Kalmar "maye" na nufin sauye-sauye na yau da kullun a cikin al'umma da ayyukan tsarin muhalli da ke faruwa sakamakon tasirin abubuwa daban-daban. Sauyin yanayi yana faruwa ne ta hanyar canjin yanayi da kuma tasirin ɗan adam. Kowane mahallin halitta yana ƙaddara wanzuwar tsarin muhalli na gaba da ƙarewarsa. Wannan tsari ne na halitta wanda yake faruwa saboda tarin kuzari a cikin yanayin halittu, canje-canje a cikin microclimate da canje-canje na biotope.
Jigon abubuwan gado
Gadowa shine cigaban cigaban halittu. Ana iya binciko mafi sananniyar maye ta amfani da misalin shuke-shuke; yana nuna kanta a canjin tsire-tsire, canje-canje a tsarinsu da maye gurbin wasu shuke-shuke da suka mamaye wasu. Ana iya raba kowane magaji zuwa manyan kungiyoyi biyu:
- Tsarin farko.
- Secondary.
Tsarin farko shine farkon farawa, kamar yadda yake faruwa a yankuna marasa rai. A zamanin yau, kusan dukkanin ƙasar tuni mazauna daban-daban sun mamaye ta, sabili da haka, fitowar yankuna kyauta daga rayayyun halittu yanayi ne na gari. Misalan maye gurbin farko sune:
- sulhu ta hanyar al'ummomi a kan duwatsu;
- shirya yankuna daban a cikin hamada.
A zamaninmu, magajin farko ba safai yake ba, amma a wani lokaci, kowane yanki ya wuce wannan matakin.
Matsayi na biyu
Makarantar sakandare ko maidowa tana faruwa a yankin da ke da yawan jama'a. Irin wannan maye gurbin na iya faruwa a ko'ina kuma ya bayyana kansa a wani ma'auni daban. Misalan gado na biyu:
- daidaita daji bayan gobara;
- yawaitar filin da aka yi watsi da shi;
- mazaunin wurin bayan zubar dusar kankara, wanda ya lalata dukkan abubuwa masu rai a kan kasa.
Dalilin maye gurbin na biyu shine:
- Gobarar daji;
- gandun daji;
- huɗa ƙasa;
- ambaliyar ruwa;
- Fitowa daga dutse
Cikakken tsarin gado na biyu yana ɗaukar shekaru 100-200. Yana farawa lokacin da shuke-shuke na shekara-shekara suka bayyana a filayen. Bayan shekaru 2-3 an maye gurbinsu da ciyawar shekara-shekara, sannan har ma da masu gasa masu ƙarfi - shrubs. Mataki na karshe shine fitowar bishiyoyi. Aspen, spruce, Pine da itacen oak sun girma, wanda ya ƙare aikin maye gurbin. Wannan yana nufin cewa maido da tsarin halittu na wannan shafin an kammala shi sosai.
Manyan matakai na tsarin gado
Tsawancin maye gurbin ya dogara da tsawon rayuwar kwayoyin halittar da ke cikin aikin maidowa ko kirkirar halittu. Gudun shine mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin tsarin halittu tare da rinjaye na shuke-shuke masu ganye, kuma mafi tsayi a cikin coniferous ko itacen oak. Babban alamu na mayewa:
- A matakin farko, bambance-bambancen jinsuna ba su da muhimmanci; bayan lokaci, yana ƙaruwa.
- Tare da ci gaban aiwatarwa, alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta tana ƙaruwa. Symbiosis kuma yana girma, sarƙoƙin abinci ya zama mai rikitarwa.
- A yayin aiwatar da sauye-sauye, yawan jinsin halittu masu 'yanci na raguwa.
- Tare da kowane mataki na ci gaba, cudanya da kwayoyin a cikin tsarin halittar da ke ciki yana ƙaruwa kuma yana da tushe.
Amfanin cikakken tsarin halittu a kan saurayi shine cewa yana iya yin tsayayya da canje-canje mara kyau a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi da canje-canje a yanayin zafi. Irin wannan ƙungiyar da aka kafa zata iya tsayayya da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi. Wannan yana ba da damar fahimtar mahimmancin tsarin halittu da haɗarin cin zarafin halittu. Hakanan juriya ta gari da ya balaga ga abubuwan zahiri, yawan amfanin jama'a na wucin gadi yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar ɗan adam, saboda haka yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye daidaito tsakanin su.
