Alade nau'in nau'in naman gwari mai yaduwa, wanda ake samu karkashin bishiyoyi iri-iri. Hymenophore ita ce mafi fasalin fasalinsa: ruwan wukake ya zama ruwan kasa idan ya lalace, kuma an ware shi azaman mai ɗaukar hoto (ta hanyar yatsan ɗan yatsan saman saman tushe).
Bayani
Hular na jiki ne kuma mai kauri, a fadin cm 4-15. A cikin samfurin samari, an rurrushe shi, wanda aka harba shi da wani katafaren dakin ajiyar kaya, tare da karfi mai lankwasa gefen fuska. Ya zama mai sassauci, madaidaiciya-juzu'i, ko lankwasawa zuwa ga tsakiya a kan lokaci. Elvearfafawa ga taɓawa, mai laushi ko mai santsi, mai ɗaci lokacin danshi da bushe lokacin da ya bushe a waje, yana da kyau lokacin balaga. Launi daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa rawaya-kasa-kasa, zaitun ko launin toka-mai-toka.
Hymenophore yana da kunkuntar, wuri ne mai yawan gaske, rarrabe a cikin yadudduka, yana gangarowa zuwa ƙafafun kafa, ya zama mai ruɗuwa ko kama da pores kusa da farcen. Launi ya fara daga launin rawaya zuwa kirfa mai kodadde ko zaitun kodadde. Ya zama launin ruwan kasa ko launin ja idan ya lalace.
Kafa yana da tsayi 2-8 cm, yakai 2 cm kauri, tapers zuwa ga tushe, labulen baya nan, bushe, mai santsi ko mai kyau, yana da launi kamar hula ko mai paler, yana canza launi daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa ja-kasa-kasa lokacin da ya lalace.
Jikin naman gwari mai kauri ne, mai kauri kuma mai kauri, mai launi rawaya, ya zama ruwan kasa kan fallasa.
Gwanin yana da tsami ko tsaka tsaki. Ba shi da wata alama ta dabi'a, wani lokacin naman kaza yana warin dampness.
Nau'in aladu
Paxillus atrotomentosus (mai alade)
Sanannen naman kaza da yawa yana da ruwan dorinar ruwa, amma yana cikin rukunin naman kaza na Boletales. Mai tauri da rashin cin abinciTana tsirowa a kan kututturen bishiyar conifers da itacen da yake lalacewa kuma ya ƙunshi mahaɗan da yawa waɗanda ke hana kwari cin abinci.
Jikin 'ya'yan itacen yana tsugunne tare da hular ruwan kasa har zuwa 28 cm a diamita, tare da murƙushe baki da cibiyar damuwa. An rufe hular ta da duhu mai launin ruwan kasa mai duhu ko baƙi na velvety. Abun naman gwari mai rawaya ne mai laushi kuma an yanka shi; danshi mai kauri ya kasance launin ruwan kasa mai duhu kuma ya yi nesa da hular naman gwari. Naman dunka yana da sha'awa a bayyane, kuma kwari basu da wani tasiri a kansa. Yankunan suna rawaya, zagaye ko oval da tsawon 5-6 µm.
Wannan naman gwari da ake amfani da shi ya fi dacewa da kututturen itaciya a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Amurka ta Tsakiya, gabashin Asiya, Pakistan da China. Jikin Frua Fruan itace suna bazara a lokacin rani da kaka, koda a lokacin bushewa lokacin da babu wasu namomin kaza da suka girma.
Ba a la'akari da naman kaza alade mai ciamma an yi amfani da su azaman tushen abinci a sassan Yammacin Turai. Gwaje-gwajen da ake yi na hada sinadarai da matakin amino acid a cikin namomin kaza ya nuna cewa ba su da bambanci sosai da sauran soyayyen naman kaza. An bayar da rahoton cewa samari namomin kaza suna da lafiya su ci, amma tsofaffi suna da ɗanɗano mai ɗaci ko mara daɗi kuma mai yiwuwa guba ne. An ce ɗanɗano mai ɗaci zai tafi lokacin da aka tafasa namomin kaza kuma aka zub da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi. Amma ba duk mutane suke narkar da samfurin ba koda bayan maganin zafi. Littattafan gastronomic na Turai sun ba da rahoton yanayin guba.
