Sarkin Hamada, mafi girma kuma mafi dadewa mai taimakon mutum raƙumi mai kama... Wani lokaci ana kiran raƙuman ruwa "Jirgin Jirgin Hamada" a tsakanin mutane saboda ikonsu na shawo kan manyan wurare a cikin hamada ba tare da abinci ko ruwa na dogon lokaci ba. Rakuman ruwa raƙuman ruwa sune ainihin abin al'ajabi wanda aka halitta daga halitta, kuma wanda kusan mutum ya lalata shi.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Bactrian raƙumi
Bactrian ko Bactrian raƙumi (Camelus bactrianus) na jinsi ne. Class: dabbobi masu shayarwa. Umarni: artiodactyls. Babban bambance-bambance na raƙuman raƙuman ruwa daga sauran wakilan wannan nau'in ba kawai a gaban huɗu na biyu ba, har ma a cikin sutura mai kauri. Rakuman Bactrian dabbobi ne masu tauri, suna iya rayuwa cikin sauƙi a lokacin rani, dusar ƙanƙara da sanyi a lokacin sanyi.
Bidiyo: Bactrian Rakumi
Rakumai dabbobi ne da suka daɗe sosai, hotunan farko na raƙumi sun fara ne tun ƙarni na 19 kafin haihuwar Yesu. Abubuwan da aka samo na farko na ragowar raƙuman raƙumi na zamani sun koma 2500 BC. Rakumai suna cikin gida a cikin karni na 6-7 BC. Rakumai na daya daga cikin dabbobin farko da dan adam ya fara kiwo da kiwonsu don bukatunsu. Mutane sun yi amfani da raƙumi kuma da farko a matsayin jigilar kaya. Hakanan ana ɗauka da ƙima da ulu raƙumi, daga abin da zaku iya yin tufafi, da madara, naman raƙumi, wanda yake mafi kyawun abinci. Babban yawan raƙuman raƙumi sun kasance suna rayuwa a tsohuwar Asiya.
Bayanin farko na wannan nau'in an yi shi ne a cikin 1878 ta mai binciken N.M. Przhevalsky. Ba kamar raƙumai masu raƙumi ɗaya ba, raƙuma masu huɗu biyu sun tsira a cikin daji. A yau raƙuman ruwa sun kasu kashi biyu: Camelus ferus rakumi ne na daji kuma Camelus bactrianus ɗan gida ne. Kwanan nan, yawan wannan nau'in yana raguwa cikin sauri, kuma mutum shine abin zargi akan wannan.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Bactrian rakumi, ko Bactrian
Rakumi mai raɗaɗi babban dabba ne mai ƙarfi da ƙarfi. Camelus bactrianus na da babban jiki zagaye. Dogayen kafafuwa masu ƙarfi waɗanda suka ƙare a cikin ƙafafun kafa biyu akan takalmin kira. Wuyan raƙumi yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi, wanda ya sunkuya sannan kuma ya tanƙwara. Rakuman daji na wannan nau'in suna da kauri mai kauri da launin ruwan kasa-kasa mai yashi. Koyaya, akwai kuma raƙuman ruwan kasa da fari (cream). Rakumai na gaskiya masu launin haske ba su da yawa kuma suna da daraja sosai.
Kan rakumi karami ne. Rakumi yana da wayoyi marasa daɗi da leɓɓa masu taurin kai, waɗanda aka dace da su don tsinke ciyawar ciyayi da kuma cacti mai ƙayoyi. Leben dabbar yana da ɗan cokali. Kunnuwa suna zagaye da kanana. A bayan kai akwai gland din da ake hada su, wadanda suka fi ci gaba a jikin maza. Idanun raƙumi ana kiyaye su daga yashi da ƙura ta gashin ido mai tsayi da kauri.
Rakuman Bactrian manyan dabbobi ne masu yawa. Tsayin namiji a bushe na iya kaiwa 230-240 cm. Serlovina na humps yana da tsayi na centimita 170, tsayin humps na iya bambanta dangane da yanayin dabbar, amma yawanci girman ƙwanƙolin hawa a tsawo na iya kaiwa mita 0.5. Nisa tsakanin humps yakai cm 30. Nauyin babban namiji daga kilogram 750 zuwa tan 1. Mata na wannan nau'in sun ninka na maza sau da yawa daga 400 zuwa 750 kg.
