Sandpiper (Limicolae) - nasa ne na umarnin Charadriiformes, wanda ya haɗa iyalai 6: masu plovers, snipes masu launuka, oysters, oysterbills, snipe da tirkushkovye. A cewar gadar, za a iya raba mazaunin masu yawo zuwa fadama, dutse, yashi da tsuntsayen daji. Wannan shine mafi yawan rukunin tsuntsaye masu yawo. Suna, samuwa a cikin dukkan yankuna da bambancin ra'ayi ya sa waders ya zama kyautar da ake nema ga mafarauta a Rasha (woodcock, great snipe, snipe).
Bayanin Sandpiper
Sandpipers - tsuntsaye masu kamanni iri-iri... Tsayin jiki daga santimita 14 zuwa 62, nauyin jiki - daga gram 30 zuwa kilogram 1.2.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Akwai ra'ayoyi da cewa bambance-bambance a cikin yanayi da kuma hanyoyin wanzuwar suna buƙatar rarrabuwar masu shiga ruwa zuwa ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zaman kansu: na farko - makirci, masu juzu'i, kawa, magi, na biyu - maharbi, yakan da snipe mai launi.
Wadannan tsuntsayen ana iya narkar dasu cikin sauki. Suna saurin saba da mutum, suna amsa kulawa, suna dacewa da yanayin rayuwa da abincin gida.
Bayyanar
Yawancin wadatattun tsuntsayen tsuntsayen ne. Wannan yana ƙayyade siffofin bayyanar su. Jiki yana da kyau, siriri, mai yawa. Fikafikan fika yawanci dogaye ne, galibi kunkuntar da kaifi. Kafafun sandpipers na gajeru ne (plovers, lapwings, snipes), dogaye (tsuntsaye, masu lankwasa), ko kuma masu tsayi sosai (stilts). Theafafu suna da yatsun kafa uku ko hudu (na huɗu na huɗu ba shi da kyau sosai).
A cikin wasu wakilai na oda (sandpipers-toed sandedipers, snipe masu launi), an haɗa ginshiƙan yatsun ta membranes, a cikin tsuntsayen da ke iyo, ana yin scallops na fata a gefen yatsun. Kafa tsakanin tibia da yatsun kafa (tarsus) da ƙananan gefen tibia ba fuka-fukai bane. Legsafafun maƙogwaron baƙi ne, launin toka, kore, rawaya da ja.
Yanayin bakin ya dogara da wuri da hanyar samun abinci. Wannan kayan aikin na iya zama tsayi da sirara, madaidaiciya ko mai lankwasawa zuwa ƙasa, wani lokacin ma har da lankwasa shi zuwa sama. Kuma a cikin irin wannan nau'ikan kamar ƙwanƙwasa-hancin sandpiper, bakin yana lankwasa ta gefe. Akwai tsuntsayen da suke da baki mai matsakaiciyar tsayi, kwatankwacin bakin kurciya: wani babban yanki mai matse dan kadan, hancin hancinsa yana nan a cikin fadadden fata mai laushi.
Hakanan akwai wani siffar baki - wanda aka faɗaɗa shi a saman, misali, a cikin tirkusha, kulichka, spatula, plovers, goat masu gudu. Bakin bakin yana da matukar damuwa saboda adadi mai yawa na masu karɓa, sabili da haka ya zama amintaccen mataimaki ga tsuntsayen wajen neman abinci. Bugu da kari, tsuntsayen suna amfani da bakunansu don samun abinci daga kasa mai laushi kuma suna fasa bawon kakkarya na kwasfa, suna cire wani abu daga can. A cikin ƙuƙwalwar mollusks, sandpiper na iya matsar da dutse wanda ba shi da ƙasa da nauyi ga tsuntsu kanta.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Tsawon kafafu wani lokacin ya fi girman jiki girma. Don haka, Silin (Himantopus) yana da tsayin kafa kusan 20 santimita, yayin da matsakaicin girman jiki ya kai santimita 40.
Filayen waɗannan tsuntsayen suna da yawa, ba tare da launuka masu haske ba. Babban launuka sune fari, launin toka, ja. Irin wannan tufafi mai ladabi halayyar waders ne, har ma a lokacin saduwa. Launin maza da mata bai bambanta sosai ba. Amma wasu wakilan umarnin suna da launuka masu haske, alal misali, turuktan, yawancin filawings, kawa, magpies, bakin dutse, shiloklyuvki, da kifin daji.
