Tsuntsun Sparrowhawk. Bayani, fasali, nau'ikan rayuwa, da kuma mazaunin sparrowhawk

Bayani da fasali

Sparrowhawk wani nau'in fuka-fukai ne mai farauta, yana da nau'in shaho. Owedarfafa da alamun alamomin waje waɗanda ke bambanta shi da irin nasa:

• Girman karami
• fikafikan sun fi fadi da gajeru
• wutsiyar ta fi tsayi.

Girman maza daidai yake da girman kurciya, kuma mata sun ɗan fi ƙarancin hankaka. Wannan jinsin ya yadu kuma ya yi karatu tsakanin membobin wannan dangin. Sparrowhawk a cikin hoton yayi kamanceceniya da goshawk, duk da haka, duk siffofin sa suna rarrabewa kai tsaye. Don kar a dame su biyun, kawai kalli wutsiya. A cikin ɗayanmu, ya fi tsayi, taɓarɓarewa zuwa tushe, yayin da a ƙarshen aka yanke shi daidai.

Hawaramin shaho an ba shi da kundin tsarin mulki mai haske, ana rarrabe shi da yatsun hannu masu ƙarfi, tarsus siriri. Launin yatsun kafa da kakin zuma rawaya ne. Tsokokin kafa suna da kyau sosai. Kan yana da siffar zagaye, yayin da kallon tsuntsayen ya fi nutsuwa fiye da na goshawk, bakin duhu matsakaici ne a girma. Launin ido ya banbanta, kuma ya dogara da shekarun mutum:

• Matashi - rawaya
• Manya - lemu
• Tsohuwar itace orange-ja.

Sparrowhawk ya bambanta a cikin mafi shahararrun yanayin jima'i:

• Launin namiji: saman - launin toka mai launin toka, kusa da slate, ƙasa - yatsun jan-lemu mai canzawa zuwa shugabanci, nape - fari, "kunci" - ja, undertail - fari, babu tsinkaye, sama da idanu - gira mai haske.
• Launin mace: ɓangaren sama na sama launin toka mai launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu, ƙananan ɓangaren kuma fari ne mai launin toka-toka kuma ya jujjuya duhu, baya na kai fari ne, sama da idanun akwai gira mai haske.

Ana ganin gefen sama na fikafikan ya kasance ɗaya ne, yayin da gefen ƙasan ya tagu. Wutsiyar gashin gashin toka an wadata ta da maɗaura masu duhu 4 masu wucewa. A kan maƙogwaro da kirji, ana iya yin shanyewar jiki na tsawon lokaci, yana dacewa da hasken ciki na ciki mai haske.

Sau da yawa, samari, kuma mafi sau da yawa tsofaffin wakilai na wannan nau'in suna da farin tabo a bayan kai, wanda zai iya zama da siffofi mabanbanta - wani fasalin tsuntsu. Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin yankuna na Arewa, irin su Siberia, ana iya kama ku sparrowhawk haske har ma da farin launi.

Wadannan tsuntsayen an rarrabe su ne ta hanyan jujjuyawar iska - suna ta wasu hanyoyi daban-daban na zirga-zirga ta cikin iska, ta amfani da dabarar kadawa da zamiya. Yana da matukar wuya a lura da masu tashi.

Saboda haka, muryar sparrowhawk baya yin sauti sau da yawa. Zasu iya yin jinkiri mai kaifi ko gajeren sautukan kwatsam. Muryar namiji ta fi ta mace girma fiye da na mace, kuma tana yin wani abu kamar: "kuk-kuk .." ko "kick-kick ...". Hakanan, mace kusa da gida na iya jin sautin waƙar da ke firgita: "Tyuv, Tyuv, Tyuv ..", tana kora baƙi da ba a so daga kajinta.

Saurari muryar sparrowhawk

Daga cikin masana ilimin kimiyyar halittar jiki, wannan wakilin dangin shaho ya shahara ne a matsayin jajirtaccen mai kare kajinta da kuma gurbi daga wasu mafarauta. Zai iya tunkarar hare-haren maƙiyi mafi girma.

