Fata mai toka Aaramar mai cin abincin canine ce Sunan kimiyya na jinsin - Urocyon ya samu ne daga Ba'amurken nan Spencer Bird. Urocyon cinereoargenteus shine babban jinsin halittu biyu da ke akwai a nahiyar Amurka.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Grey fox
Urocyon yana nufin kare mai wutsiya. Fox mai launin toka mai shayarwa ne daga dangin Canidae daga Arewa, Tsakiya da arewacin Kudancin Amurka. Ana samun danginsa na kusa, Urocyon littoralis, a Tsibirin Channel. Wadannan jinsunan guda biyu suna da kamanceceniya da juna, amma dabbobin tsibirin sunada girma sosai, amma sunada kamanceceniya da halaye.
Waɗannan canines sun bayyana a Arewacin Amurka yayin Tsaka-tsakin Pliocene, kimanin shekaru 3,600,000 da suka wuce. An samo burbushin farko a Arizona, Gundumar Graham. Binciken Fang ya tabbatar da cewa launin toka mai launin toka jinsi ne daban da na yau (Vulpes). A dabi'ance, launin toka mai toka ya kusa da wasu layuka guda biyu: Nyctereutes procyonoides, karen dawa na gabashin Asiya, da Otocyon megalotis, babban kunnuwa na Afirka.
Bidiyo: Grey fox
Gawar da aka samo a cikin kogo biyu a arewacin California sun tabbatar da kasancewar wannan dabba a ƙarshen Pleistocene. An tabbatar da cewa dawakai masu launin toka zuwa ƙaura zuwa arewa maso gabashin Amurka bayan Pleistocene, saboda canjin yanayi, abin da ake kira ɗumamar zamani. Hakanan akwai rarrabuwar kawuna don daban-daban amma alaƙa masu alaƙa da raƙuman ruwan toka a yamma da gabashin Arewacin Amurka.
An yi amannar cewa karnukan tsibirin Channel sun samo asali ne daga fox din launin ruwan kasa. Da alama, sun isa wurin ta wurin iyo ko kan wasu abubuwa, wataƙila mutum ne ya kawo su, tunda waɗannan tsibiran ba sa cikin ɓangaren ƙasa. Sun bayyana a can kimanin shekaru dubu 3 da suka gabata, daga mabambanta, aƙalla 3-4, waɗanda suka kafa a layin mahaifiya. Halin halittar dawakai masu launin toka ana daukar su mafi girman canine mai rai, tare da kerkeci (Canis) da sauran karnukan (Vulpes). Wannan rarrabuwa ya faru a Arewacin Amurka kimanin shekaru 9,000,000 da suka gabata, a lokacin marigayi Miocene.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: launin toka fox dabba
Filayen launin toka mai kama da dangin ja da ke nesa, amma gashinta launin toka-launi ne. Sunan binomial na biyu shine cinereoargenteus, wanda aka fassara azurfa ash.
Girman dabba ya kai girman girman kyanwa na gida, amma doguwar jera mai taushi tana sa ta yi ɗan girma fiye da yadda take a zahiri. Fox mai launin toka yana da gajeren ƙafa, wanda ke ba da kyan gani. Jiki tare da kai kusan daga 76 zuwa 112 cm, kuma wutsiya daga 35 zuwa 45 cm. legsafafun baya suna 10-15 cm, tsayi a bushe 35 cm ne, kuma nauyin yana da 3.5-6 kg.
Akwai manyan bambance-bambance na yanki da na mutum. Giraren launin toka a arewacin yankin suna da ɗan girma fiye da kudu. Maza yawanci sun fi mata 5-15%. An yi amannar cewa mutane daga yankunan arewacin kewayon sun fi mazaunan yankunan kudu launi.
Peananan raƙuman ruwan toka daga yankuna na tsibirin - Urocyon littoralis sun fi ƙasa da waɗanda ke yankin. Tsawonsu yakai cm 50, a bushe suna da tsayi 14 cm, wutsiyar 1226 cm Waɗannan ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan igiyoyin a kan wutsiyar. Ana samun mafi girma a tsibirin Santa Catalina, kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a tsibirin Santa Cruz. Wannan ita ce karamar karama a Amurka.
