Kimanin nau'in namomin kaza 750 ne suka hada da "russula". Samfurori galibi na yau da kullun ne, mafi girma da haske, suna sanya russula ɗayan sanannun nau'in namomin kaza tsakanin masanan da masu tattarawa.
Russula - bayanin
Halaye na musamman na russula:
- launuka masu haske;
- buga launi daga fari zuwa rawaya mai duhu;
- m, gills haɗe;
- rashin ruwan madara, ɓangaren mayafi ko nama mai laushi a kan tushe.
Ta hanyar microscopically, jinsin halittar yana dauke da amyloid kayan kwalliyar kwalliya da kuma ɓangaren litattafan almara (tram), wanda ya ƙunshi spherocysts.
Russula tana da halayyar jiki mai kaifi, wanda yake bayyana a bayyanar gill da ƙafafu kuma yana ba da sanannun naman kaza. Babu alamun alamun mayafin akan su (babu zobba ko ragowar mayafin a kan hula).
Gills yana da laushi kuma ba ya ɓoye wani abu mai laushi a farfajiyar da aka yanke, ban da 'yan jinsuna, kuma ba za a iya tanƙwara su ba tare da karyewa ba.
Kasancewar manyan kwayoyin sihiri masu jujjuyawar juzu'i a cikin maɓuɓɓuka sune mahimmin sifa da ke banbanta russules daga sauran fungi. Jigon naman kaza ya karye kamar naman tuffa, yayin da a mafi yawan sauran nau'ikan ya kasu cikin zare. Launin spore foda ya kasance daga fari zuwa cream ko ma lemu.
Abu ne mai sauki a gano naman kaza na jinsin russula. Amma matsaloli suna faruwa yayin gano asalin mutum. Wannan ƙalubalen yana buƙatar yin nazarin halaye na microscopic da bambancin ra'ayi na kai tsaye, kamar bambanci tsakanin haske, ɗaci, da ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Bugu da ƙari, har yanzu ba a warware ainihin alaƙar phylogenetic na fungi a cikin ƙungiyar masu ilimin ilimin ƙwararru ba, kuma sun dogara da nazarin DNA.
Abubuwan halaye masu zuwa suna da mahimmanci wajen gano asalin mutum:
- ainihin launi na fure foda (farin / cream / ocher);
- dandano (m / ɗaci / zafi);
- canje-canje a cikin launi na jiki;
- tazara daga cibiyar da aka ware fim din fim din (kashin flaking);
- launin launi (sau da yawa yakan canza a cikin jinsi ɗaya);
- dauki daga ɓangaren litattafan almara zuwa ga sanadin mai ƙwanƙwasa (FeSO 4), formalin, alkalis da sauran sinadarai;
- lissafin rikice-rikice;
- wasu halaye na microscopic.
Duk da matsalolin gano ainihin samfurorin da aka tattara, ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano yana gano nau'in mai guba. Gabaɗaya, babu wasu nau'in guba masu haɗari tsakanin russula, kuma wasu nau'in da ke ɗan ɗanɗano ɗanɗano abin ci ne.
Ta yaya russula ke hulɗa da mahalli
Dukkanin nau'ikan russula suna samar da wata alamace ta ectomycorrhizal tare da shuke-shuke da bishiyoyi mafi girma, kuma kowane jinsi na fungi yana da mahaɗar mahaɗa ɗaya ko iri-iri. Wasu jinsunan suna kulla yarjejeniya tare da daya ko fiye runduna a mazaunin su, yayin da wasu ke iyakance a cikin zaɓin mai masaukin su, zangon su, ko duka biyun.
Jikin 'ya'yan itacen russula suna ba da tushen abinci na zamani don slugs, squirrels, da deer.
Wasu russula suna tara manyan matakan ƙarfe masu guba daga mahalli. Misali, russula mai launin ruwan hoda tana tara zinc saboda kasancewar irin peptides na metallothionein a jikin naman gwari. Blackening podgruzdok yana tara gubar da kuma mercury daga ƙasa. Matsayin wadannan karafan a jikin naman gwari ya ninka na 5 sau sama da na muhalli.