Idan mutum ya juya ya kasance kusa da kajin, mace ba tare da jinkiri ba ta kan mai matsalar, ta kai hari daga baya kuma ta yi ta leke a bayan kai. Zazzagewa daga bangaren tsuntsayen zai ci gaba har sai mai kutsawar ya yi ritaya zuwa nesa.

Irin

Sparrowhawk tsakanin masu lura da tsuntsaye yana da wani suna - karamin sparrowhawk... A cikin da'irar mafarauta, akwai rarrabuwa daga wannan jinsin zuwa nau'uka daban-daban, dangane da launin lamanin:

• Tsoho ko ja
• Birch
• Nut
• Oak (mafi duhu launi).

Irin waɗannan canje-canjen a jikin layukan halaye ne na mutum zalla kuma bai dogara da jinsin mutum, shekaru ko mazauninsu ba. Hakanan zaka iya samun rabe-raben tsuntsaye, lokacinda yake takamaiman wurin shine gida-gida:

• Smallananan shaho. Turai, Asiya orarama, yammacin Siberia zuwa Altai Krai, Caucasus, Mesopotamia. A lokacin hunturu, wannan nau'in yana yawo ne zuwa arewacin Afirka da kudancin Turai.
• Iberananan shaho na Siberia. Turkestan, arewacin Farisa, Manchuria, Siberia gabashin Altai, arewacin China. Can hunturu a Burma, Indiya da Indochina. Babban fasali shine girman girman sa. Don haka, reshen namiji yana da 205-216 mm, na mace - 240-258 mm.
• Kamchatka karamin shaho. Yana faruwa a Kamchatka, yayin hunturu a Japan. Wani fasali mai rarrabe launi ne mai haske.

Rayuwa da mazauni

Wurin zama na sparrowhawks yana da fa'ida sosai:

• Eurasia
• Ostiraliya
• Afirka
• tsibirin Indonesia da Philippines
• Arewa / Kudancin Amurka
• Tasmania
• Ceylon
• Madagascar da sauransu.

Sparrowhawk yana zaune a yankuna masu duwatsu da kuma shimfidar shimfidar wurare. Yana da kwanciyar hankali a cikin gandun daji, savannas da dazuzzuka. Karnukan daji sun fi son zama cikin dazuzzuka ba tare da shiga cikin dajin ba. Suna zaɓar gefunan gandun daji masu haske, yankuna marasa yanki don gida, kuma suma suna son gandun daji masu haske. Ofayan abubuwanda ake buƙata shine kusa da wurin tafkin.

Wasu tsuntsayen sun saba da rayuwa a cikin shimfidar shimfidar wurare da yankunan noma. Tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, ana iya samun wakilan shaho a ƙauyuka saboda yawancin ganima. Ba 'yan lokutan ba, irin wannan unguwar tana kashe rayuwarsu.

A cikin sauri, tsuntsayen sun gurgunta da gilashin gidaje, suna faɗuwa cikin wayoyi, kuma sun zama abin haɗarin hooligans. Zasu iya nutsewa a kan windows don samun riba tare da ƙananan dabbobin gida (aku, beraye, hamsters), ba tare da lura da shingen bayyane a cikin gilashin ba.

Ana rarrabe Hawks ta yanayin zaman su. Da farko dai, wannan yana damuwa ne ga mazaunan ƙasan canjin yanayi. Ganin cewa mutanen da ke zaune a arewa sunyi ƙaura zuwa kudu. Asali, wannan nau'in tsuntsayen suna manne da mazauninsu a tsawon rayuwarsa. Koyaya, suna gina sabon gida sau ɗaya kowace shekara a kusancin na bara.

Don gina sabbin gidaje, tsuntsaye suna zaɓan saman bishiyoyi masu ɗimbin yawa ba ƙasa da mita 3-6 daga ƙasa ba, a wasu lokuta ba safai ba, ana samun gida gida kan rawanin yankewa, amma koyaushe ana ɓoye su kusa da akwati da yawan ganyaye daga idanuwan da ke kaɗawa. Ba a bayyana lokacin ginin gida ba (galibi daga Maris zuwa Afrilu) - duk ya dogara ne da yanayin yanayin yankin da tsuntsayen suke rayuwa.