Jiki na sama yana kama da launin toka, saboda gaskiyar cewa gashin kan mutum baƙi ne, fari, toka-toka. Partananan ɓangaren wuyansa da ciki fari ne, kuma ana nuna miƙa mulki ta wani jan launi. A saman wutsiyar launin toka ne tare da baƙin tsiri mara nauyi, kamar goge, gashin gashi da ke gangarowa zuwa ƙarshen. Paws farare ne, launin toka mai launin ja.
Mulos ɗin launin toka ne a sama, ya fi baƙi hanci. Gashi a karkashin hanci da kuma gefen muzzle fari ne, ya bambanta da bakin raɗa (vibrissa pads). Striaramar baƙar fata ta faɗaɗa gefen daga ido. Launi na iris yana canzawa, a cikin manya yana da launin toka ko launin toka-toka, kuma a wasu yana iya zama shuɗi.
Bambanci tsakanin foxes:
- a cikin jan baki karshen wutsiyar fari ne, a cikin grays baƙi ne;
- launin toka yana da ɗan gajeren bakin da ya fi ja;
- jajaye suna da tsattsauran ɗalibai, masu launin toka kuma suna da na oval;
- launin toka ba su da “baƙin safa” a ƙafafunsu, kamar ja.
A ina fox mai launin toka yake zama?
Photo: Grey fox a Arewacin Amurka
Wadannan abubuwan talla suna yaduwa a cikin dazuzzuka, yankakke da kuma wuraren da suke da duwatsu a cikin yanayi mai kyau, yanki-bushe da yankuna masu zafi na Arewacin Amurka da kuma cikin tsaunukan tsaunukan arewacin Amurka ta Kudu. Ana samun ƙaramin fox kusa da mazaunin mutum, duk da cewa yana da kunya sosai.
Tsarin dabba ya faro daga gefen kudu na tsakiya da gabashin Canada zuwa jihohin Oregon, Nevada, Utah da Colorado a Amurka, a kudu zuwa arewacin Venezuela da Colombia. Daga yamma zuwa gabas, ana samun sa daga gabar Pacific ta Amurka har zuwa gabar Tekun Atlantika. Wannan nau'in ba ya faruwa a arewacin tsaunukan Rocky na Amurka ko kuma a cikin raƙuman ruwa na Caribbean. Shekaru da yawa, dabbobi masu shayarwa sun faɗaɗa kewayon su zuwa wuraren zama da wuraren da a da ba su da zama ko kuma inda aka lalata su a baya.
A gabas, Arewa. Amurka, waɗannan karnukan suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka, dazukan daji, inda akwai tsoffin filaye da dazuzzuka. A yamma da Arewa, ana samun su a cikin gauraye dazuzzuka da filayen noma, a cikin dazuzzuwar itacen oak (gandun daji na chaparral), tare da bankunan tafkuna a cikin daji. Sun saba da yanayin dausayi a kudu maso yammacin Amurka da arewacin Mexico, inda akwai shuke-shuke da yawa.
Tsibiran Channel guda shida suna gida ne zuwa ƙananan raƙuman ruwa shida na launin toka-toka. A sauƙaƙe suna amfani da su ga mutane, sau da yawa gida ne, ana amfani dasu don maganin ƙwari.
Menene fox mai launin toka mai ci?
Photo: Grey fox akan itace
A cikin waɗannan ɓarnatattun masu cin abincin, abincin yana canzawa dangane da lokacin da samuwar ganima, kwari da kayan shuka. Asali, suna ciyar da kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa, gami da ɓeraye, shrews, voles.
A wasu yankuna, zomo Florida da California zomo sune mahimman kayan abinci. A wasu yankuna inda babu zomaye ko kuma basu da yawa daga ciki, zomo mai launin shudi shine asalin abincin wannan mai farautar, musamman a lokacin hunturu. Dawakai na launin toka kuma suna cin ganyayyaki kamar tsuntsaye, dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians. Wannan nau'in kuma yana cin mushe, misali, barewa da aka kashe a lokacin sanyi. Kwari kamar su ciyawar fure, beetles, butterflies da asu, wadannan 'yan kwalliyar na daga cikin abincin da kyarkyau ke ci, musamman a lokacin rani.
