Girkin itace tsuntsu mai ɗaukaka, wanda ake jin ƙarfi da ƙarfi a ciki. Kyakkyawan launi na fuka-fukai, ɗaga baki, wutsiya mai kama da wutsiya ba da son rai ba yana ba ka sha'awar tsuntsayen na dogon lokaci. Wannan shine mafi girman daraja kuma mafi girman tsuntsaye na baƙar fata. Gurashin katako suna da alaƙa da yanayi na musamman, saurin tafiya, tsoro da hayaniya. Ba za su iya yin tafiya mai nisa ba. An bambanta maza ta hanyar mafi kyawun launi mai launi. Kuna iya samun ƙarin bayani game da wannan tsuntsu mai ban mamaki daga wannan labarin.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Capercaillie
Linnaeus ne ya fara tsara jinsin a karkashin sunan binomial na yanzu ga tsuntsu a Systema naturae a cikin 1758. Yanzu muna da cikakken kwatankwacin ingantattun siffofin kayan kwastomomi na katako.
Anan akwai ƙananan ragi da yawa, waɗanda aka jera daga yamma zuwa gabas:
- cantabricus (Tsarin katako na katako na Cantabrian) - Castroviejo, 1967: an samo shi a yammacin Spain;
- aquitanicus - 1915: an samo shi a cikin Pyrenees, Spain da Faransa
- babba - 1831: an samo shi a Tsakiyar Turai (Alps da Estonia);
- rudolfi - 1912 : an samo shi a kudu maso gabashin Turai (daga Bulgaria zuwa Ukraine);
- urogallus - 1758: an samo shi a cikin Scandinavia da Scotland;
- karelicus - samu a cikin Finland da Karelia;
- lonnbergi - wanda aka samo a yankin Kola;
- pleskei - an samo a Jamhuriyar Belarus, a tsakiyar yankin Rasha;
- obsoletus - wanda aka samo a yankin arewacin Turai na Rasha;
- volgensis - 1907: an samo shi a yankin kudu maso gabashin Turai na Rasha;
- uralensis - 1886: an samo shi a cikin Urals da Western Siberia;
- parvirostris - 1896: Girman dutse.
Characterizedananan rabe-raben ana alamta su da ƙaruwar yawan farin akan ƙananan sassan maza daga yamma zuwa gabas, kusan gaba ɗaya baƙaƙe tare da fararen fata da yawa da ke ƙasa a yamma da tsakiyar Turai zuwa kusan farin fari a Siberia, inda ake samun capercaillie gama gari. Mata suna da ɗan bambanci sosai.
Scottan asalin ƙasar Scottish, wanda ya ɓace tsakanin 1770 da 1785, wataƙila wata ƙungiya ce ta daban, kodayake ba a taɓa bayyana ta bisa ƙa'ida ba. Hakanan za'a iya faɗi ga mutanen Ireland da suka ɓace.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Tsuntsayen katako
Ana iya bambanta Capercaillies a cikin girma da launi. Namiji yafi kaza girma. Yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan jinsin tsuntsaye masu rayuwa mai ban sha'awa, wadanda suka fi karfin su sai manyan jinsuna da kuma wasu yan tsirarun dangi.
Maza suna da tsayin 74 zuwa 110 cm, ya danganta da rabe rabe, fikafikan 90 zuwa 1.4 m, matsakaicin nauyin kilogiram 4.1 - kilogiram 6.7. Mafi girman samfurin da aka rubuta a cikin fursuna ya kai kilo 7.2. Fuka-fukan jiki launin toka ne mai duhu zuwa ruwan kasa mai duhu, kuma gashin fatar kirji duhun karfe ne mai duhu mai duhu. Ciki da ƙananan sassan jiki daga baki zuwa fari ya danganta da ƙananan rarar. Kudirin ya kasance fari-ruwan hoda, fatar da ke kusa da idanu ja ce sosai.
Bidiyo: Capercaillie
Mace tana da ƙanƙan da yawa, tana da nauyin kusan rabin. Tsawon jikin kaji daga baki zuwa wutsiya yakai kimanin 54-64 cm, fikafikan yakai 70 cm, kuma nauyin yakai kilogiram 1.5-2.5, tare da matsakaicin kilogram 1.8. Gashin fuka-fukan a saman sassan launin ruwan kasa ne da ratsin baƙi da azurfa; a gefen ƙasa, sun fi haske da haske rawaya. Launi mai kama da haka ya zama dole ga mace ta ɓoye kanta gwargwadon iko yayin lokacin nest.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Duk jinsi biyu suna da ƙafafun yanar gizo waɗanda ke ba da kariya a lokacin sanyi. Suna da layuka na ƙananan ƙusoshin ƙafafu waɗanda ke ba da tasirin dusar ƙanƙara. Wannan ya haifar da sunan barkwanci na Jamusanci "Rauhfußhühner", wanda a zahiri ake fassararsa da "kajin-ƙafafun kaji." Waɗannan da ake kira "sandunansu" suna bayyane waƙa a cikin dusar ƙanƙara. Jinsin tsuntsaye ana iya rarrabe shi da girman waƙoƙin.
