Karkataccen "spiny" kadangaru mai suna Stegosaurus ya zama alama ta Colorado (Amurka) a cikin 1982 kuma har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan shahararrun dinosaur da ke zaune a duniyarmu.
Bayanin stegosaurus
An san shi saboda wutsiyarta da ta karye da garkuwoyin ƙashi waɗanda ke tafiya tare da baya.... Lizan rufin (Stegosaurus) - wanda ake kira dutsen burbushin halittar ta mai gano shi, yana haɗa kalmomin Girka biyu (στέγος "rufi" da "σαῦρος kadangaru"). Stegosaurs an lasafta su azaman ornithischians kuma suna wakiltar jinsin dinosaur na herbivorous wadanda suka rayu a zamanin Jurassic, kimanin shekaru miliyan 155-145 da suka gabata.
Bayyanar
Stegosaurus ya ba da mamaki ga tunanin ba kawai tare da kasusuwan "mohawk" wanda ya sanya rawanin dutsen ba, har ma da yanayin aikinsa wanda ba daidai ba - kai ya kusan ɓacewa a bayan wani babban jiki. Smallaramin kai mai kaifin baki a bakin wata doguwar wuya, kuma gajerun maƙogwaron ƙarewa ya cika da baki mai ban tsoro. Akwai jere guda ɗaya na aiki haƙoƙi a cikin bakin, wanda, yayin da suka tsufa, ya canza zuwa wasu, waɗanda suka fi zama cikin zurfin bakin.
Siffar haƙoran sun ba da shaidar yanayin abubuwan da ake so na gastronomic - tsire-tsire iri-iri. Limarfin goshi mai ƙarfi da gajere yana da yatsu 5, ya bambanta da na baya-baya-uku. Bugu da kari, gaɓoɓin baya sun fi tsayi da ƙarfi, wanda ke nufin cewa stegosaurus na iya ɗagawa kuma ya dogara da su yayin ciyarwa. An yi wa wutsiyar ado da manya-manyan spikes guda huɗu masu tsayin 0.60-0.9 m.
Farantin
Theungiyoyin da aka nuna a cikin sifofin manyan katako ana ɗaukarsu mafi kyawun fasalin Stegosaurus. Adadin faranti ya banbanta daga 17 zuwa 22, kuma mafi yawansu (60 * 60 cm) suna kusa da kwatangwalo. Duk waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin rarrabuwa na stegosaurus sun yarda cewa faranti sun bi ta baya a cikin layuka 2, amma sun yi muhawara game da wurin su (layi ɗaya ko zigzag).
Farfesa Charles Marsh, wanda ya gano stegosaurus, ya dade yana da yakinin cewa garkuwar jaraba wani nau'in harsashi ne na kariya, wanda, ba kamar kunkuru ba, ba ya rufe dukkan jiki, amma baya kawai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Masana kimiyya sun yi watsi da wannan sigar a cikin shekarun 1970, inda suka gano cewa ƙahonin ƙahonin suna cike da jijiyoyin jini da yanayin zafin jikinsu. Wato, sun taka rawar masu daidaita yanayin zafin jiki, kamar kunnuwa giwa ko filawar spinosaurus da dimetrodon.
Af, wannan tunanin ne ya taimaka ya tabbatar da cewa farantin ƙashin baya daidaita ba, amma ya cicciɓe tudun stegosaurus a cikin tsarin bincike.
Girman Stegosaurus
Tsarin karya dokar stegosaurs, tare da kadangarar rufin kanta, ya hada da centrosaurus da hesperosaurus, kwatankwacin na farko a cikin ilimin halittar jiki da kuma ilimin kimiyyar lissafi, amma ba shi da girma. Wani babban stegosaurus ya girma zuwa 7-9 m tsawon kuma har zuwa 4 m (gami da faranti) a tsayi, tare da nauyin kimanin tan 3-5.
Brain
Wannan dodo mai tarin-yawa yana da kunkuntar, karamin kwanyar, daidai da ta babban kare, wanda a ciki aka sanya medulla mai nauyin 70 g (kamar babban goro).
Mahimmanci! An fahimci kwakwalwar stegosaurus a matsayin mafi kankanta a tsakanin dukkan dinosaur, idan muka yi la’akari da matsayin kwakwalwa zuwa girman jiki. Farfesa C. Marsh, wanda shi ne ya fara gano rashin jituwa ta jikin mutum, ya yanke shawarar cewa da kyar ne stegosaurs za su haskaka da hankali, suna iyakance kan dabarun rayuwa masu sauki.
