Marmot - dabbobi masu shayarwa dabbar mallakar beraye ne daga dangin squirrel. Wakilan nau'in sun auna kilogram da yawa kuma suna zaune a sararin samaniya. Musamman na herbivores na zamantakewar al'umma, an lulluɓe shi cikin dumi mai ɗumi da ɓoyewa a cikin burodi daga matattarar ruwa zuwa duwatsu masu sanyi. Akwai rabe-rabe da yawa na waɗannan kyawawan dabbobin, waɗanda za a tattauna a gaba.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Tabbatar da asalin marmot aiki ne mai wahalar gaske ga masana kimiyya, amma sun sami nasarar warware wannan sirrin ta hanyar nazarin bayanai game da dabbobi da kayan zamani.
A halin yanzu, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan marmot masu zuwa:
- Boungiyar Bobak: launin toka, Mongolian, suna zaune a cikin tudu da gandun daji-steppe;
- Mai launin toka;
- Bakar fata;
- Rawanin-rawaya;
- Tibet;
- Alananan raƙuman ruwa: masu faɗi da faɗi;
- Talas (Marmot na Menzbir);
- Woodchuck - yana da ƙananan ƙananan 9;
- Gasar Olympic (Olympic).
Wadannan nau'ikan suna cikin tsarin beraye, wanda akwai sama da dubu dari biyu, wadanda suka mamaye dukkan fadin duniyar, banda wasu tsibirai da Antarctica. An yi amannar cewa beraye sun samo asali ne kimanin shekaru miliyan 60-70 da suka gabata, amma wasu suna jayayya cewa sun samo asali ne tun daga farkon Cretaceous.
Kimanin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata, an haifi kakannin marmot a farkon Oligocene, bayan tsalle-tsalle na juyin halitta da bayyanar sabbin iyalai. Marmots ana tsammanin sune dangi mafi kusa na squirrai, karnukan dawakai da kuma wasu tsuntsaye masu tashi sama. A wannan lokacin, suna da dadadden tsari na hakora da gaɓoɓi, amma kammalawar ƙirar kunnen tsakiya tana magana game da mahimmancin ji, wanda ya wanzu har zuwa yau.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Tsarin marmot ko bobak daga ƙungiyar bobak kusan shine mafi girma daga cikin dangin squirrel, saboda tsawon sa yakai santimita 55-75, kuma nauyin maza ya kai kilo 10. Yana da babban kai a kan gajeren wuya, jiki mai ƙarfi. Theafafun kafa suna da ƙarfi mai ban mamaki, a kan abin da yake da wuya kada a lura da manyan farcen. Wani fasali na musamman gajeren gajere ne da yashi rawaya mai rashi, wanda ke bunkasa zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai duhu a bayanta da wutsiyar.
Wakili na gaba na rukunin "baibach" shine marmot mai launin toka, wanda, ba kamar marmot mai tudu ba, yana da ƙanƙanci da gajeren wutsiya, kodayake yana da wahalar bambance shi. Amma har yanzu yana yiwuwa, saboda launin toka yana da taushi kuma ya fi tsayi gashi, kuma kai ya fi duhu.
Memba na uku na kungiyar shine Mongolian ko Siberia marmot. Ya bambanta da danginsa a cikin gajartaccen gajeren jiki, wanda shine mafi girman santimita 56 da rabi. Gashin baya yana da duhu tare da raƙuman ruwan baƙi-launin ruwan kasa. Ciki baki ne ko baƙi-mai launin ruwan kasa, kamar baya.
Wakili na karshe na kungiyar bobak shine marmot-steppe marmot. An bayyana shi azaman babban sanda mai tsawon santimita sittin a tsayi da jelar 12-13 cm. Baya baya rawaya ne, wani lokacin kuma yana da datti na baƙar fata. Akwai fur da yawa kusa da idanu da kunci, wanda ke kiyaye idanuwa daga ƙura da ƙananan ƙwayoyin da iska ke ɗauka.
Ba a kiran marmot mai launin toka kwata-kwata saboda halin rasa launi na suturar da ke kusa da tsufa, amma saboda launin launin toka a saman baya. Tsawon lokaci, saboda ya kai 80 cm tare da babban wutsiya na 18-24 cm. Weight yana canzawa koyaushe: daga 4 zuwa 10 kilogiram, saboda dogon bacci. Mata da maza suna kama da kamanni sosai, amma sun sha bamban a girmansu.