Tsarin ciki na raƙuman ruwa iri ɗaya ne da na duk masu kira. Rakumi yana da ciki mai rarrafe uku, a cikin sa an rarrabe sassa 3 (tabo, abomasum da raga). Cecum a cikin raƙumi gajere ne. Kodan na iya diban ruwa daga fitsari. Jinin raƙumi na iya kula da ruwa na al'ada, koda kuwa ya yi kauri sosai, godiya ga sifa ta mussamman na jajayen ƙwayoyin jini waɗanda ke iya wucewa ta cikin kaifin. Hakanan, erythrocytes a cikin jinin raƙumi suna iya tara ruwa a cikin kansu, sau da yawa, suna ƙaruwa da girma.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Rakumi mai kwalliya na iya yin ruwa ba tare da ruwa ba har tsawon mako guda, wanda ba zai yuwu ba ga dabbobi sama da ɗaya a cikin hamada. Amma idan rakumi ya sami ruwa, zai iya shan lita 100 a lokaci guda.
Rawan raƙuman raƙumi yana ɗauke da mai, wanda ke adana abubuwan gina jiki. Humps yana ba da gudummawa ga rufin kwalin na dabba. Idan an rarraba kitse daidai a jikin raƙumi, ba zai bar zafi ya huce daga jikin ba. Rawan raƙumi yana ɗauke da kitse mai nauyin kilogiram 150.
Fasali na tsarin halittar waje na dabba suna ba ku damar adana danshi a cikin jiki. Hancin raƙumi koyaushe a rufe yake, suna buɗewa ne lokacin da suke shaƙa ko kuma shaƙar iska. Wannan, kodayake, yana sauƙaƙa motsi ta cikin hamada ta hanyar rage shigar ƙura cikin hancin hancin. Zufar da ke jikin rakumar tana bayyana yayin da zafin jikin raƙumi ya kai 41 ° C. Rakumai masu tsawo ne, aƙalla rakumin daji yana rayuwa cikin kyakkyawan yanayin rayuwa, aƙalla har zuwa shekaru 40-50.
Yanzu kun san sunan raƙumi mai banƙyama. Bari muga inda yake zaune.
A ina raƙumi mai raƙumi yake rayuwa?
Hoto: Bakin raƙumi a Mongolia
A da, raƙuma suna zaune a manyan wurare. Ana iya samun raƙuman raƙuman ruwa a Asiya, China, Mongolia. A cikin duniyar zamani, yawan raƙuman raƙuman ruwa sun ragu ƙwarai, kuma yawan dabbobin ya zama kaɗan. Yanzu waɗannan dabbobin suna taɓowa a cikin ƙananan yankuna huɗu da ke keɓaɓɓu a cikin China da Mongolia. A Mongolia, ana iya samun raƙuma a cikin Gobi. A China, rakuma suna sauka kusa da Lake Lop Nor.
Hakanan ana iya samun raƙumomi masu huɗu na gida guda biyu a cikin Asiya, Mongolia, Kalmykia, Kazakhstan. Ga iyali, an yi kiwon nau'ikan raƙuman gida: wannan shine raƙumi na Mongoliya, da Kazakh Bactrian, da Kalmyk Bactrian. Dabbobin waɗannan nau'ikan sun bambanta cikin girma, ingancin ulu, siffa, da kuma girman humps.
A cikin daji, raƙuman raƙuman ruwa suna tafiya koyaushe. Dole ne su yi ƙaura koyaushe don neman kansu tushen ruwa da abinci. Yanayin mummunan yanayi na mummunan yanayi bai bawa dabbobi damar shakatawa ba. A cikin wuraren garken garken, dabbobi suna haɗuwa da ruwa. A lokacin damina, raƙuma suna zama kusa da wani tafki. Koyaya, a lokacin bazara fari yakan kama, kuma idan magudanan ruwa sun zama ba su da zurfi, kuma ciyayi sun yi karanci, rakuma suna neman ruwa da abinci.
A lokacin bazara, raƙuma na iya zuwa can nesa da duwatsu kuma su hau zuwa tsawan mita 3200 sama da matakin teku. A lokacin hunturu, dabbobin suna zuwa kudu. Suna iya tafiya kilomita 400-700. zuwa kudu, inda suke zama kusa da tsaunukan tsaunuka da kuma cikin kwari inda za a kiyaye su daga iska mai sanyi. A lokacin hunturu, babban abin da ya shafi rakuma shine neman abinci wa kansu, ba kamar dawakai ba, rakuma ba sa iya hawan dusar ƙanƙara don neman abinci a ƙarƙashinta. Saboda haka, hijirar kaka ta zama dole ga rakuma don ceton rayuka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin ƙaura, babban raƙumi zai iya rufe nisan kilomita 90-100!