Ee, a zahiri, matakai masu zurfin tunani ba su da amfani ga wannan herbivore: stegosaurus ba ya rubuta takaddun shaida, amma kawai yana taunawa, yana barci, yin kwafa kuma lokaci-lokaci yana kare kansa daga abokan gaba. Gaskiya ne, har yanzu faɗan ya buƙaci ɗan dabaru, duk da cewa a matakin tunani ne, kuma masana binciken burbushin halittu sun yanke shawarar danƙa wannan manufa ga babbar ƙwaƙwalwar.
Tsarkakar al'aura
Marsh ta gano shi a cikin yankin ƙashin ƙugu kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa a nan ne babban abin da ke cikin kwakwalwar stegosaurus ya tattara, ya ninka na kwakwalwa sau 20. Mafi yawan masana burbushin halittu sun goyi bayan C. Marsh ta hanyar haɗa wannan ɓangaren na laka (wanda ya cire kayan daga kai) tare da ƙyamar yanayin stegosaurus. Bayan haka, ya zama cewa an lura da kaurin yanayin a yankin na sacrum a yawancin sauropods, da kuma cikin layin tsuntsayen zamani. Yanzu an tabbatar da cewa a cikin wannan ɓangaren ɓangaren kashin baya akwai jikin glycogen wanda ke ba da glycogen ga tsarin juyayi, amma ba ya motsa ayyukan tunani ta kowace hanya.
Salon rayuwa, hali
Wasu masana ilimin halitta sunyi imanin cewa stegosaurs dabbobi ne na jama'a kuma suna rayuwa a cikin garken shanu, wasu (suna nufin watsewar ragowar) suna cewa kadangaren rufin ya kasance shi kadai. Da farko dai, farfesa Marsh ya sanya stegosaurus a matsayin dinosaur mai kafa biyu saboda gaskiyar cewa gabobin bayan dinosaur din sun fi karfi kuma sun kusan ninnin biyu.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Daga nan sai Marsh ya watsar da wannan sigar, ya karkata zuwa ga wani ra'ayi na daban - stegosaurs da gaske suna tafiya a kan ƙafafunsu na baya na ɗan lokaci, wanda ya haifar da raguwar na gaba, amma daga baya sun sake komawa kan ƙafafun biyu.
Motsawa akan gabobi huɗu, stegosaurs, idan ya cancanta, sun miƙe akan ƙafafunsu na baya domin katse ganye akan dogayen rassa. Wasu masana kimiyyar halitta sun yi amannar cewa stegosaurs, wadanda ba su da kwakwalwar da ta ci gaba, na iya jefa kansu ga duk wata halitta mai rai da ta shigo fagensu na hangen nesa.
Da dukkan alama, ornithosaurs (dryosaurs da otnielia) sun yi yawo a kan dugadugansu, suna cin kwari ba da gangan ta hanyar stegosaurs. Kuma kuma game da faranti - suna iya tsoratar da masu lalata (ta yadda za su faɗaɗa stegosaurus), a yi amfani da su a wasannin da suke haɗuwa, ko kuma kawai a gano mutanen da suke jinsinsu a tsakanin sauran dinosaur ɗin na ciyawar.
Tsawon rayuwa
Ba a san takamaiman tsawon lokacin stegosaurs ya rayu ba.
Stegosaurus jinsuna
Jinsi uku ne kawai aka gano a cikin jinsin halittar Stegosaurus (sauran suna kawo shakku tsakanin masana burbushin halittu):
- Stegosaurus ungulatus - An bayyana shi a cikin 1879 daga faranti, sassan jela tare da kashin baya 8, da kasusuwa na gaɓa da aka samo a Wyoming. An sake gano kwarangwal na S. ungulatus 1910, wanda ke cikin Gidan Tarihi na Peabody, daga waɗannan burbushin;
- Stegosaurus stenops - wanda aka bayyana a shekarar 1887 daga kusan kwarangwal mai kwalliya, wanda aka samo shekara guda a baya a cikin Colorado. An rarraba jinsunan ne bisa ga gutsuttsura manya da yara 50 da aka tono a Utah, Wyoming da Colorado. A cikin 2013 an yarda da shi azaman babban holotype na jinsi Stegosaurus;
- Stegosaurus sulcatus - an bayyana shi daga kwarangwal mara cika a 1887. Ya banbanta da sauran jinsunan biyu ta wata babbar ƙayayuwa da ke girma a cinya da kafaɗa. A baya can, an ɗauka cewa karuwar yana kan jela.
