Ofayan largea largean manyan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda suka dace da rayuwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Baya ga musk (musk ox), barewa ne ke zaune a wurin koyaushe.
Bayanin bijimin musk
Ovibos moschatus, ko musk ox, memba ne na umarnin artiodactyl kuma shi kadai ne, ban da nau'ikan burbushin halittu guda 2, wakilin jinsi Ovibos (musk ox) na dangin bovid. Halin halittar Ovibos na dangin gidan Caprinae ne (awaki), wanda kuma ya hada da tumaki da awaki..
Yana da ban sha'awa!An san Takin a matsayin dangi mafi kusa na musk ox.
Koyaya, bijimin musk ya fi kamar bijimi ɗan akuya ta yanayin jikinsa: an kammala wannan bayan nazarin jiki da gabobin ciki na musk. Ana iya gano kusancin da tumaki a cikin yanayin halittar jikin mutum da kuma yanayin yadda yake, da kuma bijimai - a tsarin haƙori da kwanyar mutum.
Bayyanar
Saboda juyin halitta, musk maski ya sami halayyar waje ta yanayin mawuyacin rayuwa. Don haka, ba shi da sassan jikin da ke fitowa don rage zafin rana a cikin sanyi, amma yana da dogon gashi mai kauri, wanda giviot ke samar da kayan aikinsa na zafin jiki mai zafi (wanda yake dumama sau 8 fiye da na tumaki). Shanu miski dabba ce mai kayatarwa wacce ke da babban kai da gajere a wuya, wanda ya cika da gashi mai yalwa, wanda ya sa ya zama kamar ya fi shi girma.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Girman babban bishiyar musk a bushe yana kan matsakaita 1.3-1.4 m tare da nauyin 260 zuwa 650 kg. Shanu na musk ya haɓaka tsokoki, inda jimlar tsoka ta kai kusan 20% na nauyin jikin ta.
Gaban bakin bakin ba tsirara ba ne, kamar na shanu, amma an rufe shi da gajerun gashi. Faɗakarwar kunnuwa masu kusurwa uku ba koyaushe ake rarrabewa da gashin matsu ba. An rufe ƙafafu masu ƙarfi da Jawo har zuwa kofato, kuma ƙoshin bayan baya kankanta daga na gaba. Lostuntataccen jelar ya ɓace a cikin suturar kuma galibi ba a bayyane ba.
Yanayi ya baiwa bijimin musk da ƙahonin kamannin sikila, masu faɗi kuma wrinkram a gindi (a goshinta), inda wata tsaka tsaka ta rabu da su. Bugu da ari, kowane kaho sannu a hankali yana zama siriri, yana sauka, yana lankwasawa kusa da wurin kusa da idanun kuma tuni daga kumatun da ke hanzarin zuwa waje tare da lankwasawar. Saho wanda yake da santsi da zagaye a ɓangaren giciye (ban da ɓangaren gabansu) na iya zama launin toka, launin shuɗi ko launin ruwan kasa, yin duhu zuwa baƙi a dubansu.
Launin bijimin musk ya mamaye launin ruwan kasa mai duhu (saman) da baƙin-launin ruwan kasa (ƙasa) tare da wuri mai walƙiya a tsakiyar dutsen. Ana ganin gashi mai sauƙi a ƙafafu wani lokacin kuma a goshin. Tsawon rigar ya bambanta daga 15 cm a baya zuwa 0.6-0.9 m akan ciki da kuma gefuna. Lokacin kallon bijimin miski, da alama an jefar da poncho mai ɗanɗano a kansa, rataye kusan a ƙasa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! A cikin ƙirƙirar rigar, nau'ikan gashi guda 8 (!) Suna da hannu, godiya ga abin da gashin sa na musk ke da halaye na keɓaɓɓu na yanayin zafin jiki, ya fi kowace dabba a duniya.
A lokacin hunturu, fur din yana da kauri da tsawo musamman; narkewa yana faruwa a lokacin dumi kuma yana farawa daga Mayu zuwa Yuli (hada).
Salon rayuwa, hali
Shanu na musk ya saba da yanayin sanyi kuma yana jin daɗi a cikin hamadar polar da arctic tundras. Zaɓi mazauni dangane da yanayi da samuwar wani abinci: a lokacin hunturu sau da yawa yakan tafi kan tsaunuka, inda iska takan kwashe dusar ƙanƙara daga gangaren, kuma a lokacin rani tana gangarowa zuwa kwaruruka masu yawa da filaye a cikin tundra.