Itace katako daga Arewacin Amurka ba ƙarami ba ne, saboda tsayinsa daga santimita 40 zuwa 60, kuma yana da nauyin kilogiram 3-5. Maza, da kuma tsakanin marmot masu launin toka, suna kama da mata, amma sun fi girma. Paws suna kama da marmots na steppe: gajere, mai ƙarfi, an daidaita shi da digging. Wutsiya tana da laushi da faɗi, 11-15 cm. Jawo bashi da kyan gani, tare da rigar ɗumi mai ɗumi da jan launi.
A ina ne marmot ke rayuwa?
Tsarin marmot, ko bobak, ya rayu a can baya mai nisa a cikin steppe, wani lokacin kuma a cikin gandun-daji, daga Hungary zuwa Irtysh, yayin da yake ratsa Crimea da Ciscaucasia. Amma saboda nome gonakin budurwa, mazaunin sun ragu sosai. Yawancin jama'a sun tsira a cikin Lugansk, Kharkov, Zaporozhye da Sumy a cikin Ukraine, a yankin Middle Volga, Urals, a cikin Don Don da wasu yankuna a Kazakhstan.
Marmot mai launin toka, ya bambanta da danginsa na kusa, ya zaɓi ƙarin yankuna masu duwatsu, kusa da makiyaya da kwaruruka. Bayan haka, ya zauna a Kirgizistan, China, Russia, Mongolia da Kazakhstan. Marmot ɗin Mongoliya yana rayuwa har zuwa sunansa kuma ya mamaye kusan dukkanin ƙasar Mongolia. Hakanan, yankin mazaunin ya fadada zuwa Arewa maso Gabashin China. Wasu masu binciken sun ba da shawarar kasancewar sa a yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Land of the Rising Sun. A yankin ƙasar Rasha, ana samunsa a Tuva, Sayan da Transbaikalia.
Furewar marmot tana zaune ne a nahiyar da ke makwabtaka da Arewacin Amurka, galibi Kanada da Arewa maso gabashin Amurka. Ya fi son duwatsu, amma a Arewacin Alaska yana gangarowa kusa da teku. Kasancewa shuke-shuke masu tsayi, galibi ba a rufe su da gandun daji ba, amma tare da saman duwatsu.
Itace katako ya ɗan zauna zuwa yamma kaɗan, amma ya fi son filaye da gefunan daji. Marmot da aka fi sani a Amurka: jihohin arewa, gabas da tsakiyar ƙasa kusan suna ƙarƙashin ikon su. Hakanan, wasu wakilan jinsin sun hau tsakiyar Alaska da Kudancin Hudson Bay. Wasu dabbobi sun sauka a Labrador Peninsula.
Mwayoyin daji-steppe sun mamaye ƙasa da yawa fiye da sauran. Sun tsira a cikin Yankin Altai, Novosibirsk da yankunan Kemerovo. Suna son tono ramuka a cikin inda suke zaune, kusa da gangaren tsaunuka, rafuka, da kuma wani lokacin manyan koguna. An jawo hankalin wuraren da aka dasa tare da birch da aspens, da kuma ciyawa iri-iri.
Menene marmot suke ci?
Baibaks, kamar kowane marmot, suna ciyar da shuke-shuke. Daga cikin su, sun fi son hatsi, wanda ake samu a matattakala, ba daga filayen mutane ba, wanda ba ya sanya su kwari. Sauran amfanin gona suma ba safai ake taba su ba. Wasu lokuta suna cin abinci a kan karaya ko ɗaure. Duk ya dogara da kakar. A lokacin bazara, idan abinci yayi ƙaranci, sai a ci saiwoyin shuka ko kwararan fitila. A cikin bauta, suna cin nama, har ma da dangi.
Har ila yau, masu launin toka masu cin ganyayyaki ne, amma a cikin fursunoni ba su ci naman dabbobi ba, musamman wakilai iri ɗaya. Daga abincin shuke-shuke, an fi son matasa harbe. Wani lokacin basa raina ganye, har da bishiyoyi. Wasu yanayi na soyayya sun fi son furannin da za'a iya kawo su ga sabanin jima'i, kamar mutane, amma a matsayin abinci.
Abincin abincin bishiyoyin bishiyoyi ya fi banbanci, saboda suna hawa bishiyoyi suna iyo a ƙetaren koguna don abinci. Asali, suna cin ganyen plantain da na dandelion. Wasu lokuta suna farautar katantanwa, ƙwari da ciyawar ciyawa. A lokacin bazara, lokacin da ake samun abinci kaɗan, sukan hau bishiyoyin apple, peach, mulberries kuma su ci ƙuruciya da baƙi. A cikin lambunan kayan lambu, za a iya kama peas ko wake. Ana samun ruwa daga tsire-tsire ko ta hanyar tattara raɓa da safe. Ba sa tara komai a lokacin hunturu.