Menene raƙuman raƙuman ruwa ke ci?
Hotuna: Rakumi mai laushi daga littafin Red Book
Bactrian ƙarancin herbivore ne mara lahani.
Babban abincin Bactrians shine:
- shrubs da semi-shrubs na shuɗin Sálsola;
- ƙaya-rakumi;
- ephedra (Éphedra);
- ƙananan harbe da ganyen Saxaul (Halóxylon);
- barbara, ganye kore.
An tsara fasalin tsarin bakin da lebban rakumi ta yadda wadannan dabbobin zasu iya tsinkewa kuma su ci tsire-tsire masu kauri da ƙayoyi tare da manyan allura ba tare da cutar da jiki ba. A lokacin kaka, raƙuma na iya cin abinci a kan ganyen poplar, reeds, da albasa. A lokacin sanyi, lokacin da babu ciyayi, kuma raƙuma suna buƙatar tushen furotin, raƙuma na iya cin fatun dabbobi da ƙashi. Rakuman daji za su iya shan ruwan gishiri lafiya daga tafkunan ruwa. Rakumai na gida na iya zama da kyau kuma suna buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta don sha. Rakumai na cikin gida za su iya cin ciyawa, hatsi da ciyawar buckwheat da burodin daga gare ta, burodin burodi a lokacin sanyi. A lokacin rani, raƙuma suna neman ciyawa mai tauri.
Actwararrun actan wasa suna son a riƙe su cikin aikin gona saboda ba su da bambanci a cikin abinci kuma ba su da ma'ana a yanayin tsarewa. Rakumai, kamar yawancin dabbobi masu dumi, suna murmurewa sosai daga kaka. Suna tara kitse a cikin humps don tsira da hunturu cikin sauƙi. Dogon azumi yana da sauki ga rakuma. Ga waɗannan dabbobin, wani lokacin ma sun fi azumi saurin abinci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Bactrian raƙumi
Rakuman Bactrian na daji suna da zafin rai da son rai. Suna da wayo da hankali. Saboda yawan ƙaurarsu, suna haƙuri, suna iya yin tafiya mai nisa. Dabbobin gida sun fi nutsuwa, galibi ma rashin son magana, kunya da wawa. A dabi'a, rakuma suna ajiye a kananan garkunan kawuna 7-30. Garken yana da ingantaccen tsarin zamantakewa. Akwai shugaba - galibi wannan babban namiji ne mai rinjaye, a lokacin rutting shugaba shine kadai namiji baligi a cikin garken, yana kiyaye mata da dabbobi dabbobi. Yayin da suke tsaye, sauran mazan da suka manyanta suma zasu iya shiga garken, dole ne suyi biyayya ga nufin shugaba.
Saboda kasancewar yawancin garken samari ne da mata, yawancin garken suna zaune lafiya. Manyan yaƙe-yaƙe suna faruwa tsakanin maza, don haƙƙin zama shugaba, da na mace. Rakuma maza suna da matukar hadari yayin rututu, ga mutane da sauran dabbobi. Yawancin lokaci, mazan da suka manyanta na iya rayuwa da yin ƙaura shi kaɗai. Mata koyaushe suna ɓata cikin garken shanu, suna kare zuriyarsu. Rakumai suna aiki da rana. Rakumai suna bacci ko cingam da daddare. A cikin mummunan yanayi, raƙuma suna fakewa a cikin kogwanni, ramuka, a gindin tsaunuka. A lokacin hadari ko mahaukaciyar guguwa, raƙumi zai iya yin motsi na tsawon kwanaki.
Lokacin zafi da zafi, waɗannan dabbobin suna jurewa cikin sauƙi, raƙuma suna natsuwa suna tafiya, yayin fatar kansu da jelarsu. A lokacin ƙaura, suna yin tafiya mai nisa. A lokacin bazara, wakilan wannan jinsin suna zuwa neman ciyawar ciyawa da ruwa a cikin tsaunuka, a lokacin sanyi sukan nufi kudu.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Duk da cewa rakuma sun fi yawa a jeji, wadannan dabbobin suna da kyau a iyo. Ba sa jin tsoron ruwa kuma suna iya iyo a jikin ruwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby Bactrian Rakumi
Rakumai, maza da mata, sun kai shekaru 3-5. Lokacin saduwa da raƙuma yana faɗuwa da kaka. A wannan lokacin, dabbobi na jin daɗi, kuma mata na da albarkatun da za su haifa da offspringa healthya masu lafiya. A lokacin rutsi, maza suna da saurin rikici. Akwai rikice-rikice koyaushe tsakanin maza, wani lokacin mazan na iya ƙoƙarin yin tarayya da wasu mazan. Maza suna fara yin ɓatanci da hauka, su far wa wasu, kuma su yi amo da ƙarfi.