Gina Jiki

Kamar sauran wakilan dangin shaho, sparrowhawk ya ci mafi yawan ƙananan wasa - game da 90% na yawan abincin. Waɗannan na iya zama tsuntsaye, giciye, gwarare, ɓarna da sauran ire-irensu. Hakanan yana cinyewa a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibians, ƙananan beraye, ƙwari - jerin suna da faɗi sosai.

Maza suna zaɓar ƙaramin ganima, yayin da mata ke farautar manyan ganima. A lokaci guda, suna cinye ɗan ruwa, amma suna son iyo. Ya kamata a san cewa irin wannan lalata ƙananan tsuntsaye, kwari da bera abubuwa ne na halitta waɗanda ba sa cutar da yanayi.

Shaho mahaukaci ne na rana, saboda haka yana farauta ne kawai a cikin yini, yana yin cikakken bacci da daddare. Har zuwa faduwar rana, kajin za su iya tafi da farauta, wannan ya bayyana ne ta hanyar tsarin 'horonsu' don farauta. Yayin farauta sparrowhawk a jirgin baya yin da'ira da kyau, kamar sauran mutane da yawa kamarsa, amma, akasin haka, yana da halin matsakaicin motsi.

Abinda ya fi saurin haɗari ne kawai zai iya tserewa daga wannan mai farautar. Zaɓin wanda aka azabtar ya ƙayyade ta yanayi ɗaya - shaho dole ne ya iya jimre shi. Gogaggen mafarauta sun fi son kiwon wadannan tsuntsayen a matsayin mataimaka don kama kananan dabbobi da tsuntsaye, musamman kwarto.

A lokacin farautar, mai fuka fukai yana da matukar haƙuri kuma yana da manufa - ba ya canza maƙasudin bin sa har sai ya kama ta, yayin da ba ya yin ƙaramin sauti. Wannan tsuntsu mai wayo na iya jiran abin farautan sa na dogon lokaci, ya kalle shi, sannan ya kawo hari ba zato ba tsammani.

Ko kuma, jujjuyawa tsakanin bishiyoyi a cikin gandun daji, da hanzari ku kama duk abin da ke cikin masarufin mai farautar. Zai iya ɗaukar hankali ya kama masu motsi da tashi da waɗanda ke zaune. Kwace mai rai, da sparrowhawk tare da jijiyoyin kututtuwa da ƙafafuwa suna matsewa, suna huda shi, ta haka yana shaƙa wanda aka azabtar. Tsuntsu yana cin komai - daga kasusuwa zuwa ulu ko plumage.

Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai

Wannan jinsin dangin shaho ya banbanta ta hanyar auren mace daya, da kirkirar gida, ma'aurata suna kare shi tare da haɗin gwiwa, ba tare da canza abokan tarayya ba duk rayuwarsu. Girman gida yana da kyau - 40x50 cm. Tsuntsun Sparrowhawk yana gina gidaje, ba da kwanciya kayan aiki. Ya nuna cewa gidajen yana kwance, ba rarrabe su da ƙarfi, na bakin ciki, mai fassara, wanda aka yi da:

• Pine needles
• Haushi
• Dry tsayawar

A tsakiyar Rasha, sparrowhawk ya fara zama gida a watan Mayu, yana kwan ƙwai a cikin "gidaje" da aka gina sabo. Wannan tsari na iya faruwa kaɗan kaɗan. Don haka, a cikin shekara mai zafi, kwanciya tana farawa a farkon watan Mayu, kuma a cikin shekara mai sanyi - a ƙarshen watan. Lokacin ƙyanƙyashe kajin kai tsaye ya dogara da lokacin kwanciya.

Clutauki ɗaya yana ɗauke da ƙwai 4-6, kowannensu girmansa yakai 3 * 4. A matsakaici, yakan ɗauki makonni 7 kafin ya ƙyanƙyashe. Yawancin lokaci, sanyawa da kariya daga mazaunin ana sanya su ne ga mace kawai, yayin da namiji ke da alhakin ciyar da iyali. Kaji har zuwa wata 1 yana kama da dunƙulen fulawa, sa'annan suka zube gaba ɗaya kuma suka fara zama da fuka-fuki.

Daga lokacin da kajin farko ya fito, dandazon ya kasance a cikin gida na kimanin wata daya karkashin kulawar uwa. Namiji ya ci gaba da bai wa iyalin abinci, kuma a wannan lokacin ƙananan wakilai ne kawai na tsuntsaye ake amfani da su azaman abinci, kuma ana iya kama "kajin kaji".

