo, ɗaga kai kawunansu lokaci-lokaci, suna sarrafa yanayin. Bayan sun lura da hatsari, sai su yiwa yan uwa sigina game da hakan.
An tsawaita lokutan saduwa daga Yuni zuwa farkon Satumba, ya dogara da mazaunin. A wannan lokacin, dawakai suna gudana cikin garke, suna hawa, suna fitar da maƙwabta. A lokacin waɗannan lokutan, samari suna warewa kuma suna yin kallo daga gefe. Motar ta kori samari maza. A wannan lokacin, masu neman suna da faɗa mai zafi. Waɗanda suka shiga ruttu a karo na farko sun ware daga garken shanu kuma suna yawo, suna neman mata ko garken shanu tare da wata matashiya, don haka sai su shiga faɗa da shi don mallake haram.
Ciki yana ɗaukar watanni 11, jarirai suna bayyana a cikin Afrilu-Yuli. Dabbar tana iya gudu nan da nan, amma ya gaji da sauri. Da farko yana kwance a ciyawa, mahaifiyarsa kuma tana kiwo daga nesa. A cikin makonni biyu, zai iya rigaya ya gudu daga haɗari tare da garken. Bayan wata daya, koyaushe yana tare da garken, yana cin ciyawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Lokacin da mace ta kawo dabbar zuwa garken garken, masu zugar suna warinsa, wani lokacin sukan yi kokarin cizon, amma uwar tana kare jaririn. Tana gurnani da cizo, tana fatattakar zuriya. Itama kuma kariyar na kare taron daga harin wasu mata ko samari.
Abokan gaba na taron
Hotuna: Kulany
Kerkeci yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu farauta. Amma ba sa haifar da illa ga waɗannan dabbobi. Garken sun san yadda za su tsaya wa kansu. Ko da mace, tana kare jariri, na iya fitowa cikin nasara tare da wani mai farauta. A cikin tsananin damuna, raunannun dabbobi, musamman dabbobi dabbobi, galibi sukan fada cikin kerkeci. Barazanar haduwa ta samo asali ne sakamakon farautar nama, fata, kitse ba bisa ƙa'ida ba, wanda ake ɗauka magani, kamar hanta. An haramta farautar waɗannan dabbobi a duk ƙasashe, amma farauta na faruwa.
A Mongolia, ana samun haɗarin ta hanyar saurin haɓaka ababen more rayuwa, musamman ma dangane da hakar ma'adanai, wanda ke haifar da shinge ga ƙaura. Ba a yi nazarin tasirin tasirin ma'adanai da fasa duwatsu a kan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa ba. Kari kan haka, kimanin masu hakar ma'adinai 60,000 ba bisa ka'ida ba koyaushe suna canza muhallinsu da gurbatattun kafofin. Barazanar da ke faruwa a arewacin China na da alaƙa da ƙaruwar hakar albarkatu, wanda tuni ya haifar da soke wasu sassan Kalamayli, lalata shinge da gasa albasa tare da makiyaya na gida da dabbobinsu.
A cikin Little Kachskiy Rann a Indiya, raguwar yawan mutane yana da alaƙa da tsananin ƙarfin aikin ɗan adam. Hanyoyin amfani da ƙasa sun canza tun aiwatar da aikin Dam na Mega Narmada, wanda a cikinsa akwai mashigar Sardar-Sarovar a kewayen yankin da aka kiyaye. Fitar ruwa daga Kogin Sardar-Sarovar da ke Ranne yana takaita zirga-zirgar albasa ta cikin hamadar gishiri.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Kulany
A da, mazaunin taron sun bazu a kan tudu da kuma raƙuman ruwa na Tarayyar Rasha, Mongolia, arewacin China, arewa maso yammacin Indiya, Asiya ta Tsakiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya, gami da Iran, Larabawa da Malaya. A yau, babban mazaunin jinsin shine kudancin Mongolia da kuma kusa da China. Duk sauran al'ummomin da suka rage suna kanana kuma sun fi yawa daga juna.
Kulans sun rasa kashi 70% na mazauninsu tun karni na 19 kuma yanzu sun ɓace a yawancin ƙasashe na tsohuwar zangon, galibi saboda gasa da dabbobi don makiyaya da wuraren shayarwa, da kuma saboda yawan farauta. Ana samun mafi yawan mutanen da suka rage a kudancin Mongolia da wasu sassa na kusa da China. Wannan kawuna 40,000 ne, kuma a cikin Trans-Altai Gobi akwai yiwuwar akwai wasu 1,500. Wannan ya kai kusan kashi 75% na yawan mutanen. An kiyasta cewa ana samun dabbobi 5,000 a makwabciyar kasar Sin, galibi a lardin Xinjiang.
