Tumakin dutse ko argali, wani lokacin argali, kachkar, arkar - dabbar daji mai matukar kyau ta artiodactyl daga dangin bovine da ke rayuwa a tsaunukan Asiya ta Tsakiya (Himalayas, Tibet, Altai). Wannan shine mafi girman rago a duniya. Masana ba su yarda da adadin tumakin ba; da yawa daga masu biyan haraji sun gano jinsuna 7. Kalmar "tumakin dutsen" da kanta ana amfani da ita dangane da kowane jinsi da jinsi daya - arkhara.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Tumakin tumaki
A Latin, Ovis ammon wata dabba ce ta artiodactyl wacce ta kasance ta dangin bovids. Sunan "arkhar" kalma ce ta Mongoliya mai ma'anar "tumakin daji". Sunan Latin na jinsin ammon shine sunan allahn Amun. Dangane da tatsuniyar Ovid, mazaunan Olympus, saboda tsoron Typhon, sun sake rayuwa cikin dabbobi daban-daban. Amon ya ɗauki kamannin rago.
A halin yanzu, ana gane nau'ikan 9:
- Altai tumakin dutse;
- Kazakh;
- Tibet;
- Tyanshansky;
- Pamir;
- Gobi;
- Karatau;
- Sinawa na Arewa;
- Kyzylkum dutsen tumaki.
Wasu masana sun ayyana mouflon a matsayin Ovis Ammon Musimon, amma gwajin DNA bai tabbatar da hakan ba. Yawancin raƙuman raƙuman dutsen an gwada su da kwayar halittar DNA, wanda hakan ya haifar da gano wasu ƙananan ƙananan, kuma an haɗa wasu ƙananan ra'ayoyin zuwa rukuni ɗaya. A cikin shekaru ɗari biyu da suka gabata, yawan adadin ƙananan garken tumaki ya ragu.
Bidiyo: Tumakin Dutsen
Ya kamata a sani cewa raguwar adadin wadannan raguna na zama barazana ga yawan masu cin naman da ke cin su. Hakanan suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin mayewar wasu tsire-tsire saboda ɗabi'unsu na cin abinci mai banƙyama yana ba wa ganye damar ci gaba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yaya tunkiyar da take kama
Tumakin da ke kan dutse shi ne tunkiya mafi girma a duniya, tana yin nauyi daga 60 zuwa 185 kilogiram. Girman kafada daga 90 zuwa 125 cm. Kaho a cikin maza halayyar sifa ce ta dabbobi. Suna da siffar kwalliya tare da gefunan faɗa. Mata suna da ƙananan ƙaho. Nsahonin namiji na iya zuwa tsawon 190 cm. Suna amfani da kahonsu suna fada da juna. Mata ma suna da ƙaho, amma suna da ƙanƙan yawa, yawanci ƙasa da cm 50 gaba ɗaya. Mata suna da nauyin rabi kamar na maza. Tumaki na iya yin nauyi daga kilogiram 43.2 zuwa 100, kuma raguna na iya yin nauyi daga kilogiram 97 zuwa 328.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Rago na tsaunin Pamir, ana kuma kiransa ragon Marco Polo kamar yadda wannan matafiyin ya fara bayyana shi, shi ne mafi girman raƙuman raƙumi sama da 180 cm ba tare da jela ba. Wannan ragon tsaunin yana da ɗan gajeren jela na duk awakin daji ko tumaki, tsawon jelar ya kai 9.5-17 cm.
Launi ya bambanta da kowace dabba, daga rawaya mai haske zuwa launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Striararren duhu yana gudana ta gefe tare da ciki, yana raba rabin saman mai duhu mai duhu daga gashin gashin da ke ƙasa.
Tumakin tsaunuka daga Himalayas galibi duhu ne, yayin da ƙasashen Rasha ke da launi da yawa. A lokacin rani, sau da yawa ana hango sutura. Bayan baya ya fi duhu duhu, wanda a hankali yake haske. Fuska, jela da gindi suna da fari-fari. Maza sun fi mata duhu kuma suna da ƙyallen wuya da fari a dorsal. Molting yana faruwa sau biyu a shekara, gashin rani sun yi duhu kuma gashin hunturu sun fi tsayi.
