Elasmotherium - doguwar rhinoceros wacce ta daɗe, wacce aka bambanta ta da girman girmanta da kuma ƙaho mai tsayi wanda yake girma daga tsakiyar goshinta. Wadannan karkanda an rufe su da fur, wanda ya basu damar rayuwa a cikin mummunan yanayi na Siberia, kodayake akwai jinsunan Elasmotherium da ke rayuwa a yankuna masu dumi. Elasmotherium ya zama magabatan zamani na Afirka, Indiya da baki karkanda.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Elasmotherium
Elasmotherium wani nau'in rhino ne wanda ya bayyana sama da shekaru 800 da suka gabata a Eurasia. Elasmotherium ya lalace tun kimanin shekaru dubu 10 da suka gabata a lokacin Ice Ice na ƙarshe. Ana iya samun hotunansa a cikin kogon Kapova na Urals da kuma cikin kogo da yawa a Spain.
Halin halittar rhinoceroses tsoffin dabbobi ne masu ƙafafun kafa waɗanda suka rayu a cikin nau'ikan halittu da yawa har zuwa yau. Idan wakilan jinsin farko sun hadu a yanayi mai dumi da sanyi, yanzu ana samun su ne kawai a Afirka da Indiya.
Bidiyo: Elasmotherium
Karkanda sunaye ne daga kahon da ke tsirowa a ƙarshen bakinsu. Wannan ƙahon ba girma ba ne, amma dubunnan gashin da aka haɗa, saboda haka ƙaho a zahiri yana wakiltar sifa ne kuma ba shi da ƙarfi kamar yadda ake kallo da farko.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kahon ne ya haifar da bacewar karkanda a wannan lokacin - mafarauta sun yanke kahon daga dabbar, saboda wani abu da ya mutu. Yanzu karkanda na karkashin kariyar awoyi 24 na kwararru.
Rhinos suna da ciyayi, kuma domin kiyaye kuzari a cikin babban nauyin jikinsu (yanzu karkanda da ake da su nauyinta ya kai tan 4-5, kuma tsofaffin sun auna sun fi haka) suna ciyarwa tsawon yini tare da kwanciyar bacci lokaci-lokaci.
Ana rarrabe su da babban jiki mai kama da ganga, manyan ƙafafu tare da yatsun kafa uku waɗanda ke shiga cikin kofato masu ƙarfi. Karkanda suna da gajere, wutsiya ta hannu tare da buroshi (layin gashi guda ɗaya da ya rage akan waɗannan dabbobin) da kunnuwan da ke kula da kowane irin sauti. An lullube jikin da faranti na fata waɗanda ke hana karkanda yin zafi fiye da kima a lokacin tsananin Afirka. Duk nau'ikan karkanda da ake dasu yanzu suna kan hanyar bacewa, amma bakin karkanda shine mafi kusa da bacewa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Rhino Elasmotherium
Elasmotherium babban wakili ne na irin sa. Tsawon jikinsu ya kai mita 6, tsayi - 2.5 m, amma tare da girman su sun yi ƙasa da takwarorinsu na yanzu - daga tan 5 (don kwatantawa, matsakaicin haɓakar karkanda na Afirka ya kai mita ɗaya da rabi).
Dogon kahon mai kauri bai kasance a hanci ba, kamar yadda yake a karkanda ta zamani, amma ya girma ne daga goshin. Bambancin da ke tsakanin wannan kahon kuma shi ne cewa ba mai zare ba ne, ya kunshi gashi na keratinized - ya kasance karuwar kashi, tsari iri daya ne da naman kokon kansa na Elasmotherium. Naho zai iya kaiwa tsayin mita ɗaya da rabi tare da ɗan ƙaramin kai, don haka karkanda tana da wuya mai ƙarfi, wanda ya kunshi kasusuwan mahaifa masu kauri.
Elasmotherium yana da babban bushewa, yana mai tunatar da ganuwar bison yau. Amma yayin da tudu na bison da raƙuma ke kan dogaro da kayan mai, busassun Elasmotherium sun huta ne a kan ɓarkewar ƙasusuwan kashin baya, kodayake suna ƙunshe da kayan mai.