Tsuntsaye suna canza zanin jikinsu sau biyu a shekara... Za a iya kiran molt na rani cikakke, yana da tsayi sosai - daga farkon bazara zuwa hunturu. A ƙarshen hunturu, akwai zafin da bai cika aure ba. Hakanan irin wannan amfani da lokaci yana shafar ingancin kayayyaki: akwai bambanci sosai tsakanin launin rani da gashin fuka-fuki na wasu masu ruwa. Wutsiyar sandpiper gajere ce, wasu tsuntsaye na iya kaɗa ta, amma ba za su taɓa ɗaga ta sama ba. Idanun suna da girma, wanda ke baiwa tsuntsayen damar yin aiki sosai da daddare. Suna da kyakkyawar gani da ji.
Salon rayuwa da ɗabi'a
Sandpiper - tsuntsayen makaranta... Ofungiyoyin tsuntsaye waɗanda suka taru don yin gida ko suna shirin tashi, suna da dubunnan mutane. Daga cikinsu akwai makiyaya da masu zaman kansu. Duk tsuntsayen wannan tsari suna gudu da sauri, suna tashi da kyau, wasu suna iya iyo da nutsuwa. An yi imanin cewa sandpiper yana da sauƙin sarrafawa.
Har yaushe masu wanzuwa suke rayuwa
Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwar tsuntsaye shine shekaru 20. Lokaci na karshe da aka ga wani garken Eskimo curlew, wanda ke zaune a yankin Arewacin Amurka kuma ya yi hunturu a Kudancin Amurka, shi ne karo na karshe da aka gani a bazarar 1926. A cikin shekaru 30 kawai, saboda yawan farauta da nome ƙasa, wannan nau'in an gama da shi gaba ɗaya.
Kulikov jinsuna
Akwai nau'ikan masu zuwa:
- Zuyki. Tsuntsu mai matsakaiciya mai karamin kai, madaidaiciya gajere baki, gajerun kafafu, amma doguwar jela da fikafikai. Nauyin jiki daga gram 30 zuwa 70. Tsawon fikafikan yakai santimita 45.
- Ulits... Matsakaici da manyan tsuntsaye a tsarinsu tare da dogayen kafafu da dogayen bakuna, waxanda suke dan lankwasa su zuwa sama. Nauyin ya kusan gram 200.
- Girdles... Babban tsuntsu. Nauyin har zuwa gram 270. Legsafafun suna da tsayi, bakinta na matsakaiciyar tsayi, madaidaiciya. Launi ya mamaye ja. Yawancin lokaci yakan sauka a cikin makiyaya tare da rafuka a cikin ƙananan yankuna.
- Curlews... Babban wakilin tawagarsa. Nauyin babban tsuntsu daga gram 500 zuwa kilogram 1.2. Bakin bakin yana da tsayi sosai kuma yana lankwasa zuwa ƙasa. Wutsiyar duhu tana da madaidaiciyar farin ratsi ɗaya. Don rayuwa yana zaɓar gulbin da ya cika da ciyawar ciyawa, da kogunan ruwa.
- Sandboxes. Mai kamanceceniya da gwara. Littlean tsuntsu mai karamci. Mazaunin tundra. Nemo abinci a cikin ƙasa mai laka. Yana aiki musamman da dare.
- Turukhtan... Ya bambanta a launi mai haske. A lokacin saduwar saduwa, abin wuya mai laushi ya bayyana. Yana da wuya a sami maza masu launi iri ɗaya a cikin garken. Zoben ƙarfe na zinare, shuɗi, baƙi, kore, sa kayan maza su zama na musamman.
- Snipe... Tsuntsu mai tsaka-tsayi - tsawon jiki 25-27 santimita, nauyi daga 80 zuwa 170 gram.
- Masu zane... Matsakaicin matsakaiciyar wader mai doguwar ƙafa da gajere baki.
Wurin zama, mazauni
Sandpipers sun fi son zama a wuraren da ke kusa da gaɓoɓin ruwa: tare da gabar teku, koguna, tabkuna. Daga cikin wakilan wannan oda akwai wadanda suke yin shewa a busassun har ma da wuraren hamada. Akwai masu yawo a cikin daji.