Hakanan ma'ana, ko ba a san shi ba, jinsunan stegosaurus sun haɗa da:
- Stegosaurus ungulatus;
- Stegosaurus sulcatus;
- Stegosaurus seeleyanus;
- Stegosaurus laticeps;
- Stegosaurus affinis;
- Stegosaurus madagascariensis;
- Stegosaurus priscus;
- Stegosaurus marshi.
Tarihin ganowa
Duniya ta koya game da stegosaurus albarkacin farfesa a Jami’ar Yale Charles Marsh, wanda ya zo da kwarangwal na dabbar da ba a san ilimin kimiyya ba a lokacin da aka haƙa a cikin 1877 a Colorado (arewacin garin Morrison).
Stegosaurs a duniyar kimiyya
Kwancen stegosaurus ne, mafi dacewa da stegosaurus armatus, wanda masanin burbushin halittu ya ɗauka don tsohuwar nau'in kunkuru.... Garkuwar dorsal gwanaye ta ɓatar da masanin kimiyya, wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin ɓangaren ɓarkewar hanyar carapace. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aiki a yankin bai tsaya ba, kuma sabbin dinosaur din da suka mutu na jinsi daya da Stegosaurus Armatus, amma tare da dan bambancin tsarin kasusuwa, an jefar dasu saman.
C. Marsh yayi aiki dare da rana, kuma tsawon shekaru takwas (daga 1879 zuwa 1887) ya bayyana nau'ikan stegosaurus guda shida, yana dogaro da gutsurarrun kwarangwal da ƙasusuwan kasusuwa. A cikin 1891, an gabatar da jama'a tare da sake fasalin zane na farko na jester rufin, wanda masanin burbushin halittu ya sake kirkira tsawon shekaru.
Mahimmanci! A cikin 1902, wani Ba'amurke masanin binciken burbushin halittu Frederick Lucas ya fasa ka'idar Charles Marsh cewa faranti na stegosaurus ya kirkiri wani irin rufin kwano kuma kawai harsashi ne da ba a bunkasa ba.
Ya gabatar da nasa tunanin, wanda ya ce garkuwar-fatar (wadda aka tsara ta da kaifi) ya bi ta kashin baya a cikin layuka 2 daga kai zuwa wutsiya, inda suka kare a cikin kashin baya. Lucas ne kuma ya yarda cewa faranti masu fa'ida sun kare bayan stegosaurus daga hare-hare daga sama, gami da hare-haren kadangaru masu fika-fikai.
Gaskiya ne, bayan ɗan lokaci, Lucas ya gyara ra'ayinsa game da wurin da faranti yake, yana tsammani sun canza cikin tsarin abin dubawa, kuma basu shiga layuka biyu masu layi ɗaya ba (kamar yadda yayi zato a baya). A cikin 1910, kusan nan da nan bayan wannan bayanin, akwai musantawa daga farfesa na Jami'ar Yale Richard Lall, wanda ya bayyana cewa rikicewar farantin farantin ba rayuwa ba ce, amma ya faru ne sakamakon ƙaurawar abubuwan da suka rage a cikin ƙasa.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Lall ya zama mai sha'awar shiga cikin sake gina stegosaurus na farko a Peabody Museum of Natural History, kuma ya nace akan tsari mai kama da juna na garkuwar kan kwarangwal (bisa asalin ka'idar Lucas).
A cikin 1914, wani masani, Charles Gilmore, ya shiga cikin rikici, yana mai bayyana umarnin dara na allon bayanan ya zama cikakke na halitta. Gilmore ya binciko kwarangwal da yawa na kadangarun rufin da kuma binne su a cikin kasa, ba tare da samun wata hujja ba cewa wasu dalilai na waje sun canza faranti.
Tattaunawar kimiyya mai tsawo, wanda ya ɗauki kusan shekaru 50, ya ƙare a cikin nasarar da ba ta da ƙa'ida ta C. Gilmore da F. Lucas - a cikin 1924, an yi gyare-gyare a cikin kwafin da aka sake ginawa na Gidan Tarihi na Peabody, kuma ana ganin wannan kwarangwal din stegosaurus daidai ne har zuwa yau. A halin yanzu, ana daukar stegosaurus watakila mafi shahara da kuma sanannen dinosaur na zamanin Jurassic, duk da cewa masana binciken burbushin halittu da kyar suke haduwa da ingantattun ragowar wannan katafaren dutsen.