Shugabannin garken suna kora matan wuri guda, kuma kar su bar su su watse. A lokacin rutsi, maza suna da haɗari sosai. Zasu iya afkawa mutane da sauran dabbobi. A lokacin rutsi, maza da mata suna yiwa yankinsu alama da fitsari; don dalilai iri daya, maza kuma suna amfani da glandon ciki, suna taɓa duwatsu tare da kawunansu. Yayin wasanni, mace ta sanar da namiji game da shirye shiryen saduwa ta hanyar kwantawa a gabansa tare da lankwasa dukkan kafafun hudu.
Rakumai suna kwance. Yayin saduwa, maza suna cizon haƙora kuma suna da farin kumfa daga bakinsu. Ciki a cikin raƙumi mace yana ɗaukar tsawon watanni 13. An haifi rakumi mai nauyin kilo 30 zuwa 45. Raƙuman da aka haifa nan da nan suna tsaye sosai a ƙafafunsu, kuma kusan bayan haihuwarsu za su iya bin mahaifiyarsu. Rakumai suna da rawanin humps, wanda har yanzu bashi da ajiyar mai, duk da haka, humps yana tashi a wata na biyu na rayuwa.
Mace tana ciyar da yara masu shekaru har zuwa shekaru 1.5. Daga cikin wadannan, har zuwa watanni 4, abincin rakumi ya kunshi na madarar uwa, bayan yaran sun fara sabawa da shuka abinci, ciyawa, shrubs. Mace na iya haihuwa sau da yawa a shekara, kuma akwai wasu lokuta da mace take ciyar da tsofaffin yaranta da yawa a lokaci guda. Mata suna kare offspringa offspringan su, suna kare anda ownansu da na wasu daga sauran dabbobi.
Abokan gaba na raƙuman raƙuman ruwa
Photo: Bactrian raƙumi a cikin hamada
A da, damisa ita ce babban makiyin rakuma. Tigers suna zaune a yankin tafkin Lob-Nor, kuma raƙuma suna zama a can. Tigers suna da wayo sosai kuma suna da haɗari, ba sa tsoron raƙumi ya fi shi girma. Tigers suna bin abincinsu na dogon lokaci kuma suna kai hari a cikin irin wannan yanayi lokacin da raƙumi ba shi da makami gaba ɗaya. Mafi yawanci, dabbobi matasa da raunana mata suna zama masu cin zarafin mahauta.
Saboda harin da damisa suka kai wa garken gida, mutane suka fara farauta tare da kashe damisa a kusa da matsugunan da aka kiwata rakuma. A yau, ba a samun raƙuma da damisa, domin damisa sun ɓace daga wuraren da raƙuman ke zaune. Kuma kerkeci sun zama manyan maƙiya masu haɗari ga raƙuma. Ya kamata a sani cewa, duk da cewa raƙuma matsorata ne, dabbobi ne wawaye duk masu farautar su suna afka musu. Duk da girman girman dabbar, hatta hankaka da sauran tsuntsayen dabbobi masu cin nama na iya yi masa laifi, tare da yin rauni a jikin dabbar. Baya ga masu farauta, cutukan na da hadari ga rakuma.
Babban cututtukan cututtukan da bacrian ke iya kamuwa da su:
- kaska;
- tapeworms da annelids;
- tsutsotsi masu nemitode;
- daban-daban helminth.
Rakumai galibi suna mutuwa ne daga kamuwa da cuta da tsutsotsi. Daga cikin rakuma, kamuwa da tsutsar tsutsar ciki cuta ce gama gari. Kamuwa da cuta na faruwa yayin cin abinci. Ana samun qwai na Helminth a jikin tsirrai wanda dabbar take ci domin abinci, kuma tare da abincin da tsutsotsi ke shiga jikin raƙumi.
Hakanan raƙuma suna da saukin kamuwa da cututtuka kamar:
- tetanus;
- tarin fuka.
