Grizzly kai, wanda aka fassara daga Ingilishi yana nufin "launin toka" - ɗayan mafiya haɗari da manyan ɓarayin da ke mamaye duniyarmu a yau. Sun yi ƙaura zuwa gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka daga Asiya sama da shekaru dubu ɗari da suka gabata. A cewar mafi yawan masana kimiyya, grizzly beyar ba ta cikin wani jinsi ne mai zaman kansa ba, amma wani nau'i ne mai sauƙi na launin ruwan kasa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Grizzly Bear
Yana da wuya ayi imani da cewa babban durin mai karfin grizzly, kamar takwarorinsa na fari da launin ruwan kasa, gami da dodo da kyarkewa, sun fito ne daga kakanni daya na sama da shekaru miliyan 30 da suka gabata. Wannan dabbar ta rayu a yankin Eurasia ta zamani, ba ta bambanta da girmanta ba kuma ta hanyar tsalle ta cikin bishiyoyi.
Daga cikin wa ɗ annan mutanen da suka koma Arewacin Amurka, masana kimiyya sun gano a baya kusan tamanin nau'ikan grizzly bears. Tare da cigaban kimiyya da gwaje-gwajen kwayoyin halitta na zamani, ya zama cewa grizzly bear ba komai bane face peananan ofasashen Turai masu launin ruwan kasa. A yau, an rarrabe da siffofin nahiyoyi da na bakin teku na wadannan dabbobin masu hadari, suna hada su karkashin tsari daya na hukuma - mai ruwan kasa.
A farkon karnin da ya gabata, yawan adadin giya mai ban dariya ya fi mutane sama da dubu dari.
Koyaya, yayin da mutane suka zauna a mazauninsu, ana lura da ƙarin hare-haren da waɗannan maƙaryata ke kaiwa a yankunan gonaki, dabbobi da ma mutane. Tsananin tashin hankali ya haifar da harbin mutane kuma, sakamakon haka, raguwar kaɗan a cikin waɗannan dabbobin - kusan sau 30. A yau, grizzly bear na Arewacin Amurka yana cikin jerin Red Book na duniya kuma yana zaune a cikin yankuna masu kariya sosai. Gwanin grizzly yana daya daga cikin gaggan mahara masu saurin haɗari a doron ƙasa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya beyar mai kama da kamanni take
Sunan "Grizzly" ga waɗannan mafarautan kwata-kwata kwatsam ba haɗari ba ne. Don haka, don takamaiman launin launin toka, tsoffin mazauna, waɗanda suka fara ganin wannan gemu a cikin dazukan Arewacin Amurka suna yi musu laƙabi. Sai dai inuwar inuwa mai kama da hayaƙi, dusar kankara mai kama da beyar ta Rasha.
Babban mafarauci ne wanda girman sa ban mamaki ne:
- Nauyin babban mutum zai iya kaiwa 1000 kg;
- Tsawo a bushe - har zuwa 2 m;
- Jimlar tsawon jiki har zuwa 4 m.
Mata yawanci sunfi maza yawa. Beran da ke da karfin gaske yana da karfi kwarai da gaske, tare da bugu daya da daddare ya iya karya kashin bayan wanda aka azabtar, ya bar mata damar samun ceto.
Wani fasali na "launin toka" beyar shine ƙwanƙwasa masu kaifi 15 cm. Godiya a gare su, grizzly ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kyakkyawa kuma mai farauta, amma ba zai iya hawa bishiyoyi ba. Wadannan dabbobin suna da tsokoki masu kyau, jiki mai ƙarfi wanda yake da kauri da tauri gashi. Idan aka duba sosai, launin beran grizzly har yanzu launin ruwan kasa ne kuma daga nesa ne kawai yake samun launin toka mara kyau.
