Hoopoe - karami a cikin girma, amma tsuntsun da ba za a iya mantawa da shi ba mai haske mai haske, kunkuntun baki mai tsayi da daddawa a cikin hanyar fan. Na dangin Upupidae (hoopoe) ne. Akwai imani da yawa da ke tattare da tsuntsu. A cikin Rasha, an fahimci kukansa a matsayin kalmar "Ba shi da kyau a nan!", Wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin mummunan yanayi.
A kudancin Rasha da Ukraine, kukan mahaifa ya kasance daidai da farkon ruwan sama. A cikin tatsuniyoyin Caucasian, an ce game da bayyanar ƙugiya a cikin tsuntsaye. “Wata rana suruka ya ga surukarsa tana tsefe mata kai. Saboda kunya, matar ta so ta zama tsuntsu, kuma tsefe ya kasance a cikin gashinta.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Hoopoe
Sunayen mahaifa a cikin harsuna daban-daban siffofin onomatopoeic ne waɗanda suke kwaikwayon kukan tsuntsu. An fara rarraba hoopoe a cikin clara Coraciiformes. Amma a cikin harajin haraji na Sibley-Alquist, hoopoe ya rabu da Coraciiformes a matsayin tsari na daban na Upupiformes. Yanzu duk masu lura da tsuntsaye sun yarda cewa hoopoe na ƙaho ne.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abubuwan burbushin halittu basu bayar da cikakken bayanin asalin ba. Littafin burbushin halittu na dangin su dadadden tarihi ne: bishiyar su ta samo asali ne daga Miocene, haka kuma dangin da suka mutu, Messelirrisoridae, suna farawa.
Dangin ta na kurkusa sune masunta da masu cin kudan zuma. Koyaya, hoopoes sun bambanta da launi da halayya. Akwai nau'ikan tara na hoopoe (kuma wasu karatun ilimi suna nuna cewa ya kamata a dauke su jinsuna daban). An lura da rabe-rabe tara na hoopoe a cikin "Jagora zuwa Tsuntsayen Duniya", kuma waɗannan ƙananan rabe-raben sun bambanta da girman da zurfin launi a cikin layin. Tsarin haraji tsakanin ƙananan ƙungiyoyi bashi da tabbas kuma sau da yawa ana gwagwarmaya, tare da wasu masu ba da haraji waɗanda ke rarrabe tsakanin ƙasashe biyu na africana da marginata tare da darajar jinsuna daban:
- Epop epops - hoopoe gama gari;
- epops longirostris;
- epops ceylonensis;
- epops waibeli;
- Senegalensis na epops - Gwanin Senegal;
- epops manyan;
- epops saturata;
- epops africana - Afirka
- epops marginata - Madagascar.
Halin halittar Upupa Linnaeus ya ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1758.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Tsuntsu hoopoe
Babu bayyananniyar yanayin jima'i a cikin hoopoe; mace ɗan ƙarami ne kaɗan da na namiji kuma tana da ɗan launi kaɗan. Kafa falon yana yiwuwa ne kawai a kusa da nesa. A kan kai akwai halayyar mai kama-da alama mai launin ruwan lemo mai launin ruwan sama mai launin sama mai baƙar fata. Tsawonsa yakai cm 5-11. Wannan shine babban fasalin bayyanar tsuntsu. Launin kai, nono da wuya sun bambanta daga jinsuna zuwa nau'uka kuma suna da launuka masu launin shuɗi ko launin ruwan hoda, ɓangarorin ƙasa suna da launin ja-ja-ja mai duhu a tsaye a gefen.
Bidiyo: Hoopoe
Wutsiyar matsakaiciya ce, mai launi baƙar fata tare da farar fata mai faɗi a tsakiya. Harshen baya da tsayi sosai saboda haka kullun suna yawan jefa abincin da aka samo kuma su kama shi da buɗe baki. Legsafafu suna da ƙarfi kuma suna da ƙarfi, suna haifar da launin toka-toka, tare da faratan farare. Yaran yara ba su da launuka masu haske, suna da ɗan gajeren baki da ƙyalli. Fuka-fukan suna da fadi da zagaye, tare da ratsi mai launin rawaya da rawaya.