Furannin launin toka sune kanunun masu amfani da komai a Amurka, suna dogaro da kayan shuka fiye da kwakwayen gabas ko jan fox duk shekara, amma musamman lokacin bazara da damina. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari da' ya'yan itãcen marmari (kamar su: strawberries na yau da kullun, apples and blueberries), kwayoyi (gami da itacen ɓaure da ƙamshi na beech) wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na abubuwan ganye a menu.
A cikin sassan yammacin Amurka, dawakai masu launin toka galibi dabbobi ne masu saurin kwari da dabbobi. Hakanan za'a iya faɗi game da ƙananan ƙananan ƙananan.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Grey fox
Wadannan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna aiki a duk tsawon lokacin. Kamar sauran nau'ikan karnukan Arewacin Amurka, dan uwan mai toka mai aiki da dare. Waɗannan dabbobin, a ƙa'ida, suna da yanki don hutawa na rana a kan bishiya ko a yankin da ke da ciyayi masu yawa, wanda ke ba su damar cin abincin dare a cikin yamma ko kuma da daddare. Masu farauta suna iya farauta yayin rana, tare da matakan aiki yawanci yana raguwa sosai a wayewar gari.
Guraren launin toka sune kawai abubuwan taimako (ban da karnukan beran Asiya) waɗanda ke iya hawa bishiyoyi da sauƙi.
Sabanin jajayen dawakai, dawakai masu launin toka masu saurin hawa hawa ne, kodayake ba su da gwaninta kamar raccoons ko kuliyoyi. Furannin toka-toka suna hawa bishiyoyi don neman abinci, hutawa, da tserewa masu farauta. Abilityarfinsu na hawa bishiyoyi ya dogara da kaifinsu, masu lanƙwasa ƙafafu da ikon juya ƙafafunsu na gaba tare da mafi girma fiye da sauran canines. Wannan yana basu kyakkyawar riko yayin hawa bishiyar. Dawowar launin toka mai launin toka tana iya hawa lankwasa sandunan ta yi tsalle daga reshe zuwa reshe zuwa tsayin mita 18. Dabba tana sauka tare da akwati, misali, kamar kuliyoyin gida, ko tsalle kan rassan.
An yi kogon dawa, ya danganta da mazauni da samuwar tushen abinci. Abu ne sananne ga wadannan dabbobin su yiwa gidajensu alamar fitsari da najasa don nuna matsayin su a yankin. Ta hanyar ɓoye abincinta, mai farautar yana sanya alamun. Dabba mai shayarwa yana fakewa a cikin bishiyoyi, kututture ko burji. Irin waɗannan ɓarnar za su iya zama tsaran mita tara sama da ƙasa.
Wasu masu bincike sun lura cewa waɗannan karnukan suna da sirri kuma suna da kunya sosai. Wasu kuma, akasin haka, suna cewa dabbobi suna nuna haƙuri ga mutane kuma sun kusanci mahalli, suna canza halayensu, suna dacewa da muhalli.
Foxes na launin toka suna sadarwa da juna ta amfani da maganganu daban-daban, waɗannan sune:
- gurnani;
- haushi;
- yapping;
- waswasi;
- kuka;
- screeching.
Mafi yawanci, manya suna fitar da haushi mai rauni, yayin da matasa - shrill kururuwa, kururuwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Grey fox kube
Furannin Grey sau ɗaya a shekara. Sun kasance masu auren mace daya kamar sauran karnukan Arewacin Amurka. Ga 'ya'ya, dabbobi suna yin mafaka a cikin kututturen itace ko kuma a cikin gungumen daji, haka ma a cikin raƙuman iska, dazuzzuka masu tsire-tsire, da duwatsu masu duwatsu, a ƙarƙashin duwatsu. Zasu iya hawa cikin gidajen da aka watsar ko gidajen gini, tare da mamaye burbushin marmot da sauran dabbobi. Sun zabi wuri don kogo a cikin wuraren dazuzzuka masu tsabta, kusa da ruwa.