Ba kamar takwarorinsu na Eurasia ba, Bears na Arewacin Amurka suna da ƙwanƙolin kai, da goshi mai faɗi, hanci mai fitowa da kanana, zagaye kunnuwa. Bugu da kari, wutsiyar grizzly tana da gajarta sosai kuma kusan ba a iya ganinta idan aka kwatanta ta da launin ruwan kasa. Kamar kowane wakilin jinsinsu, waɗannan mahara masu ƙarfi suna ɓoyewa yayin tafiya, suna jujjuyawar jikin jikinsu.
A ina ne grizzly bear ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Grizzly kai tsaye
A mafi yawan lokuta, grizzlies ana nuna shi da mawuyacin hali, mahalli masu wahalar isa. Da farko dai, zangon wadannan mahautan sun hada da Manyan filaye da kuma wani yanki mai matukar muhimmanci na kudu maso yammacin Amurka. Yawancin lokaci, wayewar wayewa ya tura grizzlies zuwa arewa zuwa sama zuwa cikin duwatsu. A yau, yawancin yawancin launin toka suna zaune a arewacin Kanada da Alaska. Koyaya, wasu lokuta ana iya samun wakilan wannan nau'in da ba safai a cikin jihohin Idaho, Wyoming, Montana da Washington.
Don kyakkyawar makwabta tare da mutane da adana yawan beyar grizzly, hukumomin Amurka sun kirkiro wuraren shakatawa na Nationalasa na Musamman, inda kowane mutum ke sa ido sosai ta amfani da sabbin abubuwan ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha. Idan aka kwatanta da karni na 20, a yau yawan wannan jinsin mai farautar ya karu sosai kuma lambobi sun fi dabbobi dubu hamsin. Wannan ci gaban kwatsam ana hana shi ta hanyar iznin farautar yanayi.
Grizzlies sun fi son zama a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa, inda zasu iya cin abinci akan 'ya'yan itacen shuke-shuke,' ya'yan itace ko kwaya. Koyaya, idan akwai tabki ko kogi a kusa, wannan dabba ba zata rasa damar tabbatar da kanta a matsayin ƙwararren masunci ba. A yankunan bakin teku, masu farauta, waɗanda yawanci sun fi son rayuwa su kaɗai, suna taruwa a cikin ƙungiyoyi don haɓaka kifi mai fa'ida da nasara.
Menene beyar mai wuyan shayi take ci?
Photo: Dabba grizzly bear
Saboda yawan kai hare-hare kan mutane da dabbobin gida, ana kiran dajin mai ƙyamar azaba da mai kisa da rashin tausayi. Koyaya, wannan ba gaskiya bane, kuma wannan nau'in mahautan da gangan yana cikin nau'in masanan. A cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, lokacin da rashin halayyar tashin hankali da wani abu, beyar ya fi son abinci na tsire-tsire: 'ya'yan itace, tushen, harbe da' ya'yan itatuwa. Bugu da kari, wadannan dabbobi masu karfi suna farin cikin cin abinci a kan kwayayen tsuntsaye, da dabbobi masu rarrafe da zuriyarsu ta gaba, kwadi da kwari.
Hakanan ba sa yin sakaci da gawa, ƙanshin da za su ji ƙanshi a nesa mai nisan kilomita da yawa.
Don girazzly bear na bakin teku, kifi wani muhimmin bangare ne na abincin yau da kullun. Lokacin da lokacin haihuwa yake, kuma abin farautar kanta yayi tsalle daga cikin ruwa, ƙafafun kafafu masu farauta tare da laulayi suna ɗauka daidai lokacin tashi.
Amma ga manyan dabbobi, to, mai yuwuwa ne, grizzly zai zaɓi tsoho da maras lafiya na dabbar barewa, rago, akuya, ko chamois a matsayin ganima, da kuma dabbobin da ba su da ƙwarewa na sauran mazaunan gandun daji. Hikima ta al'ada ita ce cewa beyar manyan masanan zuma ne. Wannan gaskiya ne, kawai wannan abincin mai wadatarwa ana samun sa ne mafi yawa ga sasan, godiya ga ƙaramin girman su da kuma ikon hawa bishiyoyi.