Babban sigogi na hoopoe:
- tsawon jiki 28-29 cm;
- fuka-fukai 45-46 cm;
- tsawon wutsiya 10 cm;
- tsawon baki 5-6 cm;
- nauyin jiki kusan 50-80 g.
Hoopoes sun fi tauraruwa girma. Tsuntsu ana iya gane shi cikin sauki, musamman a cikin tashi, saboda ita kadai ce tsuntsayen Bature da ta hada ja, baki da fari a cikin fuka-fukai. Godiya ga ledarsu, suna haɗuwa da muhallinsu yayin ciyarwa da neman abinci.
Ina hoopoe ta zauna?
Hotuna: Hoopoe a Rasha
Hoopoes suna zaune a Turai, Asiya da Afirka (a duk faɗin Madagascar da Saharar Afirka). Yawancin tsuntsayen Turai da wakilan waɗannan tsuntsayen na Arewacin Asiya suna ƙaura zuwa wurare masu zafi don hunturu. Sabanin haka, yawan jama'ar Afirka ba kowa a cikin shekara.
Tsuntsayen suna da buƙatun wurin zama da yawa: ƙasa mai ciyayi + a tsaye tare da damuwa (kututtukan bishiyoyi, gangaren dutse, bango, buhunan buke da burbushin buɗaɗɗen wuri) duk inda ta sami gida. Tsarin halittu da yawa na iya tallafawa waɗannan buƙatun, don haka mahaɗin yana zaune a wurare da yawa: filaye, savannas, dazuzzuka da filaye. Subsananan raƙuman Madagascar suna zaune a cikin babban gandun daji.
Ana samun tsuntsun a duk sassan Turai:
- Poland;
- Italiya;
- Yukren;
- Faransa;
- Spain;
- Fotigal;
- Girka;
- Turkiya.
A cikin Jamusanci, bukukuwa suna sauka ne kawai a wasu yankuna. Bugu da kari, an hango su a kudancin Denmark, Switzerland, Estonia, Netherlands, Latvia da Ingila. Kuma a shekarar 1975 aka gano su a karon farko a Alaska. A cikin Rasha, gurnar hoopoe a gefen kudu na Gulf of Finland, a yankuna da yawa.
A cikin Siberia, kewayen mahaifa ya kai Tomsk da Achinsk a yamma, kuma a gabashin kasar sai ya sauka daga arewacin Tafkin Baikal, ya kuma bi ta gefen tsaunin Muya ta Kudu a cikin Transbaikalia ya sauka zuwa kwarin Kogin Amur. A waje da Rasha, a cikin Asiya, yana zaune kusan ko'ina. Recordedaya daga cikin samfurin an ɗauka a tsawan 6400 m ta farkon balaguron zuwa Dutsen Everest.
Yanzu kun san inda hofin yake zaune. Bari mu hanzarta gano abin da wannan tsuntsu mai haske yake ci!
Me hofin zai ci?
Hotuna: Gwanin daji
Ya fi son cin abinci shi kaɗai, sau da yawa a ƙasa, sau da yawa a cikin iska. Fuka-fukai masu ƙarfi da zagaye suna sa waɗannan tsuntsaye masu sauri da sauri lokacin da suke bin kwari kwari. Salon hopoe na neman abinci shine yawo a bayyane, tsayawa ya karanci yanayin kasar. An cire larvae da kwari da aka gano tare da baki, ko kuma aka haƙa su da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi. Abincin hoopoe yafi kunshi: manyan kwari, wani lokacin kananan dabbobi masu rarrafe, frogs, tsaba, berries.
Don neman abinci, tsuntsayen za su binciko tarin ganyayyaki, ta yi amfani da bakinta wajen daga manyan duwatsu da raba bawon.
Hoopoe abinci sun haɗa da:
- crickets;
- fara
- May beetles;
- cicada;
- tururuwa;
- dung beetles;
- ciyawar ciyawa;
- matattun masu ci;
- malam buɗe ido;
- gizo-gizo;
- kudaje;
- tururuwa;
- kwarkwata itace;
- centipedes, da dai sauransu.