Siririn siririn (Paxillus involutus)
Naman gwari Basidiomycete Squid ya yadu a cikin Arewacin Yankin duniya. Ba da gangan aka gabatar da shi zuwa Ostiraliya, New Zealand, Afirka ta Kudu da Kudancin Amurka, mai yiwuwa an safara shi cikin ƙasa tare da bishiyar Turai. Launi launuka daban-daban na launin ruwan kasa, jikin fruita fruitan yana girma har zuwa 6 cm a tsayi kuma yana da kwalliya mai siffar mazurari har zuwa 12 cm mai faɗi tare da halayyar juyawa ta halayya da madaidaiciyar gill waɗanda suke kusa da tushe. Naman gwari yana da kwazazzabo, amma masana ilimin halitta sun rarraba shi azaman fungi mai laushi, ba irin na hymenophoric ba.
Siririn siririn ya yadu a cikin dazuzzuka da gandun daji, a cikin yankuna masu ciyayi. Lokacin girbi shine ƙarshen bazara da kaka. Dangantaka tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan itacen yana da amfani ga duka jinsunan. Naman gwari yana cinyewa da adana ƙarafa masu nauyi kuma yana ƙaruwa ga ƙwayoyin cuta kamar Fusarium oxysporum.
A baya can, siririn siririn an dauke shi mai ci kuma an cinye shi sosai a Gabas da Tsakiyar Turai. Amma mutuwar masanin ilmin baftismar nan ta Julius Schaeffer a 1944 ya tilasta sake yin tunani game da irin wannan nau'in naman kaza. An gano yana da haɗari mai haɗari kuma yana haifar da rashin narkewar abinci yayin cin ɗanyen. Gwaje-gwajen kimiyya na baya-bayan nan sun nuna cewa siririn siririn yana haifar da cutar hawan jini koda cikin waɗanda suka sha naman kaza tsawon shekaru ba tare da wata illa ba. Antigen a cikin namomin kaza yana tsokanar garkuwar jiki don kai hari ga jajayen ƙwayoyin jini. Matsaloli masu tsanani da haɗari sun haɗa da:
- m koda gazawar;
- gigicewa;
- rashin saurin numfashi;
- yada yaduwar intravascular.
Alade panus ko kunne (Tapinella panuoides)
Naman gwari mai saprobic yana girma ne kai tsaye ko a cikin gungu a kan bishiyun coniferous, wani lokacin akan itacen itace. 'Ya'yan itace daga ƙarshen bazara zuwa farkon yanayin sanyi, da kuma lokacin sanyi a cikin yanayin dumi.
Launi mai launin ruwan kasa / lemu, mai kama da kwalliya ko kuma mai kamannin fan (2-12 cm) a cikin ɗan alade mai kamannin panus yana da wuya, yana da yanayi mai laushi, amma da shekaru sai ya zama mai santsi, mai kasala, ruwan hoda mai ƙyalli ko ƙwanƙwasa a gindi. Naman kaza yakan yi duhu kadan lokacin yankewa. Naman gwari ba shi da tushe, amma ɗan gajeren tsari ne kawai wanda ke haɗa hular da itacen.
Sumewa don ƙanshi mai ƙanshi, ba dandano mai rarrabe ba. Smellanshin naman kaza mai ban sha'awa na jan hankalin mutum, kamar yadda yake kamannin waje da naman kaza, amma alade mai kamannin kunne ba mai ci bane.
Hymenophores tare da gefuna masu santsi, tazara ta kusa, taƙaitacciyar hanya. Manara daga maƙallan abin da aka makala na asali, ya bayyana kamar yana lulluɓe lokacin da aka kalle shi daga sama, musamman a cikin tsohuwar naman kaza. Gills wani lokacin yana yin bifurcate kuma yana bayyana a cikin balagaggun naman kaza, sauƙin ɓoyewa daga hular. Launin hymenophore shine cream zuwa lemu mai duhu, apricot don dumama rawaya-launin ruwan kasa, canzawa lokacin lalacewa.