Hanyar rayuwa tana kama da tumaki, suna jujjuya a cikin kananan garken maza da mata, a lokacin bazara 4-10, a lokacin hunturu kawuna 12-50. Maza a lokacin bazara / bazara suna ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi masu jinsi guda ko kuma su zauna kai kaɗai (irin waɗannan heran matan sune 9% na yawan mutanen yankin).
Yankin makiyaya na lokacin sanyi na garken shanu bai wuce kilomita 50 ba a matsakaici, amma tare da rani na rani ya kai kilomita 200²... Don neman abinci, jagora ko babba saniya ke jagorantar garken, amma a cikin mawuyacin hali, sa ne kawai zai ɗauki nauyin 'yan uwan. Shanun musk suna tafiya a hankali, suna saurin zuwa 40 km / h idan ya cancanta kuma suna rufe manyan nisan. Shanun maski suna da rauni sosai a hawa kan duwatsu. Ba kamar mai ba da dadewa ba, ba sa yin dogon lokaci na yanayi, amma suna ƙaura daga Satumba zuwa Mayu, suna ci gaba da yankin. A lokacin dumi, ana cinye abinci da hutawa sau 6-9 a rana.
Mahimmanci! A cikin hunturu, dabbobi galibi suna hutawa ko barci, suna narkar da ciyawar da aka samu daga ƙarƙashin sako-sako, har zuwa zurfin rabin mita, dusar ƙanƙara. Lokacin da guguwar Arctic ta tashi, shanu miski suna kwance tare da bayansu ga iska. Ba sa jin tsoron sanyi, amma manyan dusar ƙanƙara suna da haɗari, musamman waɗanda ke daure da kankara.
Shanu na musk yana da manyan idanu waɗanda suke taimakawa wajen gane abubuwa a cikin dare, kuma sauran hankulan suna haɓaka sosai. Gaskiya ne, bijimin musk bashi da ƙamshin ƙanshi kamar na maƙwabcinsa a kan tundra (reindeer), amma saboda shi dabbobi suna jin kusancin mafarauta kuma suna samun shuke-shuke a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara. Siginar murya yana da sauƙi: manya suna yin nishi / firgita lokacin da suka firgita, maza suna ruri a kan faɗa, ma'anar maruƙa, suna kiran mahaifiyarsu.
Har yaushe naman muski ke rayuwa
Wakilan jinsunan suna rayuwa a matsakaita na shekaru 11-14, a ƙarƙashin kyakkyawan yanayi, kusan ninki biyu na wannan lokacin kuma suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 23-24.
Jima'i dimorphism
Bambance-bambance, gami da na anatomical, tsakanin namiji da mace na miski suna da mahimmanci. A cikin daji, maza suna samun nauyin kilogiram 350-400 tare da tsayi a bushe har zuwa 1.5 m da kuma tsawon jiki na 2.1-2.6 m, yayin da mata ke lura da ƙarancin a bushe (har zuwa 1.2 m) kuma ya fi guntu tsayi (1 , 9-2.4 m) tare da nauyi daidai da 60% na matsakaicin nauyin namiji. A cikin bauta, yawan dabbobi yana ƙaruwa sosai: a cikin namiji har zuwa 650-700 kg, a mace har zuwa 300 kilogiram da ƙari.
Yana da ban sha'awa! An yi wa wakilan jinsi biyu ado da ƙaho, duk da haka, ƙahonin maza koyaushe suna da ƙarfi kuma sun fi tsayi, har zuwa 73 cm, yayin da ƙahonin mata kusan ninki biyu (har zuwa 40 cm).
Kari akan haka, kahonnin mata ba su da takamaiman kawancen dunkulewa kusa da gindin, amma suna da yankin fata tsakanin kahonin da farin fulawa ke tsirowa. Hakanan, mata suna da ƙaramin nono tare da nono guda biyu (tsayin 3.5-4.5 cm), sun cika da gashi mai haske.