Yana da ban sha'awa!A duk nahiyoyi, ban da Antarctica, za ku iya haɗuwa da masu haɗuwa: a tsibirin sanyi na Tekun Arctic, a cikin hamada na Asiya ta Tsakiya da kuma tsaunuka a tsaunukan Pamir.
A cikin Rasha, ana iya samun wakilan wannan tsarin tsuntsaye mafi yawa a duk yankuna: daga kan iyakar kudu zuwa Arctic. Masu sana'ar ganye, dawakai, dako, kananan yan talla, katako na katako a kudancin Gabas mai nisa. A cikin Primorye, akwai shinge masu tsaro da kuma zuriya irin na Asiatic, kuma kogunan tsaunuka wuri ne da aka fi so ga masu sihiri na Ussuri.
Za a iya samo snipe na Jafananci da gandun daji a bakin teku. A cikin yankin Amur, akwai yanki na gida na manya-manya da cututtukan Okhotsk, fifi, da sandar dusar ƙanƙara mai yatsu da maharbi na gama gari.
Galibi waders tsuntsayen ƙaura ne. A lokacin lokacin ƙaura, sun tashi zuwa tsayi fiye da mita 6,000. Mafi yawan wakilan kungiyar suna yin jiragen sama masu nisa: daga polar Siberia zuwa New Zealand da Australia, daga Alaska zuwa kudancin Argentina. Wadannan tsuntsayen ana iya kiransu 'yan cirani masu nisa - suna tashi ba tare da tsayawa ba har zuwa kilomita 11,000, suna shawo kan manyan nisan ruwa, hamada, da tsaunuka.
Sandpiper rage cin abinci
Manyan sandpiper sun hada da kananan halittun ruwa da na kasa da ake samu a saman duniya ko ruwa: tsutsotsi, larvae, molluscs, crustaceans, kwari. Masu cin ganyayyaki suna wadatarwa da ƙwaya da ƙwaya kawai. Abincin da aka fi so na waders shine fara. An lalace a kan tashi a cikin adadi mai yawa. Daga cikin berries, sandpiper ya fi son blueberries. Mafi yawan jinsunan tsuntsaye cikin farin ciki suke cin beraye da kwadi. Masu kamun kifi za su fi son ƙananan kifi fiye da kowane irin abinci.
Makiya na halitta
Tsuntsayen ganima abokan gaba ne na masu yawo... Bayyanar falkin yana haifar da firgici tsakanin masu ɓoyi: suna kururuwa mai zafi kuma suna jefa kansu cikin ruwa. Ta hanyar ruwa, tsuntsaye suna samun damar tserewa. A cikin ruwa mara ƙanƙan, ba zai yiwu a kubuta daga masu bin sahunsu ba. Karnukan Arctic, martens, wolverines, hankaka, ungulu da farauta marasa kwarewa kuma ba tukuna masu saurin sauri ba, kuma skuas suma suna lalata ƙwai.
Yana da ban sha'awa! Iyayan mahaifa da ƙarfin hali suna kare zuriyarsu. Idan tumaki suna kiwo kusa da gida, tsuntsayen sukan kai hari ga barazanar da ƙarfin da tumakin zasu gudu cikin tsoro.
Sake haifuwa da zuriya
A watan Afrilu, lokacin farawa na farawa don waders. A wannan lokacin, tsuntsayen sun tarwatsa mazauninsu. Wasu nau'ikan suna zaune a cikin yankuna, yawancin tsuntsayen - a cikin nau'i biyu. Suna zaune a cikin manyan rukuni ko kuma kaɗaici. Yawo a cikin yankin nest, yana shagaltar neman abokin tarayya, suna yin sautunan da ke jan hankalin su. Wannan al'ada ta bambanta a cikin nau'ikan daban-daban.
Da farko, masu narkar da teku suna sauri da sauri tare, da, don haka, sun riga sun kasance a ƙasa, suna watsa wutsiya a cikin fan, suna bin mata. Lapwings, don jawo hankali, ɗauka sama sama sama, sa'annan a shirya zuwa ƙasa, canza canjin jirgi a ɗaya hanyar ko wancan. Pananan makirci suna tashi a cikin da'irori masu faɗi; Bayan sun sauko zuwa ƙasa, maza suna gudu bayan mata. Hanyoyi masu nisa na Gabas, suna hawa zuwa tsayin mita 30-40, suna bayyana zagaye zagaye kuma, a lokaci guda, ingantattun ƙa'idodin aure da kyan gani.