Chickananan kajin tare da kalar su ta ban mamaki suna kama da ta mace; wannan launin launinsa kariya ce ta kariya daga masu farauta. Yana da shekaru kusan wata uku, a ƙarshen bazara, a hankali su kan narke, suna samun manya-manyan zoben zakara da kaji. Qwai na nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa daban-daban kusan girmansu da surarsu, suna da launi iri-iri tare da launuka masu ruwan kasa.
A ina ne katako yake zama?
Photo: Mace mai girke katako
Capercaillie wani nau'in tsuntsaye ne wanda yake zaune a arewacin sassan Turai da Yammacin da Asiya ta Tsakiya a cikin gandun daji masu ƙyalƙyali tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu da kuma tsarin buɗe ido, a hankali.
A wani lokaci, ana iya samun katako a cikin duk gandun daji na taiga na arewa da arewa maso gabashin Eurasia a cikin sararin samaniya mai sanyin sanyi da kuma cikin belin gandun daji na coniferous a cikin tsaunukan dumi na Turai mai dumi. A Burtaniya, lambobi sun kusan zuwa sifili, amma mutane da aka kawo daga Sweden sun dawo da su. Ana iya samun wadannan tsuntsayen a tsaunukan Alps na Switzerland, a cikin Jura, a tsaunukan Austrian da na Italia. Jinsin ya kare a Belgium. A cikin Ireland ya yadu har zuwa karni na 17, amma ya mutu a cikin karni na 18.
Jinsin ya yadu kuma ga yankuna gandun daji tsuntsaye ne gama gari a irin waɗannan ƙasashe:
- Norway;
- Sweden;
- Finland;
- Rasha;
- Romania.
Bugu da kari, ana samun kwalliyar itace a Spain, Asiya orarama, Carpathians, Girka. Tun ƙarni na 18 zuwa 20, lambar da kewayon katako na katako ya ragu sosai. A lokacin zamanin Soviet, koma bayan mutanen da ke kusa da arewa yana da alaƙa da sare bishiyoyi, kuma a wasu yankuna na kudanci ya ɓace gaba ɗaya.
A cikin Siberia, akwai katangar dutsen dutse, wanda aka rarrabe ta halin yanzu da launi. Yanayin sa ya zo daidai da rarraba larch taiga. Waɗannan kan iyakokin sun wuce Arctic Circle, har zuwa Indigirka da Kolyma. A gabas, dutsen capercaillie ya isa gabar Tekun Gabas ta Tsakiya; a kudu, iyakar tana gudana tare da tsaunukan Sikhote-Alin. Yawancin zangon yamma yana gudana tare da Baikal da Nizhnyaya Tunguska.
Yanzu kun san inda katako yake zaune. Bari muga me zai ci.
Menene babban abincin itace?
Hotuna: Capercaillie a cikin hunturu
Capercaillie itace keɓaɓɓiyar herbivore wacce take ciyarwa kusan akan ganyen shuke-shuke da 'ya'yan itace tare da wasu ganyayyaki da sabbin tsire-tsire a lokacin bazara. Chickananan kajin a cikin makonnin farko sun dogara da abinci mai wadataccen furotin, sabili da haka galibi ganima akan kwari da gizo-gizo. Yawan kwari yanayi ne ke rinjayar su sosai - yanayin bushe da yanayi mai dumi na saurin saurin kajin, kuma yanayin sanyi da damina yana haifar da yawan mace-mace.
Abincin Capercaillie ya ƙunshi nau'ikan abinci, gami da:
- bishiyar bishiya;
- ganye;
- 'ya'yan itace daji;
- harbewa;
- furanni;
- tsaba;
- kwari;
- ganye.
A lokacin bazara, masussuran itace suna cin allurar larch. A lokacin sanyi, lokacin da babban dusar ƙanƙara ke hana samun damar shuke-shuke na duniya, tsuntsaye suna kusan kusan yini da dare a cikin bishiyoyi, suna cin abinci a kan spruce da allurar pine, da kuma beech da dutsen toho.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi yawan shekara, dusar da capercaillie ke da dattako, amma bayan girmar shudayen, wanda ya zama mafi rinjaye a cikin abincin, sai najasa ta zama ba ta da kyau kuma ta kasance baƙar fata.