A ina ne tumakin da ke kan dutse suke zama?
Hotuna: Tumakin dutsen a Rasha
Argali suna mamaye yankuna iri ɗaya a tsawon rayuwarsu. Ana samun su a kan tsaunuka da gangaren ganga sama da mita 1000. A lokacin bazara, idan abinci ya wadata, dabbobi sukan matsa kusa da dutsen.
Ana samun tumaki a cikin ƙasa masu zuwa:
- Mongoliya. An samo shi a duk gabashin Mongolia, a cikin yankuna tare da tuddai masu tuddai, duwatsu, manyan duwatsu da filaye;
- Uzbekistan. An rarraba jinsin a baya a kan wani yanki mai faɗi na ƙasar. A yau, yawancin dabbobin da ke raye sun iyakance ta tsaunukan Nuratau, yanki mai kariya a arewacin Samarkand. Smallananan mazauna sun kasance a yamma da tsaunukan Aktau da Tamdytau;
- Tajikistan. Akwai tumakin da ke kan tsauni a bangaren gabas, daga kan iyaka da Xinjiang, China a yamma, zuwa Langar a kudu da tabkin Sarez a arewa;
- Rasha. An samo Argali a baya a cikin tsaunukan Zabaikalsky, Kuraisky, Yuzhno-Chuisky, da ƙari akan tsaunukan Ukok. Kwanan nan, an rubuta su kawai a cikin jamhuriyoyin Tyva da Altai;
- Pakistan. Suna zaune ne kawai da Khunjerab National Park da kewayensa, gami da hanyar Hunerab da Mintaka;
- Nepal Suna zaune ne a yankin Damodar-Kunda, suna iyaka da Tibet. Hakanan za'a iya kiyayewa a yankin na Dolpo;
- Kirgizistan Suna nan tare da gabashin kasar zuwa kan iyaka da China, daga Kazakhstan a arewa zuwa Tajikistan a kudu, haka kuma tare da sassan gabashin Tien Shan zuwa iyakar Uzbek;
- Kazakhstan. An lura da arewacin tafkin Balkash, a yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar. Ananan mazauna suna cikin tsaunukan Kara-Tau;
- Indiya. Sanya shi a gabashin plateau na Ladakh, a cikin yankin Spiti na kusa, kuma daban a arewacin Sikkim, kusa da Tibet;
- China. An rarraba a kan mafi yawan tsaunukan tsaunuka na Xinjiang, gami da Altai Shan, Arjin Shan, Kara-Kunlun Shan, Tien Shan, Pamir da yankuna masu dangantaka;
- Afghanistan. Yankin Yammacin Babban Pamir, wani ɓangare mai mahimmanci na Pananan Pamir, kuma an samo shi a cikin kwarin Vakhjir.
Yankin yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya yana da faɗi kuma galibi a buɗe yake. Duwatsu sun gaji saboda zaizayarwa, kuma manyan tsaunuka sun rage, suna ba da damar gani ga dabbobi.
Yanzu kun san inda tumakin ke zaune. Bari muga abin da argali yake ci.
Menene tumakin dutse suke ci?
Photo: Namun daji dutsen tumaki
Argali shuke-shuke ne masu ciyawa da ciyawa, ciyawa da ciyawa. Mata da raguna suna cin abinci a manyan tsaunuka tare da ƙarancin abinci. Sun mallaki sarari kyauta daga bishiyoyi, amma tare da abinci mai yawa. Waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon ciyarwar suna ba da kariya daga masu farauta. Manya maza, waɗanda suka fi girma daga mata da yara, suna ciyarwa a ƙananan yankuna tare da ingancin abinci, yayin da yara mata ke zama mafi girma inda kayan abinci suka fi talauci.