Daga danshi da danshi tare da rage rigakafi, mycoses na iya samarwa. Wannan wata cuta ce ta fungal da ke cutar da dabbobi sosai. Abokin gaba na raƙumi, amma mafi haɗari, shine mutum. Kwanan nan, an hana farautar raƙuman ruwa, amma a da, ana yawan kashe raƙuma don samun fata, fur da naman dabbobi. Saboda menene, yawan wannan nau'in ya ragu sosai.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Rakuman Bactrian
Rakuman Bactrian na daji suna dauke da dabbobi masu wuya sosai tun farkon karni na 20. A yanzu haka, yawan rakuma masu huɗu suna gab da halaka. Kadan ne daga cikin wadannan dabbobin suka rage a duk duniya. Dangane da wasu bayanai, kimanin 300, bisa ga wasu bayanan, kusan mutane 900. Camelus bactrianus an lasafta shi a cikin Littafin Bayanai na Red kuma yana da matsayi na nau'in haɗari mai haɗari. An dakatar da farautar raƙumi tsawon shekaru, duk da haka, har yanzu mafarauta suna kashe dabbobi. Kimanin raƙuma 30 masu farauta ke kashewa kowace shekara. Mafi yawanci, mafarauta suna kama dabbobin a lokacin ƙaura.
Bugu da kari, babbar lalacewar yawan wannan jinsin ya faru ne yayin gwajin makamin nukiliya da kasar Sin ta yi. Lafiyar kasar Sin tana cikin mummunan yanayi, kuma bayan wadannan gwaje-gwajen, filaye da jikkunan ruwa za su kasance masu hadari na shekaru masu zuwa. Sharar nukiliya tana gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa. Kuma ba raƙuma kawai ba, har da wasu dabbobi da yawa suna mutuwa daga guba da isar da iska. Hakanan, raƙuman sun lalace sosai ta hanyar tsara wuraren hakar zinariya, gina masana'antu a Mongolia da China.
Gaskiya mai Nishadi: Babban rakumi yana da matukar wahala wanda zai iya rayuwa koda mai rashin ruwa ne sosai. Ga dabba, rasa kashi 20% na ruwan da ke cikin jiki tabbas mutuwa ne, rakumi yana rayuwa koda ya rasa kashi 40% na ruwa.
Rakumai suna barin mazauninsu saboda mutane sun zo wurin. Rakuma ma ana sanya musu guba ta sanadarin cyanide, wanda ke shiga cikin muhalli yayin sarrafa zinare.
Jami'in Tsaron Rakumi
Hotuna: Rakumi mai laushi daga littafin Red Book
Rakunan jirgin ruwa suna samun kariya daga jihohin China da Mongolia. Doka an haramta farautar dabbobi a ƙasashen biyu.Bugu da kari, an kafa wurin ajiyar yanayi na "Artszinshal" a kasar Sin, kuma an kafa wani tanadi mai suna iri daya a kewayen tafkin Lob-Nor, inda rakuma masu taushi biyu suke zaune, wanda ke kan iyakar "Artszinshal". An kafa wurin ajiyar yanayi na Gobi-A a cikin Mongolia. Hakanan a cikin wannan ƙasar akwai cibiya ta musamman don kiwo wannan nau'in a cikin fursuna. Dabbobi suna rayuwa a can cikin kejin sararin sama, suna hayayyafa da kyau. A yanzu haka, ana ci gaba da shiri na musamman don shigar da dabbobin da aka kame a cikin daji.
A cikin Rasha, ana iya samun raƙuman daji na Bactrian a cikin gidan Zoo na Moscow, inda ake kiyaye dabbobin cikin kyakkyawan yanayi kuma suna ba da ɗa. Aikin dukkan mutane a duniyarmu shine mutunta muhalli. A hannunmu ne don tabbatar da cewa an adana yawan raƙuman ruwa, da sauran nau'ikan dabbobi. Ya isa kawai a kula sosai da yanayi, a girka wuraren kulawa a kamfanoni, kar a sare dazuzzuka, a inganta wuraren ajiya da wuraren shakatawa. Mu kula da duniyarmu tare domin 'yan baya su ga dabbobin da ke rayuwa a wannan duniyar tamu yanzu.
Rakumin Bactrian da gaske dabba mai ban mamaki, ta dace da har ma da mawuyacin yanayin mahalli. Amma hatta irin wadannan dabbobi masu karfi da karfi sun kasance a kan kusan halaka, saboda ayyukan rashin hankali na mutum. Mu kiyaye yanayi muyi kokarin kiyaye yawan raƙuman ruwa.
Ranar bugawa: 06.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/24/2019 a 20:31