Spores: 4-6 x 3-4 µm, a fili ellipsoidal, santsi, tare da sifofin bango. Fitar da launi daga launin ruwan kasa zuwa launin rawaya-launin ruwan kasa.
Alade Alder (Paxillus filamentosus)
Wani nau'in hadari ne mai matukar hatsari saboda gubarsa. Mai siffa mai kamannin mazurai, daidai yake a cikin hular madarar saffron, amma tare da launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan hoda ko launin rawaya, tare da laushi mai taushi, kuma gabaɗaya dukkanin hymenophore suna rugujewa yayin magudi.
Underarkashin hat ɗin suna da kauri, masu laushi ga taɓawa da dusar ƙanƙara, wani lokacin sukan zama cikin danshi kaɗan ko murɗaɗɗu kuma suna da ƙarfi suna karkata daga tushe, amma ba su samar da pores ko sifofin reticular, launin rawaya ko launin rawaya, an yi ja akan bayyanar.
Minolta dsc
Basidia tana da siliki ko kuma sun dan fadada, sun kare a kafafu hudu, a gabobinsu wadanda aka samar da launuka masu launin rawaya-kasa-kasa ko launin ruwan kasa, wanda ke ba da kwatankwacin samfuran naman gwari. Spores ne ellipsoidal, zagaye a duka ƙarshen, tare da bango mai santsi, tare da lokacin farin ciki.
Hanya mai santsi mai dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke yayyage cikin zaren a cikin aladun aladun da suka shuɗe, musamman zuwa ga murƙusassun ko jujjuyawar haske mai launin ruwan kasa mai launin ruwan kasa. Idan aka sarrafa shi, hular sai ta zama ruwan kasa.
Hannun farjin yana da santsi, launin ruwan kasa mai haske, kuma yana juya launin ruwan kasa a yayin da aka fallasa shi, kuma yana da ruwan toka mai haske mycelium.
Alade mai alder yana zaune a cikin gandun daji mai bushewa, yana ɓoye a tsakanin alder, poplar da Willows. Naman gwari yana da haɗari musamman, yana haifar da guba mai saurin mutuwa.
Inda ke tsiro
Magungunan mycorrhizal yana rayuwa a tsakanin keɓaɓɓun bishiyun bishiyoyi da tsire-tsire. Hakanan akwai shi azaman saprob akan itace. An samo shi ba kawai a cikin gandun daji ba, har ma a cikin birane. Girma shi kaɗai, da yawa ko a cikin al'umma mai yawa a lokacin rani da damina.
Alade ya yadu a Arewacin Hemisphere, Turai da Asiya, Indiya, China, Japan, Iran, gabashin Turkiya, a arewacin Arewacin Amurka har zuwa Alaska. Naman gwari ya fi yawa a cikin gandun daji masu daskararru, na yanke bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi, wanda a ciki ya fi son wurare masu dausayi ko dausayi kuma ya guji ƙasan calcareous (alli).
Ina alade yake girma?
Alade na rayuwa cikin gurbataccen yanayi wanda sauran fungi ba zai iya rayuwa ba. Ana samun jikin 'ya'yan itace a kan ciyawa da tsofaffin ciyawar, a kan kayan itacen da ke kusa da kututture a lokacin kaka da ƙarshen bazara. Yawancin nau'ikan kudaje da ƙwaro suna amfani da jikin 'ya'yan itace don kwanciya larvae. Za a iya kamuwa da naman gwari tare da Hypomyces chrysospermus, wani nau'in abin kamawa. Kamuwa da cutar ya haifar da farin launi wanda ya fara bayyana a cikin pores sannan ya bazu zuwa saman naman gwari, ya juya daga rawaya zinare zuwa launin ruwan kasa mai ja a cikin girma.