Kwarewa
Mutane suna tara nau'ikan russula da yawa. A Arewacin Amurka, ana ba da shawara game da shan kowace irin russula. Masu karɓar naman kaza na Turai sun fi dacewa da wannan nau'in kuma jerin russula mai cin abinci a cikin abincin Turai yana da ban sha'awa. Ana kuma cin Rusula a Mexico, Madagascar, Asia da Pacific Islands.
Babban nau'in russula
Rusulas waɗanda ke cin abinci ba tare da tsoro ba:
Farin kaya
Daya daga cikin manyan namomin kaza russula. Farin farin madara yana fitowa daga ƙasa yana tura allurar Pine, peat ko ganyen da ya faɗi, saboda haka babban farin farin yawanci datti ne kuma ya lalace. Farin podgruzdok sananne ne a cikin dazuzzuka tare da bishiyoyi masu fa'ida, ana samunsu a yankuna tare da alkaline ko ƙasa mai tsaka-tsaki.
Hat
Yana fadada sosai lokacin da naman gwari ya fito daga kasa, kuma yana karbar kasa da ganyen da ya fadi. Convex, tare da murƙushe baki har sai ya cika sosai, kwalliyar ba da daɗewa ba ta zama mai kama da mazuru, mai launin rawaya rawaya mai shekaru. Farfajiyar matt kuma bushe.
Ɓangaren litattafan almara
Fari kuma baya canza launi yayin yanke shi.
Kafa
Cylindrical, short, santsi, babu ainihin zobe.
Kamshi / dandano
Fisharancin kifi ko mai daɗi, ɗanɗano da ɗanɗano mai raɗaɗi a cikin gill, amma ya zama mai ɗan tauri a cikin hular da kuma kara.
Rusula rawaya
Yana zaune a wurare masu danshi a cikin bishiyoyi da gandun daji na aspen cikin Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Wani fasali daban shine kwalliyar rawaya, farin gill da ƙafafu, yayi launin toka a wuraren lalacewa. Yana da ɗan ɗanɗano mai ƙanshi kuma yana da kyau a ci.
Hat
Yolk yellow, mai ɗan danko idan aka jike, ganye da sauran tarkace sun manne shi. Ana lura da ƙaramar ɓacin rai a tsakiyar manyan mutane, gefen ya zama mai juyayi.
Kafa
Fari, tabbatacce tabbatacce, madaidaiciya.
Tsaunuka
Kodadde ocher.
Duk sassan suna canza launin toka duhu lokacin tsufa ko lalacewa. Warin 'ya'yan itace ne.
Rusula tuberous azure
Naman kaza mai laushi mai laushi wanda ke girma tare da conifers a ƙarshen bazara da damina. An samo shi a Turai da Arewacin Amurka.
Hat
Dark purple-launin ruwan kasa, tare da duhu, wani lokacin kusan cibiyar baƙi. Da farko yana da ma'amala ko ma kusan mai-kararrawa, amma daga baya an daidaita shi. Kusan koyaushe yana riƙe da fadi, tsinkaye mai tsinkaye a tsakiya, wanda shine keɓaɓɓen sifa na wannan nau'in. Fatar ta bare daga 2/3, tana da tsagi mai tsagi.
Kafa
Tabbatacce, fari, mai faɗi kuma mai tsayi kamar-kulob. Gills yana da launi mai laushi, launuka iri ɗaya. Da farko, gills yana da nisa sosai. Naman fari ne kuma yana da ɗanɗan ɗanɗano, amma fatar hular kan bakin tana da ɗaci.
Rusula kore
Naman kaza mai ci yana yaduwa a cikin yankuna masu tsaka-tsaki na arewa, ana samunsu a karkashin birch a cikin dazukan Pine.
Hat
Lebur, ba da daɗewa ba mai siffar mazurai da mai kaɗan-kaɗan, mai ɗan kauri da haske, daga koren haske zuwa shuɗi mai launin toka-kore, mafi sau da yawa ganyen zaitun.