Da kyar yake kokarin kama kananan kwadi, macizai da kadangaru. Girman ma'adanai da aka fi so kusan 20-30 mm ne. Hoopoes sun doke manyan ganima a ƙasa ko kan dutse don kashewa da kawar da ɓangarorin kwari marasa haɗari, kamar ƙafa da fikafikai.
Samun dogon baki, sai ya tona cikin rubabben itace, taki, ya sanya ramuka mara zurfi a kasa. Sau da yawa sosai, hutu suna tare da shanu. Yana da gajeren harshe, don haka wani lokacin ba zai iya haɗiye abinci daga ƙasa ba - ya jefa shi, kama shi kuma haɗiye shi. Fasa manyan ƙwaro a cikin ɓangarori kafin amfani.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Hoopoe
Tare da rashin salo na fari da fari da jelar jela a cikin jirgin, hoopoe yayi kama da babban malam buɗe ido ko jay. Yana tashi sama ƙasa da ƙasa. Ana iya samun tsuntsun da fukafukinsa a shimfide, suna birgima a cikin rana. Hoopoe ba koyaushe yake da sauƙin gani a filin ba, kodayake ba tsuntsu ne mai jin kunya ba, kuma galibi yana zaune ne a sararin samaniya inda yake zaune akan manyan abubuwa. Hoopoe yana son yin wanka yashi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Hoopoes yana da tasirin al'adu akan ƙasashe da yawa. An dauke su da tsarki a tsohuwar Misira kuma alama ce ta kyawawan halaye a Farisa. A cikin Baibul, an ambace su da dabbobi marasa kyau waɗanda ba za a ci su ba. An dauke su ɓarayi a yawancin Turai da ɓarnatar da yaƙi a cikin Scandinavia. A Misira, an “nuna hotunan tsuntsaye a jikin bangon kaburbura da haikalin."
A saman duniya yana motsawa ba da fahimta ba da sauri. Yi aiki a rana lokacin neman abinci. Waɗannan tsuntsayen ne da ke kaɗawa kawai na ɗan gajeren lokaci, lokacin da suke buƙatar ƙaura don hunturu. A lokacin neman aure, suna tashi a hankali, suna zabar wuri don gida na gaba. Mafi yawan lokuta, ana amfani da yankin da aka tsara don kiwo na shekaru da yawa. A kusancin wasu tsuntsayen, ana iya yin faɗa tsakanin maza, mai kama da zakara.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Tsuntsu hoopoe
Hoopoe yana daɗaɗa ɗaya don lokacin kiwo ɗaya kawai. Zaman aurensa yana da alamun layuka masu ƙarfi na kararrawa. Idan mace ta amsa, namiji yayi kokarin burge wanda aka zaba ta hanyar ba shi abinci, sannan kuma sau da yawa yana bin ta har tsawon lokaci. Yawan talla ana yawanci a ƙasa. Tsuntsaye suna da tsintsiya ɗaya a shekara. Amma wannan ya shafi yawancin yankuna ne na arewa kawai, mazaunan kudanci, galibi sukan tafi na biyu ne.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Girman kama ya dogara da wurin da tsuntsayen suke: an saka ƙwai da yawa a arewacin duniya fiye da kudanci. A arewaci da tsakiyar Turai da Asiya, girman kama kusan kwai 12 ne, yayin da a wurare masu zafi kusan hudu ne, kuma a cikin ƙananan - bakwai.
Qwai na saurin ganowa a cikin gurbi mai datti. Nauyin su shine gram 4.5. Gidajen yanar gizo suna da bambanci sosai. Tsawon gurbi ya kai mita biyar. Mace takan sanya ƙwai mai ƙyalli mai ɗanɗano ko ɗanɗano, wanda sai a saka shi tsawon kwanaki 16 zuwa 19. Matsakaicin girman kwai kusan 26 x 18 mm. Bayan ƙyanƙyashe, kajin suna buƙatar kwana 20 zuwa 28 don barin gida. Qwai suna kasancewa ne kawai ta hanyar mata.