Abokan launin toka na launin toka daga ƙarshen hunturu zuwa farkon bazara. Lokacin yana bambanta dangane da latitude na wurin zama da tsayi sama da matakin teku. Sake haifuwa yana faruwa a farkon kudu sannan daga baya a arewa. A cikin Michigan, yana iya zama farkon Maris; a Alabama, kololuwa a cikin Fabrairu. Babu wani binciken da aka yi game da lokacin daukar ciki, ya yi daidai da kwanaki 53-63.
Kubiyoci sun bayyana a ƙarshen Maris ko Afrilu, matsakaicin girman zuriyar dabbobi kwiyakwiyoyi huɗu, amma yana iya bambanta daga ɗaya zuwa bakwai, nauyinsu bai wuce g 100. An haife su makaho, suna gani a rana ta tara. Suna ciyarwa ne kawai akan madarar uwa har tsawon makonni uku, sa'annan su canza zuwa abinci mai hade. A ƙarshe sun daina shan madara a makonni shida. Yayin sauya sheka zuwa wani abincin daban, iyaye, galibi uwa, suna kawowa thean tsaba abinci daban.
Tun yana da wata uku, matasa sukan bar kogon, suna fara yin tsalle-tsalle da dabarun bin diddiginsu, kuma suna farauta tare da mahaifiyarsu. A watanni huɗu, samari matasa sun sami 'yanci. Daga lokacin kiwo zuwa ƙarshen bazara, iyaye da ke da yara kanana suna zama a matsayin iyali ɗaya. A lokacin kaka, samari matasa sun zama manya. A wannan lokacin, suna da haƙoran dindindin, kuma suna iya farauta da kansu. Iyalai sun watse. Samari matasa sun balaga a cikin jima'i. Mata na girma bayan watanni 10. Haihuwa a cikin maza ya fi na mata dadewa.
Lokacin da dangin suka rabu, samari zasu iya yin ritaya don neman kilomita 80 na yanki kyauta. Bitches sun fi karkata zuwa wurin da aka haife su kuma, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, kar a wuce kilomita uku.
Dabbobi na iya amfani da kogon a kowane lokaci na shekara don hutawa a rana, amma galibi yayin haihuwa da shayar da zuriya. Dawakai masu launin toka suna rayuwa cikin daji tsawon shekaru shida zuwa takwas. Dabba mafi tsufa (da aka rubuta) da ke zaune a cikin daji ya kasance ɗan shekara goma a lokacin kamawa.
Abokan gaba na dawakai na launin toka
Photo: Dabbar toka mai launin toka
Wannan nau'in dabbobi ba shi da makiya kadan a cikin daji. Wani lokaci ana farautar su da manyan zakaru na gabas, da jan lynx na Amurka, da mujiyoyi na budurwa, da gaggafa zinariya, da shaho. Ofarfin wannan dabba na hawa bishiyoyi yana ba ta damar kaucewa haɗuwa da wasu masu cin abincin, waɗanda za a iya ziyarta don cin abincin rana. Wannan kayan yana ba da damar fox mai launin toka ya zauna wuri ɗaya kamar zobon gabas, tare da raba su ba kawai yankin ba, har ma da tushen abinci. Babban haɗari yana wakiltar tsuntsayen da ke farauta daga sama. Lynxes galibi suna farautar jarirai.
Babban makiyin wannan maharin shine mutum. An halatta farauta da tarkon dabbar a yawancin kewayon kuma a yankuna da yawa wannan shine babban dalilin mutuwa. A Jihar New York, Fox mai launin toka yana daga cikin nau'in dabbobi goma da za a iya farautar su da gashinta. An halatta farauta daga 25 ga Oktoba zuwa 15 ga Fabrairu a kowane lokaci na dare ko rana ta amfani da bindigogi, bakuna ko gicciye, amma ana buƙatar lasisin farauta. Mafarautan da ke farautar fox masu launin toka ba sa gabatar da rahoto game da sakamakon, saboda haka ba a lasafta adadin dabbobin da aka kashe ta kowace hanya.