Tsaunuka
Kusa kusa, kodadde kodadde tun yana saurayi, daga baya haske rawaya lokacin da spores suka girma.
Kafa
Fari, wani lokacin tare da tabo masu tsatsa a gindi, gajere kaɗan tare da tsaka-tsalle.
Ɓangaren litattafan almara
Fari, mai laushi, mara ƙanshi, tare da ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano.
Abincin russula
Yada ko'ina duk inda akwai itacen oak ko beech a nahiyar Turai. Gill da farfajiyar kafa da sauri suna canza launi zuwa launon somon lokacin da aka shafa su da gishirin ƙarfe (FeSO4) ko kuma yin walwala daga tincture na guaiac. Waɗannan gwaje-gwajen masu amfani ne saboda launin iyakoki da raƙuman ruwan goro mai laushi yana da canzawa sosai cewa yana da ƙimar darajar bincike.
Hatsuna
Sun bambanta a launi, daga duhun ja zuwa ja mai haske, wani lokaci tare da launin ruwan kasa, zaitun ko kore. Launin “tsohuwar naman alade” ya bayyana kwatancen russula mai ci sosai.
Hular yana da santsi, da farko mai siffar zobe, mai lankwasawa, wani lokaci tare da rashin zurfin ciki. Yankewar manyan mutane bai isa gefen ba, naman hular da gefunan gill suna bayyane daga sama.
Tsaunuka
White ko kodadde cream, kusan kusa, kunkuntar, cokali mai yatsu kusa da tushe.
Kafa
Fuskar da nama fari ne.
Kamshi / dandano
Tasteanɗano mai ɗanɗano mai ƙanshi, babu ƙamshin halayya
Kedarfar russula
'Yan kaɗan ne ke da koren kore, don haka ganowa ba matsala. Rushin Forked din yana da koren koren ciyawa, wani lokaci mai launin ruwan toka mai launin rawaya, ana samun sa a duk yankin Turai da sauran sassan duniya, gami da Arewacin Amurka.
Hat
Kodadde ko koren kore don dacewa da ciyawar, sannu a hankali ya zama mai paler zuwa gefen, flakes kashe rabinsa zuwa tsakiyar. Convex, tare da ƙaramin baƙin ciki a cikin cibiyar. Siriri lokacin da aka jike, gefen ya dan huce, saman bai tsage ba.
Tsaunuka
Fari, juya rawaya tare da shekaru.
Kafa
Fari, fiye ko cylasa da silinda, wani lokacin taper a ƙasan.
Ɓangaren litattafan almara
Sannu a hankali yana canza launin ruwan hoda akan abinda ya shafi gishirin ƙarfe (FeSO4).
Kamshi / dandano
Ba rarrabewa.
Fadama russula
Abu ne mai sauki a kuskure shi saboda russula mai dafi, da daddawa, duka jinsunan sun girma cikin muhalli daya - gandun dazuzzuka. Takamaiman ma'anar "marsh" yana nuna alaƙa da ƙasar fadama, kuma hakika ana samun naman gwari a ƙarƙashin conifers (musamman pines) a cikin peat, yankunan fadama na gandun daji na gansakuka, amma ba wai kawai ba.
Hat
Red, purplish brown or ocher color, wani lokacin tare da daskararrun tabo, fatar fata tayi 1/2 zuwa tsakiya. Naman ruwan hoda ne a ƙasa da cuticle. Hemispherical, sa'annan yayi ma'amala, ya zama madaidaici tare da mazurari na tsakiya; taguwar baki.
Tsaunuka
Cream ko haske ocher, akai-akai.
Kafa
Fari, mai jujjuyawa, wani lokacin yana fadada a tsakiya ko kuma da tushe mai ɗan ƙaramin bututu.
Kamshi / dandano
Ba rarrabewa.
Russula na ƙarya
Babu russules masu guba. Mutane ba sa mutuwa bayan cin russula ta ƙarya. Masu karɓar naman kaza ba sa tattara samfuran da ke da ƙamshi, amma suna da ɗanɗano, ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano.