Sandpipers sun bambanta da sauran tsuntsaye a cikin nau'ikan zamantakewar aure. Suna da halin auren mata daya, da polygyny, har ma da polyandry.
- Matar aure guda daya. Mafi yawan nau'in alaƙar. Iyaye suna saduwa don kakar kuma suna yin ƙwai sau ɗaya, suna kula da zuriyar tare.
- Auren mata fiye da daya. Maza mata da mata da yawa a lokacin kaka daya kuma basa shiga cikin shirya ƙwai kuma ba sa kulawa da yaran a nan gaba.
- Harshen Polyandry. Mata suna saduwa da maza da yawa kuma suna yin ƙwai a cikin gidajan daban. A wannan yanayin, maza suna yin ƙwai da ƙyanƙyashe kajin.
- Gida biyu. Mace tana yin ƙwai a cikin gida biyu, a ɗayan ta haɗu da ƙwai da kanta, a na biyun kuma mai kula da ƙoshin kaji. Iyaye suna taimakawa kajin su girma daban.
Gidajen sandpipers a ƙasa, ana saka ƙwai a rami ba tare da rufi ba. A al'adance, waɗannan ƙwai ne masu siffa iri-iri masu kama da pear mai launin kore. Wasu nau'ikan sun mamaye gidajen wasu tsuntsayen bara a cikin bishiyoyi.
Kaji ana haihuwar gani. Jikinsu a rufe yake da kaurin kasa. Yara kanana na iya samun nasu abinci da kansu daga kwanakin farko, amma galibi iyaye suna ci gaba da kula da yara - don ɗumi, kariya daga haɗari da nuna wuraren da akwai abinci mai yawa. Kuma masu farautar kawa har abinci suke kawowa 'yan uwansu. Yana dan shekara biyu, masu shirin isa ruwa sun shirya aure.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
A cewar wasu majiyoyi daban-daban, akwai daga 181 zuwa 214 nau'ikan yin plovers a duniya, daga cikinsu akwai nau'in 94 a Rasha. Jinsuna biyu: siririyar-kudi mai lankwasa da dabbar cinya suna dab da karewa. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yawan mutanen da ake tarawa da sandpiper sun ragu sosai. Yawancin jinsunan waders da yawa an jera su a cikin Littattafan Bayanai na Red.
Mahimmanci! Dalilin irin wannan mummunan sakamakon shine, da farko, aikin ɗan adam.
Gaban tekun da ke kewaye da Asiya yana da babbar haɗari ga ƙaura da tsuntsaye masu hunturu. Anan, ta hanyar ƙoƙarin mutane, manyan yankunan bakin teku sun sha ruwa. Ofasashen Gabashin Asiya - China da Koriya suka haɓaka ƙasashen. Sakamakon irin wannan tsangwama a cikin tsari na halitta, yawancin nau'ikan ruwa a gabar tekun Fasifik an hana su damar kara yawan mutane kuma, sakamakon haka, sun halaka.
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun yi amannar cewa don kiyaye wader, ya zama dole a yi kokarin hayayyafa a cikin kamuwa sannan a saki tsuntsayen cikin yanayi.... Koyaya, masana sun san cewa kiyayewa kuma, ƙari ma, wadatar waders a cikin bauta yana da matukar wahala.
Littafin Ja na Unionungiyar Internationalungiyar forasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi (IUCN CC) ya ƙunshi nau'ikan 7 na waders: launin toka mai launin toka, ƙwallafan Ussuri, katantanwar Okhotsk, snipe na Japan, shebur, Asiatic snipe, da Far Eastern curlew A cikin Littafin Ja na Tarayyar Rasha, akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan ruwa guda 11 (jerin daga IUCN QC an kara su da awl, stilt, yellow-hakori da oystercatcher). Tuni akwai nau'ikan 14 a cikin littafin Red Book of Primorsky Territory (shi ma maharbin dutsen, maƙarƙashiyar hannu da kuma ƙwanƙwan jariri).
