Daya daga cikin manya kuma shahararrun hamada a doron kasa shine Sahara, wacce ta mamaye yankin kasashen Afirka goma. A cikin rubuce-rubucen d, a, ana kiran hamada "mai girma". Waɗannan ƙarancin yashi ne na yashi, yumbu, dutse, inda ake samun rayuwa kawai a cikin mayukan da ba safai ba. Kogi ɗaya ne kawai ke gudana a nan, amma akwai ƙananan tafkuna a cikin oases da manyan tanadi na ruwan ƙasa. Yankin hamada ya mamaye fiye da murabba'in mita dubu 7700. km, wanda ya fi ƙanƙanta a yanki fiye da Brazil kuma ya fi Australia girma.
Sahara ba hamada ba ce, amma haɗuwa da hamada da yawa waɗanda suke a cikin sarari ɗaya kuma suna da yanayi iri ɗaya. Za a iya rarrabe hamada masu zuwa:
Libiya
Balaraba
Nubiyan
Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan hamada, da duwatsu da dutsen da ya mutu. Hakanan zaka iya samun baƙin ciki da yawa a cikin Sahara, wanda daga cikin sa ana iya rarrabewa da Qatar, zurfin mita 150 ƙasa da matakin teku.
Yanayin yanayi a cikin hamada
Sahara tana da yanayi mara kyau, wato, bushe da zafi mai zafi, amma a can arewa mai nisa akwai yanayin ruwa. A cikin hamada, matsakaicin yanayin zafin duniya shine +58 digiri Celsius. Game da hazo, ba su nan a nan har tsawon shekaru, kuma idan sun faɗi, ba su da lokacin isa ƙasa. Abin da ake yawan faruwa a cikin hamada iska ne, wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura. Saurin iska zai iya kaiwa mita 50 a sakan daya.
Akwai canje-canje masu ƙarfi a yanayin zafi na yau da kullun: idan zafin rana ya wuce + digiri 30, wanda ba shi yiwuwa numfashi ko motsawa, to da daddare sai ya yi sanyi kuma zafin ya sauka zuwa 0. Ko da duwatsun da ke da wuya ba za su iya jure wa waɗannan sauye-sauyen ba, wanda ke fashewa ya zama yashi.
A arewacin hamada akwai tsaunin Atlas, wanda yake hana shigar da dumbin iska na Rum a cikin Sahara. Talakawan yanayi na motsawa daga kudu daga Gulf of Guinea. Yanayin hamada yana shafar yankunan da ke makwabtaka da yankuna.
Shuke-shuken Sahara
Kayan lambu sun bazu ko'ina cikin Sahara. Fiye da nau'in 30 na tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire za a iya samu a cikin hamada. An fi wakilta Flora a tsaunukan Ahaggar da Tibesti, da kuma arewacin hamada.
Daga cikin tsire-tsire akwai masu zuwa:
Fern
Ficus
Cypress
Xerophytes
Hatsi
Acacia
Ziziphus
Kunkus
Boxthorn
Ciyawar tsuntsu
Dabino
Dabbobi a cikin Hamadar Sahara
Dabbobi masu shayarwa, tsuntsaye da kwari daban-daban suna wakiltar fauna. Daga cikin su, a cikin Sahara, akwai jerboas da hamster, gerbils da antelopes, raguna masu raƙumi da ƙananan ƙira, jackals da mongoses, kuliyoyin yashi da raƙuma.
Jerboa
Hamster
Gerbil
Tsuntsaye
Ragon Maned
Chaananan ƙaramar murya
Jakarwa
Mongooses
Dune kuliyoyi
Rakumi
Akwai kadangaru da macizai anan: saka idanu kan kadangaru, agamas, macizai masu kaho, fes.
Varan
Agam
Macijin kaho
Sandy Efa
Saharar Sahara duniya ce ta musamman mai keɓaɓɓen yanayi. Wannan shine wuri mafi zafi a duniya, amma akwai rayuwa anan. Waɗannan su ne dabbobi, tsuntsaye, kwari, tsirrai da mutanen makiyaya.
Wuraren Hamada
Hamadar Sahara tana arewacin Afirka. Tana mamaye fadin daga yankin yammacin nahiyar zuwa gabas na kilomita dubu 4.8, kuma daga arewa zuwa kudu kilomita dubu 0.8-1.2. Jimlar yankin Sahara kusan kilomita murabba'i miliyan 8.6. Daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, hamada ta kan iyakokin abubuwa masu zuwa:
- a arewa - tsaunukan Atlas da Bahar Rum;
- a kudu - Sahel, yankin da ke wucewa zuwa savannas;
- a yamma - Tekun Atlantika;
- a gabas - Bahar Maliya.
