Spiny newt (Pleurodeles waltl) - jinsin amphibians na jinsi Ribbed sababbi daga umarnin Tailed amphibians. Spiny newt na daya daga cikin mafi girman nau'ikan sababbi, mafi mahimmancin sifar wanda shine ƙarshen ƙarshen ƙasusuwan haƙarƙarin da suka fito daga ɓangarorin a lokacin haɗari. Abinda yake shine cewa ana ɓoye guba a ƙarshen haƙarƙarin, yana haifar da jin daɗi a cikin mai farautar kuma ya tilasta shi barin abincinsa shi kaɗai. Saboda haka wannan sunan ya samo asali.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Spiny newt
Sabbin allurai da sauran nau'ikan sababbi tsoffin amphibians ne, sau da yawa suna yadu sosai. Bayan lokaci, kankara ta Quaternary ta tura su zuwa kudanci da yammacin Turai. A yau wannan nau'in yana rayuwa ne a cikin iyakantaccen yanki, inda aka yarda da shi a hukumance a matsayin mai haɗari.
Bidiyo: Spiny Newt
Waɗannan ƙananan dabbobi ne, waɗanda a cikin yanayin yanayi na iya yin girma har zuwa 23 cm a tsayi, yayin da ke zaman fursuna tsawon su na iya kaiwa 30 cm har ma da ƙari. Mata, a ƙa’ida, sun fi na maza girma, amma ba su da bambanci da su. Sabbin Spiny ba su da ƙyallen kafa. Wutsiyarsu ba ta da gajarta - kusan rabin tsayin, ya daidaita, an gyara shi da fin fin, kuma an zagaye shi a ƙarshen.
Fatar tana da duhu mai duhu ko kusan baƙar fata mai launuka masu haske. Ba daidai ba ne ga taɓawa, mai hatsi, ƙwanƙwasa da ƙyamar jini. Akwai wasu launuka masu launin ja ko rawaya a gefunan jiki. A wadannan wuraren ne kaifin kashin hakarkarin Newt yake fitowa idan akwai matsala. Ciki na amphibians ya yi haske, launin toka-launi da ƙananan wuraren duhu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin bauta, nau'in albino na spiny newts ba da jimawa ba - tare da farin baya, farin-rawaya ciki da idanu ja.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Spanish spiny newt
Fatar Newts tana da santsi da haske yayin cikin ruwa. Lokacin da dabbobi suka fita a kan ƙasa don yin numfashi ko farauta, fatar jikinsu tana tsananin bushewa, yana zama mai laushi, mara laushi da mara daɗi. Shugaban amphibians yayi kama da na kwado tare da ƙananan, idanun zinariya masu kwalliya da ke gefuna.
Saboda yawan fitowar glandular dorsal, jikin spiny newts yana da kyan gani idan aka kalleshi daga ko'ina. Kwarangwal din dabbobi yana da kashin baya 56. Baya ga hakarkarin hakarkarin da ke fitowa a waje idan aka kare su ta hanyar ketawa ta fata, akwai ƙwayoyin cuta masu dafi masu yawa a jikin sabon. Guba a cikin spiny newts tana da rauni kuma ba mai kisa ba, amma idan ta hau kan kugun jikin magabcin abokan gaba, wanda ƙashin haƙarƙarin haƙoran kaifin sa ya haifar, yana haifar da ciwo ga mai cin abincin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Manyan lebba suna da matukar haɓaka a cikin mata, kuma suna da hauhawar jini a cikin maza.
Yanzu kun san yadda sabon spiny newt yake. Bari mu bincika inda yake zaune.
A ina ne spiny newt yake rayuwa?
Hotuna: Spiny newt a Spain
Sabuwar ribbed ɗin asalin ƙasar Fotigal ne (ɓangaren yamma), Spain (ɓangaren kudu maso yamma) da Maroko (arewacin). Sabbi suna rayuwa galibi cikin tafkunan ruwa mai kyau. Ba a cika samun sa a cikin tsaunukan Granada (Sierra di Logia) a tsawan tsawan mita 1200. Hakanan za'a iya samun su a zurfin 60-70 m a cikin kogo kusa da Bukhot ko Ben Slaymain a Maroko. Newy spiny newt yana rayuwa a zurfin 1 m a cikin ƙananan ruwa masu gudana: a cikin ramuka, tafkuna, tabkuna.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ba haka ba da dadewa, masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu dan kasar Sweden suka fassara tsarin spiny newt genome. A sakamakon binciken, an gano cewa lambar DNA ta dabba ta ƙunshi bayanan kwayoyin sau da yawa fiye da lambar DNA ta mutum. Kari akan haka, sababbi suna da mafi girman abin da yake sabunta halittu na dukkan dabbobi masu kafafu hudu. Zasu iya girma harma su sake shirya wutsiyoyi, gabobin hannu, muƙamuƙai, tsokar zuciya, har ma da ƙwayoyin kwakwalwa. Mataki na gaba na binciken zai zama cikakken nazari kan aikin sabunta kwayoyin halittar kwakwalwa da kuma yadda madaidaitan kwayayen halitta ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan sake fasalin sabbin sababbi.