Baya na jiki ya kasance mafi ƙanƙanta kuma ya fi kusa da na gaba. Elasmotherium yana da doguwar siraran kafafu, saboda haka ana iya ɗauka cewa dabbar ta dace da tsere mai sauri, kodayake gudu da irin wannan tsarin mulki yana da ƙarfi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai tsammanin cewa Elasmotherium ne ya zama samfurin samfuran unicorns na almara.
Hakanan wani fasalin Elasmotherium shine cewa an rufe shi da gashi mai kauri. Ya rayu a cikin yankunan sanyi, don haka ulu ta kare dabba daga ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara. Wasu nau'ikan Elasmotherium suna da suturar sirara fiye da wasu.
Ina Elasmotherium ya zauna?
Hotuna: Caucasian Elasmotherium
Akwai nau'ikan Elasmotherium da suka rayu a sassa daban-daban na duniya.
Don haka an sami shaidar kasancewar su:
- a cikin Urals;
- a Spain;
- a Faransa (Ruffignac Cave, inda akwai wani hoto na musamman na katuwar karkanda mai kaho daga goshinta);
- a Yammacin Turai;
- a Gabashin Siberia;
- a China;
- a Iran.
Gabaɗaya an yarda da cewa Elasmotherium na farko ya rayu a cikin Caucasus - an samo tsoffin tsoffin karkanda a can cikin tsaunukan Azov. Ganin Caucasian Elasmotherium ya kasance mafi nasara saboda ya tsira da shekaru masu yawa na Ice.
A tsibirin Taman, an tono ragowar Elasmotherium na tsawon shekaru uku, kuma a cewar masana binciken burbushin halittu, wadannan kasusuwan suna da shekaru miliyan daya. A karo na farko, an sami ƙasusuwan Elasmotherium a cikin 1808 a Siberia. A cikin aikin dutse, alamun gashin da ke kewaye da kwarangwal sun kasance a bayyane, da kuma wani ƙaho mai tsawo da ke girma daga goshin. Ana kiran wannan nau'in Siberian Elasmotherium.
Cikakken kwarangwal na Elasmotherium an yi shi a kan ragowar da aka samo a cikin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi na Stavropol. Mutum ne daga cikin mafi girman nau'in da ya rayu a kudancin Siberia, Moldova da Ukraine.
Elasmotherium ya zauna a cikin dazuzzuka da filayen. Zai yiwu ya ƙaunaci yankuna masu dausayi ko koguna masu gudana, inda ya daɗe sosai. Ba kamar karkanda ta zamani ba, yana zaune a hankali cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa, saboda ba ya jin tsoron masu farauta.
Yanzu kun san inda tsohuwar Elasmotherium ta kasance. Bari muga me suka ci.
Menene Elasmotherium ya ci?
Hotuna: Siberian Elasmotherium
Daga tsarin haƙoransu, za'a iya kammala cewa Elasmotherium ya ci ciyawa mai tauri wanda ya tsiro a ƙasan tsaunuka kusa da ruwa - an sami ƙwayoyin abrasive a cikin ragowar haƙoran, waɗanda ke ba da shaidar wannan lokacin. Elasmotherium ya ci har zuwa kilogiram 80., Ganye kowace rana.
Tunda Elasmotherium dangi ne na karkanda na Afirka da Indiya, za'a iya kammala cewa abincin su ya haɗa da:
- bushe kunnuwa;
- ciyawa kore;
- ganyen bishiyoyi wanda dabbobi zasu iya kaiwa;
- 'ya'yan itacen da suka fado daga bishiyoyi zuwa ƙasa;
- shoanɗana na saura
- haushi na ƙananan bishiyoyi;
- a cikin yankunan kudanci na zama - ganyen inabi;
- Dangane da tsarin hakoran, a bayyane yake cewa Elasmotherium ya ci shuke-shuke na reed, korayen laka da kuma algae, wanda zai iya samu daga gaɓoɓin ruwa mara zurfin.