Bambanci tsakanin jinsi kuma ana iya gani a lokacin balagar haihuwa. Macen musk mace na samun haihuwa har zuwa shekara 2, amma tare da ciyarwa mai gina jiki a shirye take don yin takin har ma da wuri, a watanni 15-17. Maza sun balaga da jimawa kafin shekaru 2-3.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Matsakaicin asalin musk ya rufe iyakokin Arctic na Eurasia mara iyaka, daga ina, tare da Bering Isthmus (wanda ya taɓa haɗa Chukotka da Alaska), dabbobin sun yi ƙaura zuwa Arewacin Amurka kuma daga baya zuwa Greenland. Ana samun burbushin shanu na musk daga Siberia zuwa latitude na Kiev (kudu), haka nan a Faransa, Jamus da Burtaniya.
Mahimmanci! Babban abin da ya kawo raguwar kewayon da yawan shanu na musk shine dumamar yanayi, wanda hakan ya haifar da narkewar ruwan tekun na Polar, karuwa a tsawo / yawan dusar dusar kankara da fadamar tundra steppe.
A yau, shanu masu musk suna zaune a Arewacin Amurka (arewacin 60 ° N), a kan Greenel da ƙasar Parry, a yamma / gabas Greenland da kuma a arewacin tekun Greenland (83 ° N). Har zuwa 1865, dabbobi suna zaune a arewacin Alaska, inda aka hallaka su gaba ɗaya. A cikin 1930, an kawo su Alaska, a cikin 1936 - zuwa kusan. Nunivak, a cikin 1969 - game da. Nelson a cikin Tekun Bering kuma ɗayan ɗayan ajiya a Alaska.
Shanu na musk ya sami tushe sosai a waɗannan wuraren, wanda ba za a iya faɗi game da Iceland, Norway da Sweden ba, inda gabatarwar nau'in ya gaza.... An sake fara sake bayyana bijimai na miski a Rasha: shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, kimanin dabbobi dubu 8 suka rayu a cikin Taimyr tundra, an kidaya kan 850 game da. Wrangel, sama da dubu 1 - a Yakutia, sama da 30 - a yankin Magadan da kusan dozin 8 - a Yamal.
Abincin musk
Wannan ƙirar ganyayyaki ce ta yau da kullun wacce ta sami damar daidaitawa zuwa ƙananan abincin abincin Arctic mai sanyi. Lokacin rani na Arctic yana ɗaukar weeksan makonni kaɗan, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa shanu masu musk su zauna don busassun ciyayi a ƙarƙashin dusar ƙanƙara a mafi yawan shekara.
Abincin bijimin musk yana da tsire-tsire kamar su:
- shrubby Birch / Willow;
- lichens (gami da lichen) da gansakuka;
- sedge, ciki har da ciyawar auduga;
- astragalus da mytnik;
- arctagrostis da arctophila;
- ciyawar kunu (dryad);
- bluegrass (ciyawar reed, ciyawar ciyawa da kyanwa).
A lokacin bazara, har sai dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗo kuma ruttukan aiki sun fara, shanu na musk suna zuwa lasar gishiri na halitta don cike ƙarancin macro- da microelements.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
Rututun yakan kasance daga ƙarshen Yuli zuwa tsakiyar Oktoba, amma wani lokacin yakan canza saboda yanayi a watan Satumba-Disamba... Duk mata na garken, a shirye suke don saduwa, ɗa namiji ne ya mamaye su.
Kuma kawai a cikin garken tumaki da yawa, ɗayan biyun da yawa sun ɗauki matsayin magadan jinsi. A cikin yaƙin da ake yi wa mace, masu ƙalubalanci galibi suna taƙaitawa ne don nuna barazanar, gami da sunkuyar da kai, sara, ruri da kofato a doron ƙasa.
Idan abokin hamayyar bai daina ba, yaƙin gaske zai fara - bijimai, suna yada 30-50 m, suna gudu zuwa ga juna, suna kaɗa kawunansu wuri ɗaya (wani lokacin har sau 40). Wanda ya kayar ya yi ritaya, amma a wasu lokuta ma ya mutu a fagen fama. Ciki yana ɗaukar watanni 8-8.5, yana ƙarewa a bayyanar ɗiya ɗaya (mafi sau da yawa tagwaye) masu nauyin kilogram 7-8. Bayan 'yan awanni bayan haihuwa, maraƙin na iya bin uwa. A cikin kwanaki 2 na farko, mace tana ciyar da jaririnta sau 8-18, tana ba wannan aikin duka na mintuna 35-50. Ana amfani da ɗan maraƙi ɗan sati biyu a shayar sau 4-8 a rana, ɗan maraƙi na wata sau 1-6.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Saboda yawan (11%) mai da ke cikin madara, 'yan maruƙa suna girma cikin sauri, suna samun kilogiram 40-45 a cikin watanni 2. A watannin su huɗu, suna yin nauyi zuwa 70-75 kilogiram, a cikin watanni shida zuwa shekara suna da nauyin kilogram 80 zuwa 95, kuma da shekara 2 aƙalla 140-180 kg.