Don narkar da abinci mara kyau na hunturu, tsuntsaye suna bukatar duwatsu: kananan gastroliths, wadanda tsuntsaye ke hankoron nema da hadiyewa. Capercaillies suna da ciki na muscular, saboda haka duwatsun suna aiki kamar injin niƙa kuma suna karya allura da koda a ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa. Kari akan haka, kwayoyin cuta masu kara kuzari suma suna taimakawa cikin narkar da kayan shuka. A cikin gajeren kwanakin hunturu, capercaillie yana ci kusan koyaushe.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Capercaillie a cikin gandun daji
Capercaillie ya dace da asalin mazaunansa - tsofaffin gandun daji masu daddare tare da wadataccen tsari na ciki da kuma ciyayi masu yawa na duniya. Suna samun mafaka a cikin rawanin bishiyoyi matasa kuma suna amfani da sarari yayin buɗewa. Gurasar itace ba matukan jirgi masu iyawa ba saboda nauyin jikinsu da gajere, zagaye fuka-fuki. A lokacin da suke kan hanya, suna yin hayaniya ba zato ba tsammani wanda ke tsoratar da masu farautar su. Saboda girman jikinsu da fukafukan su, suna gujewa samari da gandun daji masu yawa yayin tashi. Yayin tashin, galibi sukan huta ta amfani da gajeren gudu. Fuka-fukan su na yin kuwwa.
Mata, musamman masu shayarwa tare da ƙananan kajin, suna buƙatar albarkatu: tsire-tsire na abinci, ƙananan kwari don kajin da aka lulluɓe da matattun bishiyoyi ko dogayen shuke-shuke, tsofaffin bishiyoyi masu rassa a kwance don bacci. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun fi dacewa da tsohuwar itacen daji tare da spruce da pine. Tsuntsayen yawanci basa zaune, amma suna iya yin motsi daga tsaunuka zuwa kwari, suna yin ƙaura lokaci-lokaci.
Girkin katako tsuntsu ne mai hankali da kyakkyawan ji da gani. Zai iya zama mai zafin rai idan ya ga dabba da ba a sani ba a kusa. Wuraren kiwon kaji da wuya su canza. Yawanci yafi son kawaici, garken tsuntsaye ba na su bane. Da safe da yamma, suna farka don neman abinci. Suna hutawa a cikin bishiyoyi da rana. A lokacin hunturu, a cikin yanayi mai tsananin sanyi, rufin katako na iya ɓoyewa cikin dusar ƙanƙara daga sanyi kuma ya zauna a can na wasu kwanaki.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Babban katako
Lokacin kiwo don girkin katako ya dogara da yanayin bazara, ci gaban ciyayi, amma a zahiri wannan lokacin yana farawa daga Maris zuwa Afrilu kuma yana ɗauka har zuwa Mayu ko Yuni. Amma wasu nau'ikan na iya yin makoki a lokacin bazara, kaka, har ma da hunturu. Urtsauratar aure yana ɗaukar kashi uku cikin huɗu na lokacin kiwo - wannan kawai gasa ce ta ƙasa tsakanin maƙwabta maza.
Namiji ya binciki kansa da gashin tsuntsaye masu girma da kumbura, madaidaiciya wuyansa, baki mai nuna sama, fikafikansa ya faɗi da ƙasa, kuma ya fara aria irin ta yau don ya birge matan. Ookauki jerin latsawa sau biyu ne, kwatankwacin faɗuwar ping-pong ball, wanda a hankali yake ƙaruwa zuwa sautin bugawa kama da buhunan giyar shampen, sannan sautunan cizon saƙo.
A ƙarshen lokacin zawarcin mata, mata sukan isa wurin. Maza suna ci gaba da yankan ƙasa: wannan shine babban lokacin zawarci. Namiji ya tashi zuwa wani yanki kusa da nan kuma ya ci gaba da nunin nasa. Mace ta tsugunna ƙasa kuma tana yin sautin shirye-shirye don saduwa. Capercaillies tsuntsaye ne masu aure fiye da daya kuma a gaban sama da masu kalubale guda daya, alpha din ya sami nasara, wanda yake saduwa da mata.
Kimanin kwana uku bayan gama jini, mace ta fara yin ƙwai. Bayan kwanaki 10, an cika mason ɗin. Matsakaicin girman kama shine ƙwai takwas, amma zai iya zuwa har zuwa 12. Shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 26-28, gwargwadon yanayin yanayi da tsawo.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A farkon lokacin haihuwar, mata suna da matukar damuwa da amo kuma da sauri suna barin gida. Kafin ƙyanƙyashe, sun fi ƙwazo kuma sun kasance a wurin duk da haɗarin, suna lanƙwasawa zuwa gidansu, wanda yawanci yakan ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ƙananan rassan ƙaramin itace.