Leben Elasmotherium yayi kama da leben rhinos na Indiya - lebe ne mai tsayi wanda aka tsara shi don cin tsirrai dogaye, dogaye. Karkanda na Afirka suna da lebe masu faɗi, saboda haka suna cin abinci a ƙananan ciyawa.
Elasmotherium ya debo manyan kunnuwa na ciyawa ya tauna su na dogon lokaci; tsayinsa da tsarin wuyansa sun bashi damar isa ga ƙananan bishiyoyi, yana yayyaga ganye daga can. Dangane da yanayin, Elasmotherium zai iya sha daga lita 80 zuwa 200. ruwa kowace rana, kodayake waɗannan dabbobin suna da ƙarfin isa su rayu ba tare da ruwa na mako guda.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Tsohon Elasmotherium
Samu Elasmotherium ya kasance bai taɓa kasancewa kusa da juna ba, don haka zamu iya yanke shawara cewa karkanda sun kasance masu ban sha'awa. Ragowar yankin Larabawa ne kawai ke nuna cewa wani lokacin wadannan karkanda na iya rayuwa a kananan kungiyoyi na 5 ko sama da haka.
Wannan ya dace da tsarin zamantakewar yau da kullun na karkanda Indiya. Suna kiwo ba dare ba rana, amma a lokutan zafin rana sukan je wuraren da ke da ruwa ko ruwa, inda suke kwanciya a cikin ruwa suna cin tsire-tsire a kusa ko dama a jikin ruwan. Tunda Elasmotherium rhinoceros ne na ulu, yana yiwuwa ta iya yin kiwo a kusa da jikin ruwa ba tare da shiga cikin ruwa ba.
Wanka wani muhimmin bangare ne na rayuwar karkanda, kuma Elasmotherium ba wani banda bane. Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta na iya rayuwa a cikin gashinta, wanda karkanda za ta iya cirewa ta amfani da ruwa da baho na laka. Hakanan, kamar sauran nau'in karkanda, yana iya rayuwa tare da tsuntsaye. Tsuntsaye suna nutsuwa suna zagawa cikin jikin karkanda, kwari da ƙwayoyin cuta daga cikin fatarta, kuma suna sanar da kusancin haɗarin. Wannan dangantaka ce mai amfani wacce ta gudana yayin rayuwar Elasmotherium.
Rhinoceros ya jagoranci rayuwar makiyaya, yana tafiya bayan ciyayi lokacin da ya ƙare a wurinsa. Ta hanyar daidaita Elasmotherium tare da karkanda na Indiya ta zamani, za a iya kammala cewa maza suna rayuwa su kaɗai, yayin da mata suka yi dafifi a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi, inda suka yi renon yaransu. Samari matasa, barin garken, suma zasu iya ƙirƙirar ƙananan ƙungiyoyi.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Elasmotherium
Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa Elasmotherium ya kai ga balagar jima'i da kimanin shekaru 5. Idan a cikin rhinoceros rutt na Indiya yana faruwa kusan sau ɗaya a kowane mako shida, to a cikin Elasmotherium da ke zaune a yankuna masu sanyi, zai iya faruwa sau ɗaya a shekara tare da zuwan zafi. Rhino rutti yana faruwa kamar haka: mata suna barin ƙungiyar su na ɗan lokaci kuma su tafi neman namiji. Lokacin da ta sami ɗa, suna kusa da juna har tsawon kwanaki, mace tana binsa ko'ina.
Idan a wannan lokacin maza na iya rikici a cikin yaƙin mace ɗaya. Yana da wahala a kimanta yanayin Elasmotherium, amma ana iya ɗauka cewa su ma dabbobi ne masu ƙyamar phlegmatic waɗanda ba sa son shiga rikici. Saboda haka, yaƙe-yaƙe da aka yi wa mace ba ta da ƙarfi da jini - babban karkanda kawai ya kori ƙarami.
Ciki na mace Elasmotherium ya ɗauki kimanin watanni 20, sakamakon haka ɗan da aka haifa ya riga ya sami ƙarfi. Ba a samo ragowar yaran ba gaba ɗaya - kashin mutum ɗaya ne kawai a cikin kogon mutanen da. Daga wannan zamu iya yanke hukuncin cewa samari ne na Elasmotherium waɗanda mafi yawan lokuta mawuyacin halin mafarautan ke cikin haɗari.