Tumakin da ke kan tsauni sun saba da rayuwarsu a busasshiyar iska, da iska mai tsananin gaske da kuma tsaunukan babban tsauninsu. Babban baligi na cin kilogiram 16-19 na abinci kowace rana. Ciyawar da jinsin ke fifita ta bambanta da tsawo da yanki. A cikin yankuna masu tudu, galibi suna cin ciyawa da tsire-tsire. A cikin matsakaitan matsuguni, suna ciyarwa akai-akai a kan bishiyoyi da ciyawar mesophyte. A cikin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa da kwararowar hamada, ciyawa da filaye sun sake mamayewa, amma na wani nau'in daban da na tsaunuka.
A Kazakhstan, tsiro, ganye, 'ya'yan itatuwa, furanni suna da mahimmanci don cin abincin tumakin tsauni a duk shekara, yayin da a sauran zangon, sun zama ƙari ga abinci. Argali na buƙatar ruwa, wanda ba matsala ga tumaki da ke zaune a tsaunuka, inda dusar ƙanƙara ke narkewa a kai a kai kuma akwai ƙananan rafuka na ruwa. A yankuna masu bushewa, suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa don neman ruwa. Tumakin tsauni kuma da yardar rai suna cinye ƙasa mai gishiri.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Asiya tumaki
Argali dabbobi ne masu kiwo kuma galibi ana samunsu cikin rukuni na dabbobi 2 zuwa 100. An raba garken dabbobi ta hanyar jima'i, ban da lokacin kiwo. Yawancin jama'a suna nuna yawan manya, waɗanda ke sama da rabin yawan jama'a, tare da kawai 20% na manya maza da kuma wani 20% na argali na yara.
Wasu raguna tumaki suna yawo su kadai, amma yawancinsu ana samunsu a kananan garken shanu. Mata masu yara suna rayuwa cikin manyan ƙungiyoyi, yawanci har zuwa mutane 92, ban da garkunan dabbobi har zuwa 200.
Gaskiyar wasa: Suna da nutsuwa sosai, basa tashin hankali ga wasu nau'ikan halittu, da dabbobi. Membobin garken za su bi juna, kuma galibi za su nemi hulɗa da wasu raguna.
Garkuwa wani lokaci sukan yi kaura, musamman tare da maza. Yawancin ƙaura yana haɗuwa da ragin lokaci na tushen abinci, kodayake yawan cizon kwari, fari mai tsanani ko gobara, farauta da dabbobi masu yawa na iya haifar da ƙaura.
Tumakin dutsen, a matsayin mai mulkin, suna tashi zuwa tsayi a lokacin bazara. Kaho babban fasali ne cikin maza. A lokacin rutsi, maza kan yi kawunansu da juna, amma ba safai ba za a sami munanan raunuka. Kodayake irin wannan fadan na iya ba su mummunan ciwon kai!
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: garken tumakin dutsen
Rutting na iya faruwa daga Oktoba zuwa tsakiyar Janairu, gabaɗaya ya fi tsayi a ƙasan tsaunuka. Maimaita auren mata da yawa. Yin gwagwarmaya da mazan da suka manyanta kasuwanci ne mai tsanani. Raguna sun yi karo da juna tare da ƙahoninsu, kuma ƙafafunsu na gaba suna cikin iska, suna yin amfani da ƙarfi don tasirin yadda za a ji shi a nesa har zuwa 800 m.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mata na isa balaga a shekaru 2 da haihuwa kuma maza a 5. Wannan bambancin yana da ma'ana, saboda dole ne maza suyi girma fiye da mata kafin su iya haifuwa.
Malesarfafa mazaje (sama da shekaru shida), mafi girma a cikin garken, sun zama masu rinjaye, kuma ana korar samari maza a lokacin da ake lalata mata. Da zarar an kafa iko, sai miji ya kusanci mace kuma ya hau ta da karfi akan ta. Dabino yana farawa kusan makonni biyu zuwa uku bayan fara tsutsa. Maza za su iya kasancewa tare da mata tsawon watanni biyu bayan ƙarshen lokacin rutting.