A hanyoyi da yawa, abincin marmot iri ɗaya ne, wasu abinci da ke cikin wasu yankuna ya bambanta. Wadansu na iya afkawa gonakin kayan lambu na mutane, wasu kuma suna cin nama daga dangin da aka kama. Amma abin da ya hada su shi ne cewa tushen abincin shine tsire-tsire, musamman ganyensu, tushensu, furanninsu.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Baibaks, bayan sun fito daga rashin bacci, sun yi ƙiba sun fara gyara burbushin su. Aikin zai fara kai tsaye daga fitowar rana kuma ya ƙare ne kawai bayan faɗuwar rana. Dabbobin suna da ma'amala da jama'a sosai: suna sanya waƙoƙi yayin da sauran suke ciyarwa. Idan akwai haɗari, suna sanar da sauran game da barazanar da ke tafe, kuma kowa ya ɓoye. Yawancin halittun salama waɗanda ba sa yawan faɗa.
Har ila yau, marmot masu dadi suna raye-raye ne wadanda suke ciyarwa, kamar yadda kuka sani, akan tsirrai. Lonungiyoyinsu suna da girma sosai kuma galibi suna wuce mutane 30. Don haka, duk wannan garken yana da girman hekta 13-14 kuma yana da shugaba: marmot baligi, mata 2-3 da kuma manyan samari har zuwa shekaru biyu. Burrows sun fi na bobaks sauki kuma suna da rami ɗaya zurfin zurfin mita 1-2. Amma yawansu ya haura dari.
Woodchucks suna da hankali sosai kuma ba safai suke kaura daga burbushin su ba. An shirya wuraren bazara a wuraren da ke da haske. Burukan hunturu suna ɓoye a cikin dazuzzuka a gefen tsaunuka. Ba kamar marmoti masu launin toka ba, waɗanda ke dazuzzuka suna gina hadadden tsari na hudaya, wanda wani lokacin suna da ramuka fiye da 10 da kilogiram 300 na ƙasar da aka jefar. Suna jagorantar zaman dirshan, salon rayuwa mara kyau.
Hanyar rayuwa ta dogara da yankin da marmot suke rayuwa fiye da abincin da suke ci. Wasu suna rayuwa tare da mata daban da juna, wasu kuma sun ɓata cikin rundunar mutane 35. Wasu suna haƙa ramuka masu sauƙi, yayin da wasu ke shirin yin sarkakiya, suna mai da hankali kan hanyoyin fita daga gaggawa da bayan gida.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
A farkon bazara, lokacin saduwa yana farawa don bobaks. Tsawon lokacin daukar ciki bai wuce wata daya ba. An haifi yara 3-6. Yaran da aka haifa basu da yawa kuma basu da kariya, saboda haka iyayensu suna kula dasu cikin matukar damuwa a matakan farko na rayuwa. Mata na tuka mazan zuwa wasu burukan na tsawon lokacin ciyarwar. A ƙarshen bazara, ƙananan kwari sukan fara cin ciyawa.
Mata masu farin gashi masu launin toka suna haihuwar 4a 4a 4 zuwa 5 jim kaɗan fiye da bobaks - wannan taron ya faɗi ne a ƙarshen bazara ko farkon bazara. Ciki kuma yakan dauki kimanin wata daya. Yaran marmot masu launin toka sun kasance a baya kuma a cikin sati na uku sun riga sun fita zuwa farfajiya, suna da gashi kuma suna fara yaye kansu daga ciyar da madara.
Idan mata masu farin gashi masu launin toka sun ba da damar maza su taimaka musu a lokacin da suke da juna biyu, kuma matan bobaks suna kora maza zuwa wasu bururbuka, to, bishiyun masu juna biyu suna da tsananin tashin hankali har ma wakilan garkensu dole su tsere. Ba abin mamaki bane cewa maza suna barin nan da nan bayan ɗaukar ciki, ko kuma a'a, ana korarsu.
Tsintsayen bishiyun daji sun fi aminci ga juna da nutsuwa, suna barin maƙwabtansu cikin kabarinsu. Wasu lokuta ba sa tsoma baki tare da masu kutse ta hanyar badgers ko wasu dabbobin. Mata daga waɗannan dabbobin abokantaka suna haihuwar yara 4-5, wani lokacin ma har 9!