Ciyar da madara yakan kai tsawon watanni 4, amma wani lokacin yakan kai shekara 1 ko fiye, misali, a cikin matan da suka haihu a makare. Tuni yana da shekara ɗaya, ɗan maraƙin yana gwada ganshin nama da ciyawar ciyawa, kuma bayan wata ɗaya sai ya canza sheka zuwa ciyawar ciyawa, wanda ake haɗawa da madarar uwa.
Saniya tana kula da maraƙin har na tsawon watanni 12. Avesan shanu suna haɗuwa don wasa, wanda ke tara mata kai tsaye kuma yana haifar da samuwar ƙungiyar shanu tare da ƙananan dabbobi. A cikin wuraren ciyarwa masu yalwa, zuriya suna fitowa kowace shekara, a yankunan ƙananan abinci - rabin sau da yawa, bayan shekara guda. Duk da yawan maza / mata a tsakanin jariran da aka haifa, amma a kowane lokaci akwai bijimai fiye da shanu a cikin manya.
Makiya na halitta
Shanun maski suna da ƙarfi da ƙarfi don magance abokan gaba na al'ada, waɗanda suka haɗa da:
- kerkeci;
- bears (launin ruwan kasa da fari);
- wolverines;
- mutum.
Ganin haɗari, sannu a hankali shanun musk sun shiga cikin jirgi suna gudu, amma idan wannan ya faskara, manya suna yin da'irar, suna ɓoye maruƙan a bayan bayayyakinsu. Lokacin da mai farauta ya zo, ɗayan bijimin ya ƙi shi kuma ya sake komawa garken shanu. Kariyar kowane zagaye tana da tasiri a kan dabbobi, amma kwata-kwata ba shi da amfani har ma da cutarwa yayin da garken ya hadu da mafarauta, wadanda ma sun fi jin dadin buga wata babbar manufa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
An saka bijimin musk a cikin IUCN Red List a ƙarƙashin matsayin "ƙaramin damuwa", amma duk da haka an bayyana cewa yana da nau'in kariya a cikin Arctic.... A cewar IUCN, yawan mutanen duniya na musk na kusan 134-137 dubu manya dabbobi. Alaska (2001-2005) gida ne ga shanu 3,714 da aka gani daga tashoshin sama da na ƙasa. Dangane da ƙididdigar IUCN, yawan dabbobi a cikin Greenland (ya zuwa shekarar 1991) sunkai dabbobi dubu 9.5 da 12.5.5. A Nunavut, akwai shanun musk dubu 45.3, wanda dubu 35 daga cikinsu ke rayuwa ne kawai a tsibirin Arctic.
A yankunan arewa maso yamma na Kanada, daga 1991 zuwa 2005, akwai shanu 75,400 na musk, mafi rinjaye (93%) daga cikinsu suna zaune cikin manyan tsibiran Arctic.
Babban barazanar da ake yi wa jinsin an gane:
- farautar farauta;
- icing na dusar ƙanƙara;
- predation na grizzly bears da kyarketai (Arewacin Amurka);
- dumamar yanayi.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Mafarauta suna farautar shanun musk don naman da yake kama da naman shanu da mai (har zuwa kashi 30% na nauyin jiki), wanda dabbobi ke ciyarwa don hunturu. Bugu da kari, kimanin kilo 3 na dumi mai dumi ana yanko shi daga sa daya miski.
Masana ilmin namun daji sun kirga cewa saboda dusar kankara, wanda bai ba shi damar kutsawa zuwa yankin ba, har zuwa kashi 40% na dabbobin da ke wasu tsibiran Arctic suna mutuwa a lokacin hunturu. A cikin Greenland, yawancin dabbobi ana kiyaye su a cikin iyakokin National Park, inda ake kiyaye su daga farauta. Shanun maski da ke zaune a kudancin wurin shakatawa ana harbe su ne kawai a kan adadin kuɗi.