Lokacin haihuwa yana wuce kwanaki 165 kacal. Haihuwar tana faruwa ne a ƙarshen Maris ko Afrilu. Yawancin raƙuman raƙuman rago suna haihuwar rago ɗaya, kodayake ga wasu jinsin tagwaye ba bakon abu bane kuma har ma ana haihuwar kusan yara biyar a lokaci guda. A lokacin haihuwa, raguna suna da nauyin kilogiram 2.7-4.6. Lamban rago sabon haihuwa da tumakin uwa sun kasance na ɗan lokaci inda aka haihu, washegari kuma tare suke tafiya.
Kiba yana faruwa da sauri, kuma daga ranar haihuwar farko, ragunan sun ninka sau 10 fiye da na haihuwa. Mata gabaɗaya sun isa mafi girman nauyinsu da shekaru biyu, amma maza suna ci gaba da girma har zuwa wasu shekaru biyu. Hakoran madara suna girma yayin kimanin watanni uku da haihuwa, tare da cikakken haɗin haƙoran har zuwa watanni shida. A lokacin, 'yan raguna sun fara yin kiwo, amma mahaifiya tunkiya tana ci gaba da ba su madara. Yawancin tumakin da ke kan dutse suna rayuwa ne daga shekara biyar zuwa 10.
Abokan gaba na tumakin dutsen
Hotuna: Tumaki na dutse, ko argali
Tsarin aminci ga tumakin dutse shine yawa. Maza manya sun fi mata girma kuma sun fi mata sauri kuma ba su da buƙatun guje wa masu farauta. Sabili da haka, sun zaɓi ƙananan wuraren zama fiye da waɗanda mata da raguna na tsaunuka suke zaɓa. Ba kasafai suke amfani da kahonninsu ba don kare kansu daga maharan. Babban fa'idar da argali ke amfani dashi yayin da maharan suka afka musu shine saurin tashi. Lokacin da aka firgita, tunkiya ɗaya tak takan kasance ba ta motsi har sai barazanar ta tafi. Wannan ya sha bamban da halayen waɗannan tumakin a cikin garken, lokacin da haɗari ya sa su gudu da tsalle.
Saboda girman su, ragunan tsafin maza suna tsalle da kyau kuma galibi basa amfani da tsalle don kuɓuta, kodayake ƙananan mata da ƙananan yara suna amfani da wannan dabarar. Dogayen ƙafafu masu ƙarfi suna taimaka wa raguna tsawan dutse yin amfani da kowane irin ƙasa. Suna zaune ne a wuraren da samari ba zasu iya shiga ba, misali, kan tsaunuka ko kan tsaunuka masu kyau da wuraren lura.
Wadannan mahautan masu farautar tumakin dutse:
- kerkeci masu ruwan toka (C. lupus);
- damisar dusar ƙanƙara (P. uncia);
- damisa (P. pardus);
- damisar dusar ƙanƙara (U. uncia);
- cheetahs (A. jubatus).
Sheepananan tumaki na dutsen suna da kyankyaso da manyan tsuntsaye kamar gaggafa da gaggafa ta zinariya. Bugu da kari, mutanen da ke farautar tumakin da ke kan dabo a daddare domin samun kahonni, nama da fatu masu tsada. Daga cikin dabbobi, kerkeci ne ke zama na farko a cikin lalacewar tumakin da ke kan dutse, wanda galibi ke amfani da mummunan yanayi na hunturu (alal misali, zurfin dusar ƙanƙara) don kama tumakin. Don kaucewa farauta, dabbobi a cikin garke suna tafiya tare kuma suna kasancewa cikin rukuni.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yaya tunkiyar da take kama
Adadin mutane da yawan jinsin ya ragu. Raguwar lambobin na bera na zama barazana ga yawan mutanen da ke cin abincinsu kamar damisar dusar kankara, wadanda ke dogaro da daidaiton wadannan tumakin.