Tsawon rayuwar Elasmotherium ya kai shekaru dari, kuma mutane da yawa sun rayu har zuwa tsufa, tun da farko basu da makiya na asali.
Abokan gaba na Elasmotherium
Hotuna: Rhino Elasmotherium
Elasmotherium babban tsire-tsire ne wanda ke iya kulawa da kansa, don haka bai fuskanci haɗari mai haɗari ba.
A ƙarshen lokacin Pliocene, Elasmotherium ya gamu da waɗannan masu cin abincin:
- glyptodont babban feline ne mai dogon canines;
- Smilodon - mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin manyan, ana farautar su cikin fakiti;
- tsohuwar nau'in bears.
A wannan lokacin, Australopithecines sun bayyana, wanda a hankali yake motsawa daga taro zuwa farautar manyan dabbobi, wanda zai iya lalata yawan karkanda.
A ƙarshen zamanin Pleistocene, ana iya farautarta ta:
- beyar (duka sun dadu da na yanzu);
- manyan cheetahs;
- garken kuraye;
- prides na kogon zakoki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Rhinoceroses suna haɓaka saurin zuwa 56 km / h, kuma tun da Elasmotherium ya ɗan fi sauƙi, masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa saurinsa zuwa gallop ya kai 70 km / h.
Girman masu farautar ya yi daidai da girman ciyawar ciyawar dabbobi, amma har yanzu Elasmotherium ya kasance babban ganima ga yawancin mafarauta. Sabili da haka, lokacin da garken tumaki ko mahara guda suka kawo masa hari, Elasmotherium ya gwammace ya kare kansa ta amfani da dogon ƙaho. Kuliyoyi masu doguwar hazo da fike ne kawai za su iya cizon fata da gashin wannan karkanda.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Cushe Elasmotherium
Ba a san ainihin dalilan halakar Elasmotherium ba. Sun rayu da shekaru da yawa na Ice da kyau sosai, sabili da haka, an daidaita su cikin yanayin zuwa yanayin ƙarancin yanayi (kamar yadda layin gashi ya nuna).
Saboda haka, masana kimiyya sun gano dalilai da yawa na halakar Elasmotherium:
- a lokacin shekarun kankara na baya, ciyayi, wadanda akasarinsu ke ciyarwa akan Elasmotherium, an lalata su, don haka suka mutu saboda yunwa;
- Elasmotherium ya dakatar da ninkawa a yanayin yanayin zafin jiki da rashin wadataccen abinci - wannan yanayin juyin halitta ya lalata jinsinsu;
- mutanen da suka yi farautar Elasmotherium don fata da nama na iya kawar da yawan jama'ar.
Elasmotherium babbar kishiya ce ga mutanen zamanin da, don haka mafarauta na farko sun zabi matasa da yara kamar wadanda abin ya shafa, wanda nan da nan ya lalata jinsin wadannan karkanda. Elasmotherium ya yadu ko'ina cikin Nahiyar Eurasia, don haka lalacewar ta kasance a hankali. Wataƙila, akwai dalilai da yawa na halakarwa a lokaci ɗaya, sun mamaye kuma daga ƙarshe sun lalata yawan.
Amma Elasmotherium ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar ɗan adam, idan mutane na farko ma sun kama wannan dabba a cikin fasahar dutsen. Sun yi farauta kuma sun girmama shi, domin karkanda ta ba su fatu masu dumi da nama da yawa.
Idan mutane sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen lalata halittar Elasmotherium, to a halin yanzu ɗan adam ya kamata ya zama mafi ladabi da karkanda da ake da ita. Da yake suna gab da karewa saboda mafarauta da ke farautar kahonsu, ya kamata a ci gaba da kula da nau'ikan da ke akwai. Elasmotherium, su ne zuriyar karkanda na gaske, waɗanda ke ci gaba da jinsinta, amma a cikin wani sabon salo.
Ranar bugawa: 07/14/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/25/2019 a 18:33