Ana samun taron a Maly Kachsky Run a Indiya - kawuna dubu 4. Na huɗu mafi yawan jama'a yana cikin Altyn-Emel National Park a kudu maso gabashin Kazakhstan. An sake dawo dashi ta hanyar sake gabatarwa, dabbobi 2500-3000 ne.Akwai wasu mutane biyu da aka sake dawo da su a Kazakhstan a tsibirin Barsa-Kelmes, tare da kimanin dabbobi 347, a cikin yankin Andasay tare da kusan 35. A cikin duka, akwai kusan dabbobi 3100 a Kazakhstan.
Rukuni na biyar mafi girma suna cikin Katruye National Park da kuma a yankin da ke kusa da kariya Bahram-i-Goor a kudancin yankin tsakiyar Iran - raka'a 632. Adadin a Iran kusan dabbobi 790 ne. A cikin Turkmenistan, ana yin taron ne kawai a yankin Badkhyz da ke da kariya sosai, wanda ke iyaka da Iran da Afghanistan. Binciken Badkhyz a cikin 2013 ya gano mutane 420, ragin 50% idan aka kwatanta da 2008. Saurin tantancewa a cikin 2012, 2014 da 2015 sun nuna cewa lambobin na iya zama ƙasa da ƙasa.
Sake gabatarwa cikin Sarykamysh Zapovednik ya kasance mafi nasara, tare da yawan mutanen yankin da dabbobi 300-350, suka bazu zuwa makwabtan Uzbekistan, inda aka yi imanin cewa wasu 50 na rayuwa. Duk sauran wuraren da za a sake gabatarwar suna kudu. Waɗannan kusan mutane 100 ne a cikin wurin ajiyar yanayi na Meana-Chacha, 13 a Yammacin Kopetdag da kuma 10-15 a Kuruhaudan. A cikin duka, kusan dabbobi 920 suna zaune a Turkmenistan da kusa da Uzbekistan. Sake dawo da yawan mutanen da ke Negev a cikin Isra'ila a halin yanzu an kiyasta mutane 250. A cikin duniya, jimlar taron sun kai dubu 55. Dabbar tana cikin halin kasancewa a cikin jihar da ke kusa da yin barazana.
Kariyar kulans
Hotuna: Kulans daga littafin Red
A cikin Littafin Ja, wannan dabba a shekara ta 2008 an ayyana ta azaman nau'in haɗari. Kwanan nan, yawan mutane ya daidaita saboda wasu matakan da aka ɗauka don kariya da sake gabatarwa. A cikin dukkan ƙasashe, an hana farautar waɗannan dabbobin kuma an ƙirƙiri wasu yankuna masu kariya don kare kulans. Amma duk waɗannan yankuna ba su da mahimmanci a yanki, kuma ba za su iya samar da tushen abinci, tushen ruwa duk shekara ba, kuma suna ba da gudummawa don dawo da yawan jama'a. A gefen wuraren da aka kiyaye, mafarauta suna kashe dabbobi.
Abun takaici shine, a shekarar 2014, China ta soke wani babban bangare na Wuri Mai Tsarki na Kalamayli, babban mafakar tarons a Xinjiang, don ba da damar hakar kwal a wurin. Proteasashen Badkhyz da aka Kare a cikin Turkmenistan da Babban Gobi na Kasa a Mongolia sun kasance cikin jerin sunayen waɗanda za a zaɓa a matsayin wuraren Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO. A cikin Badkhyz, fadada wuraren adana yanayin jihar, ƙarin wuraren ajiyar yanayi da kuma hanyar shimfidar muhalli da ke kiyaye ƙaurawar yanayi na hadus.
An gabatar da shi ne don dawo da "layin tsabtace muhalli" wanda ke hade da ajiyar Kalamayli a lardin Xinjiang na kasar Sin da kuma yankin Gobi da ke Mongolia mai matukar kariya ta yankin iyakar kasashen biyu. Sabbin ayyukan sake gabatarwa yanzu haka ana tattauna su a Kazakhstan da Iran.
Bunkasar ababen more rayuwa cikin sauri ya zama daya daga cikin manyan kalubale na kiyaye matsugunan marasa kaura. Amincewa da sabbin ka'idoji na biyan diyya a shekara ta 2012 na iya zama kyakkyawan makami na hada ci gaban tattalin arziki da kiyaye muhalli, da kuma tabbatar da rayuwar dabbobi masu kiwo kamar su kulans.
Ranar bugawa: 08/12/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 a 18:15