Tsarkin ruwa ga waɗannan amphibians ɗin bashi da mahimmanci. Hakanan suna yin kyau a cikin jikin ruwa mai ɗan gishiri. Sabon Spanish ɗin na iya jagorancin rayuwa ta ruwa da ta ƙasa, amma, ya fi son tsohon fiye da haka, saboda haka ba kasafai ake samun sa a ƙasa ba. Sabbin allurai galibi suna rayuwa cikin ruwa ɗaya na tsawon shekaru, ko ma rayuwarsu duka. Idan, saboda wasu dalilai, mazauninsu ya daina dacewa da su, to, suna yin ƙaura don neman sabon gida, kuma suna yin hakan a lokacin ruwan sama don guje wa rashin ruwa. A lokacin bazara, a cikin matsanancin zafi, a lokacin bushewa sosai, amphibians na iya barin tafki kuma su ɓuya a cikin zurfafan ramuka da rami tsakanin duwatsu. A wannan lokacin, sabbin abubuwa suna da matukar wahalar ganowa, tunda suna zuwa saman dare da farauta kawai.
Menene spiny newt ke ci?
Hotuna: Spiny newt daga littafin Red
Sabbin allurai masu cin nama ne na gaske, amma ba kayan kwalliya na musamman bane a cikin abinci, saboda haka zasu iya cin komai. Babban yanayin: abincinsu mai yuwuwa dole ne ya tashi, gudu ko ja jiki, ma'ana, yana raye. A cikin cin abinci, sun faɗi koda a cikin yanayi mara kyau, ba a lura da sababbin abubuwa, amma al'amuran cin naman mutane, musamman ma cikin fursuna, sun faru.
Abincin yau da kullun na amphibians yayi kama da wannan:
- kifin kifi;
- tsutsotsi;
- ƙananan invertebrates;
- kwari;
- matasa macizai.
A lokacin rani, lokacin da yake da zafi sosai koda cikin ruwa kuma an tilasta sabbin shiga ɓoyewa daga zafin rana, a sauƙaƙe su jimre da yunwa na gajeren lokaci. A yayin wasannin mating, lokacin da ilhami da ke haifuwa ya zo kan gaba kuma ya zama ya fi karfi fiye da sauran buƙatu, amphibians ma ba sa cin komai, amma koyaushe suna faɗa da abokan hamayya, suna kula da mata, mata, da haihuwa.
A cikin fursuna, sabbin abubuwan spiny sun fi son cin abinci mai rai. Ya dace da wannan su ne kwandunan ƙasa, ƙuda, ciyawa, katantanwa, sulke, ƙwarin jini, da kuma ɗanyen daskararren nama ko kifi. Yana da matukar rauni ga ciyar da sababbi tare da bushe ko rigar abinci na kuliyoyi ko karnuka, tunda sun ƙunshi sinadaran da basu da halaye na yau da kullun game da abincin sababbi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Spiny newt
Sabbin Ribbed suna jin daɗi a ƙasa da ruwa, amma a lokaci guda ƙila ba za su iya zuwa ƙasar gaba ɗaya ba har tsawon shekaru. Abin da aka fi so na dabbobi shi ne “rataye” na dogon lokaci a cikin layin ruwan, yana kallon kewayen. Dangane da yanayin yanayi, zasu iya jagorantar rayuwar dare da rana. Misali, a lokacin bazara, idan ba zafi sosai, sababbi sun fi son farauta da rana. A lokacin rani, lokacin da yanayin iska ya tashi da sauri, ana tilasta sababbi su ɓuya a cikin ramuka da kogo da rana, kuma su tafi farauta da dare.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Spiny newts tana da halin narkewa. Ba a tabbatar da bayyanannun lokuta na zubi ba - komai na mutum ne ga kowane mutum.