Stegosaurs a Rasha
A cikin ƙasarmu, kawai samfurin stegosaurus an gano shi a cikin 2005 saboda aikin wahala na masanin burbushin halittu Sergei Krasnolutsky, wanda ya tono yankin Nikolsky na yankin tsakiyar Jurassic vertebrates (gundumar Sharypovsky, Krasnoyarsk Territory).
Yana da ban sha'awa! Ragowar wani stegosaurus, wanda yakai kimanin shekaru miliyan 170 da tsauraran matakai, an samo shi a cikin rami na Berezovsky, raƙuman kwal a cikinsu yana da zurfin zurfin 60-70. fraunƙashin ɓangaren sun fi m 10 fiye da gawayi, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru 8 kafin a samu a mayar.
Don haka kasusuwa, masu rauni daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, ba su narke yayin safara ba, an zuba kowannensu da filastar a wurin fasa dutse, sannan kawai sai a hankali aka cire su daga yashi. A cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, an saka ragowar tare da manne na musamman, bayan an tsabtace su a baya a filastar. Ya dauki wasu shekaru kafin a sake sake gina kwarangwal din stegosaurus na Rasha, wanda tsayinsa yakai hudu kuma tsayinsa ya kasance mita daya da rabi. Wannan samfurin, wanda aka nuna a Krasnoyarsk Museum of Local Lore (2014), ana ɗauka shine cikakken kwarangwal stegosaurus da aka samo a cikin Rasha, duk da cewa bashi da ƙwanƙwan kai.
Stegosaurs a cikin fasaha
Hoton farko na stegosaurus ya bayyana a watan Nuwamba 1884 a cikin shafukan shahararren mujallar kimiyya ta Amurka Scientific American. Marubucin zane-zanen da aka buga shi ne A. Tobin, wanda ya yi kuskuren gabatar da stegosaurus a matsayin dabba mai dogon wuya a kan ƙafafu biyu, wanda aka sanya dutsen da jijiyar wutsiya, da wutsiya - tare da faranti.
An kama ra'ayoyin nasa game da dadadden jinsunan a cikin lithograph na asali da Jamusanci "Theodor Reichard Cocoa Company" ya wallafa (1889). Wadannan zane-zane suna dauke da hotuna daga 1885-1910 ta wasu masu fasaha, daya daga cikinsu shine shahararren masanin halitta kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Berlin, Heinrich Harder.
Yana da ban sha'awa! An hada katunan da aka karba a cikin wani saiti da ake kira "Tiere der Urwelt" (Dabbobi na Duniya na Tarihi) kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su azaman abin dubawa a yau azaman tsofaffi kuma mafi mahimmancin fahimta na dabbobin zamanin, gami da dinosaur.
Hoton farko na stegosaurus, wanda shahararren masanin tarihin nan Charles Robert Knight (wanda ya fara daga maimaitawar kwarangwal na Marsh), aka buga shi a ɗayan fitowar mujallar The Century Magazine a shekarar 1897. Haka zane ya bayyana a cikin littafin Extananan Dabbobi, wanda aka buga a 1906, wanda masanin burbushin halittu Ray Lancaster ya wallafa.
A cikin 1912, Maple White ya ba da aron hoton stegosaurus daga Charles Knight, wanda aka ba shi izinin ya ƙawata littafin almara na kimiyya na Arthur Conan Doyle Loasar da Ta ɓace. A cikin silima, bayyanar stegosaurus tare da shiri biyu na garkuwar dorsal an fara nuna shi a fim ɗin "King Kong", wanda aka ɗauka a cikin 1933.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Idan muna magana ne game da yanki na rarraba stegosaurs a matsayin jinsi (kuma ba babban laifin cin zarafi ba ne), to ya game dukkanin yankin Arewacin Amurka. Yawancin burbushin an samo su a cikin jihohi kamar:
- Colorado;
- Utah;
- Oklahoma;
- Wyoming.
Ragowar dabbobin da suka mutu sun bazu a kan yankin da Amurka ta yanzu take, amma an sami wasu nau'in da ke da alaƙa a Afirka da Eurasia. A waccan lokacin mai nisa, Arewacin Amurka ya kasance aljanna ce ta gaske ga dinosaur: a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa na wurare masu zafi, ciyawar ferns, ciyawar ginkgo da cycads (masu kamanceceniya da dabinon zamani) sun girma.