A lokacin kiwo, ko kuma a kalla a cikin kwanaki goma na farko, namiji ne kadai ke samar da abinci ga dukkan dangin. Sai lokacin da kaji suka girma kuma za a iya barin su su kaɗai, mace za ta fara shiga cikin neman abinci. Kimanin karin kwanaki biyar, kajin suna ciyarwa a yankin mahaifa kafin su tashi.
Abokan gaba na mahaifa
Hotuna: Hoopoe akan itace
Hoopoes da wuya ya fada cikin ganima. Daidaitawa da halayyar abokan gaba, kokuwa da 'ya'yansu sun sami halaye na musamman na musamman. Lokacin da tsuntsu mai farauta ya bayyana farat ɗaya, lokacin da amintuwa zuwa mafaka ba zai yiwu ba, kofa sai su ɗauki kamanni, suna haifar da yanayin jikin da ba shi da launi mai launi irin haka. Tsuntsun yana kwance a kasa, yana yada fikafikansa da jelarsa a fadi. Wuya, kai da baki ana kaɗawa zuwa sama. Yawancin masu lalata suna yin biris da shi a cikin wannan halin na kariya. Wasu masu bincike a cikin wannan matsayin kwanan nan sun ga wurin hutawa mai kyau.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kaji da ke fuskantar barazanar mahautan ma ba su da kariya. Suna bushe-bushe kamar macizai, kuma wasu tsofaffi suna ajiye najasa a ƙofar kogon a matsayin kariya. Koda lokacin da aka kama su, suna ci gaba da tsayayya sosai.
Koyaya, ruwa mai mai ƙamshi mai ƙamshi daga ƙoshin ƙamshi magani ne mai tasiri musamman akan hare-haren mahautan. A cikin gida gida, mace mai haihuwa tana da ingantacciyar kariya daga masu cin nama. Glandan coccygeal ana canza shi da sauri don samar da mataccen wari mara kyau. Landsullen kajin na iya yin hakan. Waɗannan ɓoyayyun bayanan suna cikin layu. Ana fitar da ruwa a lokaci-lokaci, kuma mai yiwuwa yana ƙaruwa a cikin yanayi na wuce gona da iri.
Masonry da ke wari kamar nama mai ruɓewa ana tunanin zai taimaka wajan kiyaye dabbobi masu cutarwa, tare da hana ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta kuma wataƙila suna da tasirin antibacterial. Mitar ta tsaya jim kaɗan kafin yaran su bar gida. Hoopoes a cikin yanayi ana iya farautar shi ta tsuntsayen dabbobi, masu shayarwa, kuma macizai sun lalata su.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Tsuntsu hoopoe
Jinsin ba su cikin haɗari bisa ga bayanan IUCN (LC status - Least Concern). A farkon shekarun 1980, yawan mutanen arewacin Turai, a cewar bincike, yana raguwa, watakila ma saboda canjin yanayi. Bugu da kari, sauye-sauyen da ke tattare da ayyukan mutane a cikin mazaunin halittar tsuntsaye ya haifar da bukatar masu sha'awar nishadi su zauna a gonakin zaitun, gonakin inabi, gonaki, wuraren shakatawa da sauran wuraren noma. Koyaya, a yankunan da ke da noma sosai, har yanzu yawan su yana raguwa. Hakanan, ana yin barazanar haɗuwa da tauraruwar taurari waɗanda ke gasa tare da su don wuraren yin sheƙa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A shekara ta 2016, Kungiyar Kare Tsuntsaye ta Rasha ta ba da sunan hofin. Ya maye gurbin sake jan kafa a wannan nadin.
Raguwar yawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ya haifar da karancin wadataccen abinci ga tsuntsaye. Magungunan kashe kwari da ake amfani da su a harkar noma, tare da kaura daga yawan kiwon shanu, sun haifar da raguwar adadin kwari wadanda sune babban abincin kaji. hoopoe... Duk da raguwar jimillar tsuntsayen a 'yan shekarun nan, tasirin tasirin raguwar a yau ba zai bada damar danganta wannan nau'in ga rukunin dabbobi masu rauni ba, saboda yawan mutane ya kasance babba.
Ranar bugawa: 06.06.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 22.09.2019 a 23:11