Sabbin suna buƙatar narkewa saboda suna numfasawa ta cikin fata. An cika shi a zahiri tare da siraran jijiyoyin jini (capillaries), wanda jini ya wadata da oxygen daidai cikin ruwa. Wannan fasalin yana bawa amphibians damar shawagi akai-akai zuwa sama don iska. Tunda sabbin abubuwa masu juyi basu da mahimmanci game da tsarkin ruwa, fatarsu da sauri zata zama datti. Fata mai gurɓata ta tsoma baki tare da yin numfashi mai kyau, don haka sababbi ke zubar da shi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A dabi'a, sabbin abubuwa masu juyi suna iya rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 12, a tsare - har zuwa shekaru 8. Kodayake da yawa, idan ba duka ba, ya dogara da abinci da yanayin tsarewa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Spanish spiny newt
Sabbin allurai na iya yin kiwo sau 1-2 a shekara. Lokacin kiwo na farko shine a watan Fabrairu-Maris, na biyu a watan Yuli-Agusta. Ta hanyar halayen ɗabi'unsu, su dabbobi ne da ke tattare cikin rukuni kawai a lokacin saduwa.
Balaga tsakanin jima'i a cikin amphibians yana faruwa a cikin lokaci daga shekara 1 zuwa 3, wanda ya dogara da yanayin wurin zama. Tare da farkon lokacin saduwa, kiraye-kiraye suna girma akan kafafun na miji sabon. Dalilin da yasa ake buƙatarsu bai bayyana karara ba. Wataƙila don kariya yayin faɗa tare da abokan hamayya.
Lokacin mating yana da matakai masu zuwa:
- fadace fadace;
- neman aure;
- haɗawa;
- amai da ƙwai.
Yayin fadace fadace, maza suna fada a tsakanin su, kuma cikin tsananin zalunci. Tsarin neman aure ya hada da wani nau'i na share fage ga aikin saduwa. Namiji ya haɗu da matar da aka kama cikin faɗa da ƙafafunsa kuma na ɗan lokaci yana “birgima” ta cikin kasan tafki. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo, farawa na farawa. Namiji ya taɓa bakin mace tare da ɗan yatsunsa kuma ya riƙe shi a hankali daga ƙasa, a lokaci guda yana sakin ruwan jini a jiki kuma yana motsa shi tare da gabobin hannu na kyauta zuwa cloaca. Za'a iya maimaita al'adar al'adar sau 5-7.
Spawning fara 2-3 kwanaki bayan dabbar ta hanyar canjin. Sabuwar mace na iya yin ƙwai har 1,300. Eggswai mace ne ke gyara ƙwai akan ganyen da kuma bishiyoyin shuke-shuke a cikin ruwa kamar sarkoki na 10-20 inji mai kwakwalwa, Inda kuma tsarin shiryawar ya gudana.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Eggswai na spiny newt sun kai kimanin mm 2 a diamita, yayin da diamita na ambulaf ɗin gelatinous bai fi 7 mm ba.
A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, ƙyanƙyashe ƙwai daga ƙwai a cikin kwanaki 15-16. An kwanakin farko na rayuwa, basa jin buƙatar abinci kwata-kwata. Bugu da ari, larvae suna ciyar da kwayoyin halittu marasa sauki. Tsawon tsutsayen yakai 10-11 mm. Bayan kamar watanni uku, tsutsa ta fara aikin metamorphosis, wanda ke ɗaukar wata 2.5 - 3. A ƙarshen metamophosis, larvae sun zama ƙananan sababbi, waɗanda suka bambanta da manya kawai a girmansu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, sabbin samari zasu iya girma zuwa 14 cm.
Halittan makiya na spiny newts
Hotuna: Spiny newt daga Spain
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, sabbin abubuwa masu juyi suna kare kansu daga masu farautar da suke son farautar su da taimakon hakarkarinsu da wani abu mai guba da ake saki a ƙarshen kashin haƙarƙarin a lokacin haɗari. Koyaya, gubawar sababbi ba ta mutu ba, wanda galibi wasa ba zai amfane su ba. Hakanan akwai lokuta na cin naman mutane tsakanin sabbin abubuwa masu jujjuya, amma waɗannan ba su da yawa.
Tunda sababbi sababbi suna da girma sosai - har zuwa 23 cm, basu da makiya na halitta da yawa, amma, manyan macizai zasu iya farautar su, suna haɗiye kayan abincinsu gaba ɗaya da tsuntsayen ganima (gaggafa, shaho), suna kashe abincinsu. jifa daga tsayi akan duwatsu. Tunda sabbin abubuwa masu jujjuya suna da ruɗu a ƙasa, zasu iya zama sauƙin ganima ga mahaukata da kwalliya.