Abinci ko a'a
An yi amfani da naman kaza na Dunka a matsayin abinci a Tsakiyar Turai da Gabas har zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 20 kuma bai haifar da tasirin abinci ko guba ba. An cinye naman kaza bayan gishiri. A cikin ɗanyensa, ya harzuƙa maganan ciki, amma bai mutu ba.
Har yanzu akwai kwararrun likitocin girke-girke waɗanda suke kira don jiƙa dunki, ɗebo ruwa, tafasa da hidimtawa. Har ma sun ambaci girke-girke na girke-girke daban-daban, wanda, a bayyane yake, an ɗauke su ne daga wallafe-wallafen karni na 20 kuma an canza su don abincin zamani.
Idan kuna tsammanin haɗari babban dalili ne, to kuyi watsi da aikin kimiyya da mutuwar da ke tabbatar da hakan aladu namomin kaza masu dafi ne, waxanda suke haifar da guba. Akwai wasu nau'ikan fungi da yawa wadanda suma suke girma a cikin dazuzzuka, amma basu da illa ga mutane.
Guba bayyanar cututtuka
A tsakiyar shekarun 1980, likita Rene Flammer daga Siwizalan ya gano wata kwayar halitta a cikin naman gwari wanda ke tayar da martani na autoimmune wanda ke haifar da kwayoyin halittar jiki su dauki jininsu na jini kamar na kasashen waje sannan ya afka musu.
Wani ɗan ƙaramin ciwo mai saurin rigakafin-hemolytic yana faruwa bayan yawan amfani da namomin kaza. Wannan galibi yakan faru ne yayin da mutum ya cinye naman kaza na dogon lokaci, wani lokacin har tsawon shekaru, kuma ya samar da ƙananan alamun alamomin ciki.
Hanyar ɗaukar hoto, ba mai haɗari ba, tunda ba ta haifar da wani abu mai guba da gaske ba, amma antigen ne a cikin naman gwari. Antigen yana da tsari wanda ba a sani ba, amma yana motsa samuwar kwayoyin IgG a cikin jinin jini. Yayin cin abinci na gaba, akan samar da hadaddun abubuwa wadanda suke hade da saman kwayoyin halittar jini kuma daga karshe ya kai ga hallakarsu.
Alamomin guba sun bayyana da sauri, da farko sun hada da amai, gudawa, ciwon ciki, da kuma ragin da ya danganci girman jini. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan farawar waɗannan alamun farko, hemolysis ya ɓullo, yana haifar da raguwar fitowar fitsari, haemoglobin na fitsari, ko kuma rashin samar da fitsari da karancin jini. Hemolysis yana haifar da rikice-rikice masu yawa ciki har da rashin ƙarfi na koda, damuwa, rashin ƙarfi na numfashi, da kuma yaduwar maganin intravascular.
Babu maganin guba. Taimako na tallafi ya haɗa da:
- nazarin jini gaba daya;
- lura da aikin koda;
- aunawa da gyara karfin jini;
- ƙirƙirar ma'auni na ruwa da lantarki.
Dunks ma suna ƙunshe da wakilai waɗanda suke bayyana lalata chromosomes. Babu tabbaci ko suna da kwayar cutar kanjamau ko mutagenic.
Amfana
Masana kimiyya sun samo asalin kwayar halittar Atromentin a cikin irin wannan naman kaza. Suna amfani dashi azaman maganin hana yaduwar cutar, wakili na kwayar cuta. Yana haifar da mutuwar ƙwayoyin cuta na jini a cikin jinin ɗan adam da kuma kansar ƙashi.
Contraindications
Babu takamaiman rukunin mutanen da za a hana musu naman alade. Ko da lafiyayyun mutane wadanda basa yin korafi game da ciwo suna iya fadawa cikin wannan masarrafar. Naman kaza ba wai kawai yana da wahalar narkewa ba, yana kara dagula yanayin mutanen da ke fama da cututtukan koda da na jini da fari, kuma ba sa kyamar wadanda suka dauki kansu da lafiya.