Hakoran beran masu launin toka suna da takamaiman fasali kuma an shirya su don kowane irin abinci - na shuka da na dabbobi. A ranar baligi, ana buƙatar cin kusan kilo 20 dubu. Irin wannan buƙatar gaggawa ga abinci, tilasta grizzly ya kasance kusan koyaushe a cikin yanayin neman abinci, musamman kafin bacci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Angry Grizzly Bear
Babban halayen halin bera mai hauka shine tashin hankali da rashin tsoro. Waɗannan halaye, haɗe tare da ƙarfinta mai ƙarfi, suna sa wannan maƙerin ya kasance mai haɗari sosai. Beyar mai launin toka, duk da girmanta na waje da bayyananniyar damuwa, yana motsawa sosai a hankali kuma kusan shiru, wanda ke ba shi damar kusantowa ga wanda zai iya cutar da shi, ba shi damar samun tsira.
Idanun beyar grizzly, kamar sauran bears, sun fi rauni. Amma an daidaita su a sararin samaniya tare da taimakon kyakkyawan ji da ƙamshi. Grizzly babban mai tsere ne! A sauƙaƙe yana saurin gudu har zuwa 60 km / h, kuma ana iya kwatanta shi cikin damuwa tare da doki mai gudu. Bugu da kari, wannan maharan mai karfin gaske yana iyo da kyau, da yardan rai yana wanka a lokacin zafi, ba zai masa wahala ya zagaya karamin kogi ba.
Lokacin da ya fuskanci maƙiyi mai haɗari, beran grizzly yana tsaye a kan ƙafafunsa na baya kuma ya yi ihu mai ban tsoro, don haka yana nuna fifikon jiki da shirye-shiryen kai hari. Wannan dabba kwata-kwata baya tsoron mutum, amma wannan baya nufin cewa tabbas zai kawo hari. Mafi yawanci, mutane suna fuskantar rauni ta hanyar rauni, beyar da ke fama da yunwa ko waɗanda aka tsokane don rama azaba.
Grizzly shine dabba mai zaman kansa da kaɗaici. Bayan sun balaga, da kyar suke barin wurin farautar su, iyakokin su ana masu alama da kariya sosai. Grizzlies na gandun daji suna sare ƙusoshin daga bishiyoyin kan iyaka tare da ƙusoshin hannu masu kaifi, kuma waɗanda ke zaune a kan tsaunuka na iya yin alama duwatsu, duwatsu ko ma tanti masu yawon bude ido ta wannan hanyar.
Beran grizzly ya zama mai aiki sosai tare da fitowar magariba, haka kuma da sanyin safiya. Da rana, wannan maharbin ya fi son ya huta, yana jin daɗin cin abincin rana. Yana da kyau a lura cewa sha'awar abinci yana dogara ne akan lokacin. Kafin kwanciyar hankali, grizzly dole ne ya sami nauyin kilogram 200 na nauyin jiki don tsira daga hunturu. Wannan buƙatar tana tilasta masa kasancewa cikin neman abinci koyaushe.
A cikin yankuna daban-daban na yanayi, masu launin toka mai launin toka a watan Oktoba ko Nuwamba kuma suna farkawa a farkon bazara - a watan Maris ko Afrilu. Mata sun fi samari yawa, mata suna kwana da jarirai sabbin haihuwa a lokacin sanyi, kuma tsofaffin mutane suna farkawa da wuri fiye da kowa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Grizzly Bear
A mafi yawan rayuwarta, mai ɗaukar nauyi girazzly ya fi son kadaici kuma ya keɓe kansa. Koyaya, keɓewarsa na al'ada ya ɓace tare da farkon lokacin saduwa. Bayan dogon bacci na hunturu, daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa rani, maza na grizzlies suna zuwa neman mata don haihuwa.