Amma ga matasa, larvae da ƙananan sababbi zasu sami ƙarin abokan gaba a cikin yanayi. Misali, kwari da kifayen da ke kama su suna yin farautar larvae. Bugu da ƙari, newt caviar, wanda ya ƙunshi furotin da yawa, shima kyauta ce mai kyau don toads da kifi. Hakanan, ƙananan macizai, tsuntsaye har ma da adan kwari suna farautar ƙananan sababbi. Masana kimiyyar dabbobi sun kirga cewa, a matsakaita, akwai kwai dubu daya, rabinsu da kyar suka tsira zuwa balaga.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Spiny newt
Sababbin Ribbed, kamar yawancin amphibians, suna da wadata sosai. Bugu da ƙari, suna da yanayi biyu na cikakkiyar jima'i a shekara. Koyaya, koda wannan a cikin duniyar birni mai zamani ba zai iya ceton halin da ake ciki ba, kuma a yau a cikin dukkan ƙasashe uku yawan spiny newt ya ragu sosai kuma yana ci gaba da raguwa.
Babban dalilan da suka haifar da raguwar yawan sabbin abubuwa masu jujjuya:
- gajere na rayuwa. A cikin daji, sabon ba zai wuce shekaru 12 ba. Akwai dalilai da yawa da ke haifar da hakan, kamar bala'o'i, rashin abinci, makiya na asali;
- rashin ingancin muhalli, gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa tare da sharar gida da magunguna masu yawa. Kodayake sababbi masu juyayi basu cika damuwa da ruwa mai tsafta sosai ba, amma, tare da cigaban masana'antu da noma, yawancin sunadarai masu cutarwa suna shiga cikin ruwan wanda hatta sababbi basa iya rayuwa a ciki;
- sauye-sauyen ƙasa a cikin yanayin yanayi. Saboda ci gaban aikin noma, filayen dausayi galibi suna malalewa, wanda a qarshe yakan haifar da vacewar madatsun ruwa inda sababbi ke rayuwa a da;
- spiny newt yana cikin babban buƙata azaman dabbar dabba. Tabbas, an haife su a cikin fursuna don siyarwa, amma kame-kame sabbabin daji, musamman matasa, yana haifar da lalacewar da ba za a iya gyarawa ga yawan jama'a ba.
Kiyaye Spiny Newts
Hotuna: Spiny newt daga littafin Red
Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, yawan adadin sabbin abubuwa na ci gaba da raguwa saboda dalilai masu yawa, gami da mummunan yanayin muhalli da gurbatar jikin ruwa.
A saboda wannan dalili, amphibian tana cikin Red Book Books na Italiya, Fotigal, Spain, Maroko, da kuma a cikin Littafin Ba da Lamuni na Duniya. A cewar kididdiga, a cikin kasashen da aka ambata a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, sama da rabin jikkunan ruwa sun malale, wanda a zahiri ya haifar da raguwar yawan sabbin spina da ke rayuwa a yanayin yanayi.
Wannan hujja ta haifar da damuwa matuka a tsakanin masanan, kuma sun yi imanin cewa idan muka bar komai yadda yake kuma ba mu aiwatar da matakan kariya ba, to a cikin shekaru 10-15 ba za a sami sabbin abubuwa masu jujjuya yanayi ba. Wani zai ce: "Amma an yi nasarar kirkirar wannan nau'in a cikin fursuna." Haka ne, amma sabuntun cikin gida a dabi'a na iya ba da tushe, saboda sakamakon yanayin rayuwa mai dadi, sun rasa duk kwarewar da suke bukata.
Abin da ya kamata a yi don dawo da yawan sababbin spiny a cikin mazauninsu:
- tsaurara matakan ɗaukar kifi ba bisa doka ba;
- inganta yanayin muhalli;
- kare jikin ruwa;
- rage girman amfani da sinadarai masu cutarwa a ƙasar noma.
Spiny newt na ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma daga cikin dangin sa. Wannan dabbar a mazaunin ta ana daukarta ba safai ba, amma a matsayin dabbar dabba ana iya siyan ta a kusan kowane shagon dabbobi. Sabbin allurai suna rayuwa a cikin ruwa da ƙasa, amma har yanzu suna cinye mafi yawan lokacinsu a cikin ruwa. Yau sababbi suna buƙatar kulawa ta musamman, saboda lambobin su suna raguwa kowace rana.
Ranar bugawa: 23.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 a 19:24