Da zaran jariran da suka balaga suka fara tashi daga gidan, uwar za ta ci gaba da rakiya tare da lura da su na wasu makonni 2-3 - wannan ya zama dole don amincin zuriyar, yana kiyaye ta daga manyan masu lalata.

Mace tana kula da brood har sai kaji na ƙarshe. Don haka, daga ƙarƙashin reshen mahaifiya, shaho suna shiga cikin girma tun suna da watanni 1.5-2, kuma sun kai cikakkiyar balaga da shekara 1, a zahiri ba su da bambanci a kowace hanya daga wakilan manya. Da kyau, rayuwar rayuwar sparrowhawk na iya kaiwa shekaru 15, amma, a zahiri, tsuntsaye suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 7-8.

Lokaci mafi mahimmanci na shekarar farko ta rayuwa, tunda kusan kashi 35% na kajin bayan watanni 2 da wanzuwa suna mutuwa ne saboda rashin abinci, yanayin yanayi, ko fadawa cikin ƙafafun manya da gogaggun masu farauta. A cikin bauta, wasu mutane sun sami damar rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 20.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa

A tsohuwar Masar, ana girmama wannan nau'in tsuntsaye a matsayin "Alamar rai." Wannan ya bayyana ta hanyar jirage masu saurin walƙiya a sama. Shaho shine mutumcin halittar da ba zata, yana tashi da sauri a cikin hasken rana, kamar rayukan mutane. Abin da ya sa rayukan waɗanda suka mutu a kan tsohuwar sarcophagi ta Masar suke sanya hotunan shaho.

Akwai fassarori da dama na bayanin sunan tsuntsu, me yasa ya zama "shaho":

• Don saurin gudu da taka tsantsan. A cikin fassarar, tushen "astr" yana da sauri, hanzari, kaifi.
• Don abinci. Haɗin kalmomin "jastь" - shine, da "rebъ" - ɓarke, ba komai a ciki sai "cin jakar". Koyaya, ana iya fassara sashi na biyu na kalmar a matsayin "motley, pockmarked" - halayyar sifa ce ta launin zaban tsuntsun
• A cikin girmamawa ga sarki Megara. Wannan imani ya yadu, da farko, a cikin Georgia.

Wani abin ban sha'awa kuma shine yadda ake sarrafa kan jama'a. Shekarun "Jin yunwa" ba sa ba da gudummawa don renon manyan zuriya, saboda haka shaho biyun yana ɗauke da chickasa masu ƙarfi 1-2 ne kawai, sauran theayan na fuskantar barazanar mutuwa daga gajiya.

Amfani da sparrowhawks a farautar kaka ya yadu a Georgia. Kama tsuntsaye na ganima aiki ne mai kayatarwa. Basieri shine sunan da aka ba mafarauta don farautar tsuntsaye. Abin sha'awa, a farkon kaka, basieri ya kama shaho a cikin raga ta amfani da koto a cikin hanyar shrike shrike mai ɗaure, a hankali yantar da mai farautar daga raga kuma ya hore su.

A karshen lokacin farautar, lokacin da kamammen ya kawo ganima mai yawa (quail), basieri yakan saki mataimakinsa mai farauta cikin daji. Shekarar gaba, tarihi ya maimaita kansa, amma tare da sabon sparrowhawk. Kwararrun mafarauta tare da taimakon wannan tsuntsu suna iya samun kwarto 10 a rana.

Tsuntsun yana da hangen nesa da hangen nesa wanda ya ninka na mutum sau 8. Matsayin idanu (ya juya gaba) da kuma girman su suna taimakawa ga wannan. Binocular, watau, hangen nesa na abu tare da ido biyu lokaci ɗaya. Hakanan suna da ƙwarewa wajen rarrabe ƙamshi, amma idan sun sha iska da bakunansu, kuma ba da hancinsu ba.

Sparrowhawk tsuntsu ne mai ban sha'awa da sauri. Ya dace da farautar yanayi, amma sam bai dace da tsarewa a zaman abin sha mai ado ba.

Kalli bidiyon: Sparrowhawk hunting technique (Disamba 2024).