Abokan gaba na marmot
Marmot da kansu basa haifar da haɗari ga kowa; a cikin al'amuran da ba safai ba, kwari ko katantanwa bazai yuwu ba. Saboda haka, duk mafarautan da zasu iya haduwa dasu suna farautar su. Matsayin marmot wanda ba zai yiwu ba ya kara tsanantawa ne saboda basu mallaki wasu halaye na zahiri ba: gudun, karfi, motsawa, guba, da sauransu. Amma galibi galibi ana adana su ta hanyar hankalin ƙungiyar da kula da juna.
Baibaks na iya mutuwa a cikin bakin kerkeci ko ƙura, wanda zai iya hawa cikin rami. A farfajiya, yayin ciyarwa, ko ɗumi ɗumi a rana, tsuntsayen ganima na iya kai hari: gaggafa, shaho, farauta. Hakanan, tsutsotsi masu tsalle-tsalle sukan zama ganima ga corsacs, badgers da ferrets, waɗanda miliyoyin shekarun da suka gabata sun fito daga kakanin ɗaya tare da marmots. Hakanan Woodchucks yana da saukin kamuwa da yawancin maharan masu haɗari.
Sauran ana kara su zuwa duk wadanda aka ambata:
- cougars;
- lynx;
- martens;
- Da Biya;
- tsuntsaye;
- manyan macizai.
Predananan masu farauta na iya kai hari ga yara a cikin burodi. Kodayake a mafi yawan yankunan noma, ba su da wata barazana, saboda mutane suna lalata ko kuma kori abokan gaba. Amma sai kuma aka kara karnuka da suka bata cikin nau'ikan barazanar. Sabili da haka, tsammanin marmot ba haske bane. Baya ga ayyukan lalata mutane, dabbobi da yawa suna farautar dabbobi marasa lahani. Saboda wannan, yawancin jinsuna, kamar su marmot-steppe marmots, suna fuskantar koma baya mai ƙarfi, kuma aikin mutum ne ya hana hakan.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Marmot wasu nau'ikan halittu ne wadanda suka bazu a duk fadin duniya. Suna rayuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban kuma sun haɓaka dabaru daban-daban na sadarwar zamantakewa, kiwon zuriya, samun abinci kuma, mafi mahimmanci, kariya daga ɓarayin cikin gida waɗanda ke ɗokin tura su zuwa duniya ta gaba. Duk wannan ya rinjayi yankin daidaitawar wakilan jinsuna da lambar su.
Baibaks ba nau'in haɗari bane, kodayake lambar su a cikin 40-50s na karnin da ya gabata ya ragu sosai. Godiya ga ayyukan haɗin kai, ya yiwu ya dakatar da ɓatar da waɗannan dabbobin. Kodayake a wasu yankuna suna dab da halaka. Alamar yankin Luhansk tana cikin littafin Red Book na yankin Kharkiv a Ukraine da yankin Ulyanovsk a Rasha a 2013.
Har ila yau, mambobi na Mongoliya ba su da yawa kuma an lasafta su a cikin Littafin Ja na Rasha. An kiyasta cewa kimanin miliyan 10 ne kawai suka rage, wanda wannan adadi ne mai matukar yawa. Ayyuka na kariya da maidowa dangane da jinsin suna da rikitarwa saboda gaskiyar cewa sune masu ɗauke da annobar.
Mazaunan Arewacin Amurka: Grey da furfura masu furfura suna ƙaruwa ne kawai a kan lokaci. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa sun koyi daidaitawa da mutane fiye da sauran marmot. Nitsar da ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da raguwa a cikin bobaks, yana ƙara adadin abincin dabbobi ne kawai. Hakanan, a lokacin yunwa, suna ciyar da shuke-shuke waɗanda suka yi girma a cikin lambuna, lambunan kayan lambu da filaye.
Wasu marmot suna buƙatar kiyayewa da kyau don kar su ɓace, wasu kawai don tsoma baki, kuma za su murmure da kansu, wasu sun koyi daidaitawa da cutar ɗan adam, wasu ma har sun amfana da shi. Sabili da haka, irin wannan bambancin mai ƙarfi na jinsin ya dogara da halaye na farko da ikon sake ginawa zuwa sababbin yanayi.
Marmotsi masu cin ganyayyaki ne waɗanda ke cin ganye, tushensu da furannin shuke-shuke, kodayake wasu suna cin nama a cikin bauta. Wasu daga cikinsu suna rayuwa cikin manyan garken, yayin da wasu suka fi son kadaici. Suna zaune ne a mafi yawan nahiyoyin duniya a cikin jinsin jinsunan daban. A kallon farko, suna kama da juna, amma akan cikakken nazari, sun sha bamban.
Ranar bugawa: 25.01.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 17.09.2019 a 9:25