Stegosaurus abinci
Lyss na rufi sun kasance dinosaur na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire, amma suna jin ƙarancin sauran ornithischs, waɗanda ke da jaws waɗanda ke motsawa a cikin jirage daban-daban da tsarin haƙoran da aka tsara don tauna shuke-shuke. Muƙamuƙin stegosaurus sun yi tafiya a cikin hanya guda, kuma ƙananan hakora ba su dace da tauna ba.
Abincin stegosaurs ya hada da:
- ferns;
- dawakai;
- kayan shafawa;
- cycads.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Stegosaurus yana da hanyoyi 2 don samun abinci: ko dai ta cin ƙananan girma (a matakin kai) ganye / harbe, ko tsayawa a kan ƙafafun kafa na baya, don hawa zuwa sama (a tsawo har zuwa 6 m) rassan.
Yanke tsire-tsire, stegosaurus cikin gwaninta ta amfani da bakinta mai ƙarfi, tauna da haɗiye shuke-shuke yadda ya iya, aika shi zuwa cikin ciki, inda yawon shakatawa ya fara aiki.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A bayyane yake cewa babu wanda ya kalli wasannin dabbar stegosaurs - masana kimiyyar halittu kawai sun ba da shawarar yadda kadangren rufin zai ci gaba da tserensa... Yanayin dumi, a cewar masana kimiyya, ya fi dacewa kusan haifuwa shekara-shekara, wanda a dunkule sharuddan suka yi daidai da haihuwar dabbobi masu rarrafe na zamani. Maza, da ke gwagwarmayar mallakar mace, sun yi kaca-kaca da dangantakar, har suka kai ga fada na jini, yayin da dukkan masu neman aikin suka ji rauni mai tsanani.
Wanda ya ci nasara ya sami damar yin aure. Bayan wani lokaci, mace mai ciki ta sanya ƙwai a cikin ramin da aka riga aka haƙa, ta rufe shi da yashi sannan ta tafi. Cikakken yanayin yana da dumi daga rana mai zafi, kuma a ƙarshe ƙananan ƙananan stegosaurs suka fantsama cikin haske, cikin hanzari suna samun tsayi da nauyi domin saurin haɗuwa da garken iyayen. Manya sun kare samari, suna ba su mafaka a tsakiyar garken idan akwai barazanar waje.
Makiya na halitta
Stegosaurs, musamman ma samari da raunana, irin waɗannan dinosaur masu cin nama, suka yi farautar su, daga abin da yakamata su yaƙi tare da nau'i biyu na wutsiyar wutsiya.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Dalilin kare kashin baya yana da goyan bayan hujjoji 2: kusan 10% na stegosaurs da aka samu suna da raunin wutsiya mara ma'ana, kuma an ga ramuka a cikin kasusuwa / kashin baya na yawancin allosaurs wanda yayi daidai da diamita na spegosaur spines.
Kamar yadda wasu masana binciken burbushin halittu suke zargin, faranti na bayan fage suma sun taimaka don kare kan masu cin abincin.
Gaskiya ne, na ƙarshen ba su da ƙarfi musamman kuma sun bar ɓangarorinsu a buɗe, amma ƙwararrun masu zalunci, da ganin garkuwoyin da ke bugowa, ba tare da jinkiri ba, suka tone su.Yayin da masu farautar suka yi kokarin ma'amala da farantin, sai stegosaurus ya dauki matakin karewa, kafafu a fadace tare da dagawa da wutsiyar wutsiya.
Hakanan zai zama mai ban sha'awa:
- Tarbosaurus (lat. Tarbosaurus)
- Pterodactyl (Latin Pterodactylus)
- Megalodon (lat.Carcharodon megalodon)
Idan karu ya huda jiki ko kuma kashin baya, makiyin da aka raunata a wulakance ya ja da baya, kuma stegosaurus ya ci gaba akan hanyarsa. Hakanan yana yiwuwa faranti, waɗanda ke cike da jijiyoyin jini, a daidai lokacin haɗari ya zama shunayya ya zama kamar harshen wuta. Abokan gaba, suna tsoron wutar daji, suka gudu... Wasu masu bincike sun gamsu da cewa faranti na kasusuwa na stegosaurus suna da yawa, tunda sun hada ayyuka daban-daban.