Cuta ba abu ne mai muhimmanci ba a cikin mace-mace kamar yadda ɗan adam yake fallasa. Ba kamar jan fox ba, launin toka mai ruwan toka yana da juriya ta halitta ga sarcoptic mange (cuta mai lalata fata). Hakanan cutar ƙwaraji ba ta da yawa a tsakanin wannan nau'in. Manyan cututtukan sune masu cutar canine da canro parovirus. Daga cikin cututtukan kwayar cutar, trematodes - Metorchis conjunctus na da hadari ga fox mai ruwan toka.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Grey fox
Wannan jinsin yana da karko a duk inda yake. Sau da yawa, dawakai sukan zama masu farauta ta farauta, tunda gashinsu ba shi da daraja sosai. Kasashen da ake samun fox mai ruwan toka: Belize, Bolivar, Venezuela, Guatemala, Honduras, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, United States, El Salvador. Jinsi kawai ne wanda kewayon sa na asali ya shafi wani yanki na Arewacin Amurka da wani ɓangare na Kudancin Amurka. An rarraba yawan mutane a ko'ina cikin kewayon tare da rashin daidaituwa mara kyau; akwai yankunan da ke da ɗimbin yawa, musamman ma inda yanayin shimfidar muhalli ya fi son wannan.
Dabbobi na duniya ne dangane da wuraren zama. Kuma suna iya zama a wurare daban-daban, amma sun fi son yankuna da yawa fiye da steppes da sauran wuraren buɗewa. An yi la'akari da foda mai launin toka a matsayin astananan Damuwa, kuma zangonsa ya ƙaru a cikin rabin karnin da ya gabata.
Saboda karancin rahoto game da sakamakon farauta, yana da wahala a kiyasta yawan karninnin dawakai masu launin toka da mafarauta suka kashe. Koyaya, binciken da aka gudanar na 2018 New York na masu farautar namun daji ya nuna jimlar dawakai masu launin toka da aka kashe sun kai 3,667.
Daga cikin jinsunan tsibirin, yawan kananan kabilu uku na tsibirin arewa yana raguwa. A tsibirin San Miguel, lambar su mutane da yawa ne, kuma a cikin 1993 akwai ɗari-ɗari (kimanin 450). Mikiya mai zinare da cututtukan dabbobi sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen raguwar mutane, amma ba su cika bayyana dalilan wannan raguwar lambobi ba. Don adana waɗannan nau'in, an ɗauki matakan kiwon dabbobi. A tsibirin Santa Rosa, inda a shekarar 1994 adadin karnukan karho ya fi 1,500, a shekara ta 2000 ya ragu zuwa 14.
A tsibirin San Clement, mai tazarar kilomita 200 kudu da San Miguel, hukumomin kula da muhalli na Amurka sun kusan kawar da wani nau'in tsibirin da ke dauke da launin toka. Anyi wannan kwatsam, yayin fada da wasu dabbobin da suke farautar jinsin shrike da ke cikin hatsari. Adadin karnukan ya fadi daga manya 2000 a 1994 zuwa kasa da 135 a 2000.
Raguwar yawan jama'a yawanci saboda mikiya na zinariya ne. Abin da ake kira gaggafa ta zinariya ta maye gurbin baƙon ko mikiya a tsibiran, babban abincinsu shine kifi. Amma an lalata shi a baya saboda amfani da DDT. Golden Eagle ta fara farautar aladu na daji, kuma bayan hallaka su, ta sauya zuwa dawakai masu launin toka. Federalasashe huɗu na karnukan karnukan tsuntsaye an kiyaye su da dokar tarayya ta Amurka kamar yadda ke cikin haɗari tun 2004.
Waɗannan dabbobi ne daga tsibirai:
- Santa Cruz;
- Santa Rosa;
- San Miguel;
- Santa Katalina.
Yanzu ana ɗaukar matakan ƙara yawan jama'a da dawo da yanayin halittu na Tsibirin Channel.Don bin diddigin dabbobi, ana haɗa kwalayen rediyo a kansu, wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano wurin da dabbobin suke. Wadannan kokarin sun kawo wasu nasarori.
Fata mai toka a gaba ɗaya, tana da tsayayyen jama'a kuma ba ya wakiltar dalilin damuwa, yana da kyau a kula cewa ƙananan raƙuman wannan dabba ana bi da su da kulawa kuma tasirin anthropogenic ba zai haifar da bala'i ba.
Ranar bugawa: 19.04.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 19.09.2019 a 21:52