Yawan awaki daga ƙasa:
- Afghanistan. Ragunan tsaunuka 624 (87% daga cikinsu an gansu a cikin Karamin Pamir. Jimlar adadin an kiyasta ya kai 1000. 120-210 kowane mutum argali an kuma gani a yankin yamma na Babban Pamir);
- China. A cewar wasu masana, yawan argali a kasar Sin ya fara ne daga 23 285 zuwa 31 920. Duk da haka, wasu masu binciken sun ambaci wani adadi mai yawa sosai. Duk lissafin suna dogara ne akan ƙididdigar yawa, kuma babu wanda zai iya da'awar daidaito;
- Indiya. Tumakin tsaunuka ba su da yawa a cikin Sikkim kuma ba safai suke yin ƙaura zuwa yankin Spiti ba. Mutane 127 suna cikin yankin ajiyar kuma sun ɗan sami fiye da 200 a cikin Ladakh;
- Kazakhstan. An kiyasta kimanin 8,000 zuwa 10,000 a yankin arewa maso gabashin kasar, 250 a tsaunukan Kara-Tau, da kuma wani adadi da ba a sani ba a Tien Shan;
- Kirgizistan Akwai mutane 565 a yankin yamma na kewayon da tumaki 6000 a arewa maso gabashin Kyrgyzstan. Karatun gwamnati ya kiyasta adadin a kusan 15,900;
- Mongoliya. Dangane da binciken da aka yi a 2001 na Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kimiyya, kimanin tumaki 10,000 zuwa 12,000 da ke kan tsaunuka suna zaune a yankin Gobi na Mongolia da 3,000 zuwa 5,000 a wasu sassan kasar;
- Nepal Yawan jama'a ba su da yawa kuma ba a yi cikakken kiyasta ba;
- Pakistan. Yawan dabbobi a kasar har yanzu ba a san su ba, amma mai yiwuwa kasa da 100;
- Rasha. A cikin tsaunukan Altai da ke kudancin Rasha, akwai dabbobi 450-700 da aka rarraba kan yawancin alƙaluma, babu ɗayan da ya wuce dabbobi 50. Hakanan, tumakin 80-85 da ke cikin tsaunin Altai, 150-160 a saman kogunan tsaunin Sailugem, da mutane 40-45 tare da gangaren Chikhachev a Jamhuriyar Tuva;
- Tajikistan. Adadin mutanen Tajikistan an kiyasta su a 13,000-14,000. Yawan mutane a kowace kilomita² ya fi girma kusa da kan iyaka da China;
- Uzbekistan. Har zuwa mutane 1800 sun rayu, wanda kashi 90 cikin 100 ana samun su a kan dutsen Karatau.
Kariyar garken tumaki
Hotuna: Tumakin dutse daga littafin Red Book
Argali na cikin haɗari a cikin duk inda suke, galibi saboda asarar muhalli, sakamakon kiwo na tumakin gida da farauta. A matsayinta na mafi girman rago a duniya, babban kyauta ne tsakanin mafarauta. Ana harbe su saboda naman, ƙahonin da ake amfani da su a maganin gargajiya na ƙasar Sin, da fatu. Mafarauta na ci gaba da zama babbar matsala (da wahalar sarrafawa). An kashe tumakin da ke kan dutse a arewa maso gabashin China, da kudancin Siberia da wasu sassan Mongolia.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: sheepungiyoyin kiyaye yanayi suna kiyaye tumakin dutsen ko'ina kuma suna cikin Littafin Red Book na duniya azaman jinsi mai rauni. Har ila yau an haɗa shi a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha.
Tumakin dutse kuma an haɗa shi a CITES Shafi II, ban da O. a. nigrimontana da O. a. hodgsonii, waɗanda aka haɗa a Shafi na I. Don adana nau'ikan, an ƙirƙiri wuraren ajiya, inda aka hana farauta kwata-kwata. Raguna na kankara suna haƙuri da kamuwa da kyau har ma suna haifar da zuriya. Yaduwar cutar daga dabbobi muhimmin al'amari ne da ke shafar yawan jama'a. Waɗannan barazanar suna da ɗan bambanci tsakanin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, koda kuwa wuraren zama sun banbanta.
Ranar bugawa: 25.07.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/29/2019 da karfe 20:00