Yawancin Sahara suna da mamaye da yankunan daji da ba kowa, inda wani lokaci zaka iya haduwa da makiyaya. An raba hamada tsakanin jihohi kamar Misira da Nijar, Algeria da Sudan, Chadi da Yammacin Sahara, Libya da Morocco, Tunisia da Mauritania.
Taswirar Sahara
Saukakawa
A zahiri, yashi ya mamaye kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na Sahara, yayin da sauran yankin ke mamaye da duwatsu da tsaunukan asalinsu. Gabaɗaya, ana iya bambanta irin waɗannan abubuwa a cikin hamada:
- Yammacin Sahara - filayen, tsaunuka da filaye;
- Ahaggar - tsaunuka;
- Tibesti - plateau;
- Tenere - fadada yashi;
- Hamadar Libya;
- Air - plateau;
- Talak hamada ce;
- Ennedy - plateau;
- Hamada ta Aljeriya;
- Adrar-Ifhoras - plateau;
- Hamadar Larabawa;
- El Hamra;
- Nubian Desert.
Mafi yawan tarin yashi suna cikin teku mai yashi kamar Igidi da Bolshoi East Erg, Tenenre da Idekhan-Marzuk, Shesh da Aubari, Bolshoi West Erg da Erg Shebbi. Hakanan akwai dunes da dunes na siffofi daban-daban. A wasu wurare, akwai abin mamaki na motsi, kazalika da rairayin rairayi.
Saukin sahara
Idan muka yi magana dalla-dalla game da sauƙaƙawa, yashi da asalin hamada, to masana kimiyya suna jayayya cewa Sahara a baya ƙasa ce ta teku. Akwai ma Fadar Hamada, wanda a cikin farin duwatsu ragowar halittu ne masu karamin karfi a zamanin da, kuma a lokacin hakar kasa, masana binciken burbushin halittu sun gano kwarangwal na dabbobi daban-daban da suka rayu miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata.
Yanzu rairayi sun rufe wasu sassan hamada, kuma a wasu wuraren zurfinsu ya kai mita 200. Yashin yana gudana koyaushe ta iskoki, yana ƙirƙirar sabbin fasalin ƙasa. A karkashin dunes da dunes sandes, akwai ajiyar duwatsu da ma'adanai daban-daban. Lokacin da mutane suka gano adadin mai da iskar gas, sun fara cire su a nan, kodayake yana da wahala fiye da sauran wurare a doron ƙasa.
Albarkatun ruwa na Sahara
Babban tushen Hamada ta Sahara shine Kogin Nilu da Neja, harma da Tafkin Chadi. Koguna sun samo asali ne a bayan hamada, suna ciyarwa a saman ruwa da ruwan karkashin kasa. Manyan kogunan na Kogin Nilu sune Fari da Blue Nile, wadanda suka hade a yankin kudu maso gabashin hamada. Nijar ta gudana a kudu maso yamma na Sahara, a cikin tafkin akwai tabkuna da yawa. A arewa, akwai wadis da rafuka waɗanda ke gudana bayan ruwan sama mai yawa, kuma suma suna gangarowa daga tsaunukan tsaunuka. A cikin hamada kanta, akwai hanyar sadarwa wacce aka kafa ta a zamanin da. Yana da kyau a lura cewa a karkashin rairayin Sahara akwai ruwan karkashin kasa wanda yake ciyar da wasu ruwaye. Ana amfani dasu don tsarin ban ruwa.
Kogin Nilu
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da Sahara
Daga cikin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa game da Sahara, ya kamata a san cewa ba hamada ce gaba daya ba. Fiye da nau'ikan flora 500 da nau'ikan nau'in fauna ɗari da yawa ana samun su anan. Bambancin flora da fauna ya samar da tsarin halittu na musamman a duniya.
A cikin hanjin duniya a ƙarƙashin yashi mai yashi na hamada akwai tushen ruwan artesian. Ofaya daga cikin abubuwan ban sha'awa shine yankin Sahara yana canzawa koyaushe. Hotunan tauraron dan adam sun nuna cewa yankin hamada yana karuwa yana raguwa. Idan kafin Sahara ta kasance savanna, yanzu hamada ce, yana da matukar ban sha'awa abin da fewan shekaru dubu zasu yi da shi da abin da wannan yanayin halittar zai zama.