Saboda takamaiman ƙamshi da alamomi na musamman akan shuke-shuke, mutanen da suka manyanta suna zaɓar waɗanda suka zaɓa suna shirye don saduwa. Koyaya, idyll baya ƙarewa - bayan kwanaki 2-3, masoyan sun rabu har abada. Idan hadi ya yi nasara, za a haifa beya biyu ko uku teddy beari a cikin kogon dumi a tsakiyar lokacin sanyi.
Sabbin grizzlies na haihuwa basu da kamanni da beyar - sun makance gaba daya, basu da gashi da hakora, kuma nauyinsu bai wuce kilogram ba. Amma, bayan watanni shida na kula da uwa da shayarwa mai gina jiki, masu hangen nesa masu zuwa a bayyane suna kara karfi kuma a karshen bazara suna barin kogon da wata tafiya mai karfin gwiwa. Arsananan beyar masu grizzly suna da aiki ƙwarai, suna da fara'a da wasa. Suna da sauƙin sarrafawa, kuma sau ɗaya a hannun mutane, sun zama dabbobi masu biyayya. A wasu lokuta, suna samun ikon kare mai gida daga hatsari.
Kafin lokacin hunturu mai zuwa, wata beyar mata da ke da cubasan da suka riga ta girma tana neman rami mai faɗi. Bayan shekara biyu daga lokacin haihuwa, ƙananan grizzlies suna barin mahaifiyarsu har abada kuma suna rayuwa cikin zaman kansu. Matsakaicin rayuwa na launin toka mai launin toka ya kai kimanin shekaru 30, amma a cikin bauta kuma tare da kyakkyawar kulawa, wannan dabba za ta iya rayuwa da yawa sosai.
Abokan gaba na grizzly bear
Hoto: Yaya beyar mai kama da kamanni take
Yana da wuya a yi tunanin cewa irin wadannan manyan dabbobin masu cin zalin na iya samun makiya a cikin masarautar dabbobi. Lallai, mutane ƙalilan ne za su yi iya ƙoƙarinsu don yin yaƙi da babban beyar, sai dai watakila wata dabba mai ban tsoro, daidai da shi cikin ƙarfi da rashin tsoro. An tsara yanayi don waɗancan dabbobin da zasu iya zama masu gasa ta gaske ga beyar grizzly, kamar damisa ko zaki, ba su zauna tare da shi a cikin yanki ɗaya ba, don haka barin shi haƙƙin mallakar ƙasashensu.
Koyaya, idan gabaɗaya muna la akari da yiwuwar haifar da wata cutarwa, sa'annan za a iya rarrabe waɗannan "makiya" masu zuwa don ruwan toka:
- Sauran beyar - musamman yayin lokacin saduwa, waɗannan maharbin suna zama masu tsananin tashin hankali. Maza na iya yin gwagwarmaya ta mace don matar da suke so, ko kuma su iya raba 'ya'yan da ba su da kariya don samun damar zuwa ga mahaifiyarsu.
- Har ila yau, mutane har ila yau, babbar barazana ce ga rayuwar namun daji, gami da grizzly. Mafarauta suna la'akari da kashe launin toka a matsayin wata falala ta musamman da kuma nuna ƙarfin hali. Wasu mafarauta suna sanya ƙuƙƙun wuyan wuya kamar abun wuya a kirjinsu. Baya ga lalacewa kai tsaye, zamantakewar ɗan adam, tana ƙoƙari don ci gaban wayewa ba tare da tsayawa ba, yana haifar da cutarwa kai tsaye, amma ba cutarwa ta ƙasa mai sauƙi ga bears. Gurbatar iska da ruwa, sare dazuzzuka, duk wani mamayewa na namun daji - duk wannan yana mummunan tasiri ga mazaunin halittar da ke da ƙarancin nau'in ofancin Arewacin Amurka.