Duk ƙwai suna ƙyanƙyashe kusan lokaci guda, bayan haka mata da kajin sukan bar gida, inda suka fi rauni. Kajin an rufe su da gashin fuka-fukai yayin kyankyasar kwan, amma ba za su iya kula da yanayin zafin jiki na 41 ° C. A cikin yanayin sanyi da damina, mace na jin daɗin kajin kowane fewan mintoci kaɗan da daddare.
Kaji suna neman abinci da kansu kuma suna farautar kwari. Suna girma cikin sauri kuma yawancin kuzarin da aka cinye ya juye zuwa tsoka. A lokacin makonni 3-4, kajin suna yin gajeren jirgin sama na farko. Tun daga wannan lokacin, suka fara kwana a kan bishiyoyi.
Abokan gaba na katako
Photo: Tsuntsayen katako
Sanannun masu farauta don capercaillie sune lynx gama gari (L. lynx) da kerkeci mai ruwan toka (Canis lupus). Sun fi son ganima mafi girma kodayake. Bugu da kari, akwai da yawa daga maharan da suka fi son daukar kwai da kajin kayan kwalliyar itace, amma kuma suna iya afkawa manya idan suka sami nasarar shirya kwantan bauna mai cin nasara kan tsuntsayen da ke fadakarwa.
Wannan rukunin masu farautar sun hada da:
- pine martens (M. shahidai);
- martens na dutse (M. foina);
- launin ruwan kasa (Ursus arctos);
- dabbobin daji (Sus scrofa);
- jan fox (Vulpes vulpes).
A cikin Sweden, kayan itacen yamma sune babban abin farauta ga gaggafa zinariya (Aquila chrysaetos). Kari akan haka, galibi ana amfani da kayan goshawk ta hanyar goshawk (Accipiter gentilis). Yana kai hare-hare kajin sau da yawa, amma yana faruwa cewa manya suma abin ya shafa. Mujiya (Bubo bubo) lokaci-lokaci tana kama katuwar katako na kowane zamani da girma. Farar gaggafa (H. albicilla) ya fi son farautar tsuntsayen ruwa, amma an lura cewa an lura da farautar katako a kusa da Farin Tekun.
Koyaya, mutum ya kasance kuma har yanzu shine babban mai farautar katako. Tsuntsu ne na gargajiya wanda aka yi farauta da farauta da bindigogi da karnuka a ko'ina cikin Turai da Asiya. Wannan ya hada da farautar wasanni da farautar abinci. A cikin Rasha (har zuwa 1917) an kawo kayan itace zuwa manyan kasuwannin manyan kasuwanni, kuma har ma da yawa sun cinye su a cikin gida. Tunda yanzu an iyakance farauta a ƙasashe da yawa, farautar wasanni ta zama tushen yawon buɗe ido, musamman a ƙasashen Turai ta Tsakiya.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Gurasar katako
Yawan masu hada-hadar katako ya yadu kuma matsayin kiyaye shi ba shine babban damuwa ba. Akwai wasu shaidu na raguwa a yankuna da dama, amma ba a yarda jinsin ya kusanci gabar IUCN ba da fiye da kashi 30% na raguwar mutane a cikin shekaru goma ko tsara uku. Saboda haka, an kimanta shi azaman mafi ƙarancin rauni.
Gaskiya mai Nishadi: A cikin Scotland, yawan jama'a ya ragu sosai tun daga shekarun 1960 saboda shinge na barewa, tsinkaye da rashin matsuguni mai dacewa (Dajin Caledonian). Yawan jama'a ya ƙi daga nau'i-nau'i 10,000 a cikin 1960s zuwa ƙasa da tsuntsaye 1,000 a 1999. Har ma an sanya mata suna a matsayin tsuntsu wanda da alama zai iya bacewa a Burtaniya nan da shekara ta 2015.
A wuraren da ake yin wasan kankara, wayoyin da ba su da alamar hawa suna taimakawa ga mace-mace. Za a iya rage tasirin su ta hanyar canza launi daidai, gani, da daidaitawar tsawo. An dakatar da Grouse daga farauta a Scotland da Jamus sama da shekaru 30.
Mafi munin barazanar ga jinsin sune gurɓatar da mahalli, musamman ma canza wasu gandun daji na gida zuwa tsaunukan daji, galibi iri ɗaya ne, da sare bishiyoyi. Hakanan kayan kwalliya yana cikin haɗari lokacin da ya yi karo da shingen da aka saita don kiyaye ƙarancin dabbobi daga samarin. Bugu da kari, akwai karuwar adadin kananan masu farautar farautar da ke farautar katako (alal misali, jan fox) saboda asarar manyan dabbobin da ke sarrafa kananan masu farautar (wolf wolf, brown bear).
Ranar bugawa: 11.06.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/23/2019 da karfe 0:01