Russula mai guba mai rauni. Guba bayyanar cututtuka
Babban yanayin cutar guba da aka lura tsakanin jinsin russula shine damuwa na ciki a cikin mutanen da suka cinye naman kaza a ɗanye ko aka dafa.
Bayan mutum ya ci russula na ƙarya, ƙwayoyin mucous na jiki, gami da baki da hanji, suna yin fushi. Usarya russula ta kwaikwayi jikin 'ya'yan itace na takwarorinta masu ci, rarrabe namomin kaza masu cutarwa ta:
- haske mai haske;
- tsare ko siket a kafa;
- babban ɓangaren litattafan almara wanda kwari da tsutsotsi ba su lalata shi ba;
- launin ruwan hoda na ƙasan kafa;
- gishiri mai rauni;
- ɓangaren litattafan almara, yana canza launi yayin dahuwa.
Rushewar rashin cin abinci:
Hoda
Birch
Ja
Kele
M
Ingaraji
Bilious
Russula - fa'idodi
Namomin kaza suna da wadataccen lecithin, ma'adanai, bitamin, suna kunshe da zaren abinci mai yawa, carbohydrates masu sauƙi, acid mai ƙanshi, amma suna da ƙananan kalori. Mutane suna cin russula lokacin da suke so:
- rasa nauyi;
- tsabtace hanyar narkewa;
- magance matsalolin narkewar abinci.
Enzyme daga russula yana shayar da madara; an kara naman kaza a cikin gidaje lokacin yin cuku da cuku.
Rusula cutar
Mutanen da ke da ciwon ciki, ulcers da cututtukan zuciya ya kamata su guji yin jita-jita na russula. Namomin kaza ba sa saurin ɗaukar jiki. Ko mutanen da basu da matsaloli masu haɗari suna samun cutarwa fiye da kyau idan suka ci russula da yawa a cikin abinci ɗaya.
Halin al'ada na naman kaza ga manya bai fi gram 150 a lokaci guda ba, koda kuwa waɗannan ma samfurin masu inganci ne waɗanda aka tattara a wuraren tsaftataccen muhalli. Yaran da shekarunsu ba su kai bakwai ba, mata masu ciki da tsofaffi suma ya kamata su kauracewa abincin da ke dauke da russula.
Yadda ake dafa russula daidai
A cikin aikin dafuwa, ana amfani da namomin kaza ko'ina. Kafin dafa abinci, an zuba russula da ruwa na tsawan awoyi. Ruwan ya tsiyaye, an tafasa shi cikin sabon ruwa na tsawan minti 5 don cire dacin.
Ba a amfani da russula a cikin kwasa-kwasan farko, saboda abincin ya zama mai ɗaci. An soya naman kaza ko a yi amfani da su a cikin miya kamar su kirim mai tsami. Soyayyen russula wani abinci ne daban ko ƙari ga, ace, dankali.
Groundusoshin Rusula suna ƙasa tare da nama a cikin yankakke ko soyayyen batter da kuma ɗanyun burodi. An hada naman kaza tare da stewed ko soyayyen kayan lambu.
Russula ana salted, pickled sannan a yi aiki a matsayin abinci. Za'a inganta dandanon naman kaza ta tafarnuwa, albasa, barkono da sauran kayan kamshi. Washegari russules abin ci ne.
Ana samun jita-jita na yau da kullun yayin da aka ƙara russules zuwa wasu namomin kaza, ganye, albasa, da kayan yaji da kayan ƙanshi.
Inda russula ke girma
Wadannan namomin kaza suna da alaƙa da bishiyoyi da yawa, don haka ba a girbe russula ne kawai a ƙarƙashin birch kamar boletus ko kusa da beech kamar chanterelles.
Rusula tayi girma ko'ina. Wannan nau'in rayuwa mai ban mamaki ne wanda ke son danshi da danshi don ci gaban aiki. Nemi russula bayan ruwan sama. Suna ba da fruita fruita a wurare iri ɗaya shekara shekara. Nemo mycelium sau ɗaya kuma ku tanadi kaya kowace shekara.