- Herbivores - Tun da grizzly bear ya fi son abinci mai tushen tsire-tsire a mafi yawan lokuta, waɗanda za su iya zuwa ga ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano da tushen da sauri kuma a baya za su iya zama ƙaramin ɗan takara ga beyar a cikin sarkar abinci. Waɗannan na iya zama barewar daji, raguna, awakin dutse, ko ma ɓeraye kamar linzamin bera.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Dabba grizzly bear
A halin yanzu, grizzly bear yana da kariya ta hukuma kuma an jera shi a cikin littafin Red Book na duniya. A Amurka, mazauninsu ya takaita ne ga National Parks, wanda ke da tsauraran dokoki na musamman don zama da yawon shakatawa. A yau, ana iya samun mafi yawan gemu mai duhu a cikin Yellowstone National Park, da kuma a Mount McKinley da Glacier Parks. Anan, mazauninsu na asali shine mafi alfanu kuma daga nan ne ake jigilar jarirai masu hauka don kiwo a wasu wuraren shakatawa na theasar.
Jimlar yawan mutanen Arewacin Amurka a yau kusan mutane dubu hamsin ne. Ka tuna cewa tun farkon karnin da ya gabata, wannan adadi ya ragu kusan sau talatin saboda farautar da ba ta da iko. A halin yanzu, ana ba da izinin farautar farauta a cikin Amurka a wuraren da aka keɓance musamman ba fiye da sau ɗaya a kowace shekara huɗu ba.
Dangane da ƙididdiga, a yawancin shari'o'in rikice-rikice tsakanin mutum da grizzly bear, mutane da kansu suna da laifi. Rashin bin ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi na aminci yayin saduwa da dabbar daji galibi yakan haifar da mummunan sakamako. Ya kamata koyaushe a tuna cewa beyar za ta kare ƙasarta ko ganima. Akwai lokutan da yawon bude ido marassa kyau suka fara ciyar da berar da kansu, sannan suka zama wadanda abin ya shafa, suna damun sa yayin cin abinci. Sabili da haka, ya fi dacewa a tsallake mahalli na grizzly, a cikin wani hali ba ya tsokanar da kai ga zalunci, tunda da alama ba zai yiwu a kubuta daga gare ta ba.
Grizzly Bear Guard
Hotuna: Grizzly Bear
Yawan grizzly bear a yau yana ƙarƙashin ƙaƙƙarfan kariyar doka kuma ana sa masa ido sosai tare da sabbin abubuwan ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha. Kowane mutum da ke zaune a Gandun Dajin an rufe shi kuma an shigar da shi cikin rajista ta musamman ta dabbobi marasa ƙarfi.
Gaskiyar cewa an sanya beyar ta Arewacin Amurka a cikin littafin Red Book na duniya ba ya ƙyale mafarauta da masu yawon buɗe ido su mamaye ƙasarsu ba tare da tsangwama ba. A cikin makarantun waɗancan jihohin da launin toka mai launin toka ke rayuwa, ana koya wa yara tun suna ƙanana yadda za su bi da juna cikin aminci a cikin daji, don kar su cutar da kansu ko dabbobin da ba su cika faruwa ba. Ziyartar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa an tsara shi sosai, kowane mai yawon shakatawa yana ɗaukar nauyin kansa da ransa da kiyaye muhalli.
Yana da kyau a lura da cewa har zuwa yau, har yanzu ana ci gaba da rubuce-rubucen kai hare-hare kan gonaki. Koyaya, jihar ta warware wannan batun ta hanyar mutuntaka daga mahangar kare namun daji - wanda ya shafa ya biya diyya cikakkiyar kuɗin dabbobin da aka kashe ko dukiyar da aka lalata. A lokaci guda, an hana harbe-harben kai tsaye kuma yana iya haifar da tara mai yawa ko ma ɗauri. Grizzly kai yana karkashin kariyar jihar, an ba da izinin kashe shi kawai idan akwai wata babbar barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam da rayuwarsa.
Ranar bugawa: 31.01.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/16/2019 da karfe 21:14
