Conifers babban rukuni ne na resinous, bishiyoyi masu ɗauke da pine da shrubs. Dangane da rarrabuwa na ilimin halittu, bishiyoyin coniferous suna yin oda Coniferales daga ƙungiyar motsa jiki, wanda tsaba basa bada launi. Akwai iyalai 7 na conifers, wadanda aka kasa su zuwa kungiyoyi 67 da ake kira genera, sun kasu zuwa fiye da jinsuna 600.
Conifers suna da mazugi, kuma ganyayensu ba sa faduwa duk shekara. Koyaya, wasu daga cikinsu, kamar yew, suna da mazugi na jiki wanda yake kama da aa fruitan itace. Sauran tsire-tsire, kamar su cypress da juniper, suna girma buds waɗanda suke kama da 'ya'yan itace maimakon abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "mazugi".
Yada iyaka
Yankin conifers yana da fadi. Ana samun bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa a cikin:
- arewacin duniya, har zuwa Arctic Circle;
- Turai da Asiya;
- Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka;
- da yawa nau'ikan conifers sune kewayen Afirka da na wurare masu zafi.
Gandun daji masu ban sha'awa suna girma mafi kyau inda akwai dogon hunturu tare da matsakaici zuwa babban ruwan sama na shekara-shekara. Ana kiran gandun daji na arewacin Eurasia taiga, ko kuma gandun daji boreal. Duk kalmomin guda biyu suna bayanin gandun dajin da ke da tabkuna masu yawa, fadama da koguna. Haka kuma dazuzzuka masu danshi suna rufe duwatsu a sassa da yawa na duniya.
Nau'in conifers
Pine
Gnome
Tekun Bahar Rum ne mai wahala, itacen da ba shi da haske mai duhu mai haske mai haske mai kama da allura mai kama da ƙwaya mai tsiro. Yana girma cikin sifar dutsen ƙwallon ƙafa mai yawa da allurai masu yawa. Tsire-tsire yana ba da oval, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu kimanin 5 cm tsayi kuma yana tsaye a tsaye zuwa sama kuma baya iya jure yanayin zafi ko yanayin bushewa.
Yana da tushen mafi kyau duka:
- a cikin cikakken rana;
- a cikin ruwan sha mai kyau, alkaline, loamy, m, sandy ko clayey ƙasa.
Gnome shine sannu a hankali dwarf dutsen itacen dutsen wanda ke ƙara kwarjini da ban sha'awa ga gonar. Yana girma cikin shekaru 10 zuwa tsayin 30-60 cm da faɗi 90 cm.
Pug
Inari a cikin nisa fiye da tsayi. Pug pine asalinsa ne zuwa tsaunukan tsakiyar Turai da kudancin Turai daga Spain zuwa Balkans. Abubuwan buƙatun Pine suna daga matsakaiciyar kore zuwa koren duhu, allurai suna samun ruwan rawaya a lokacin sanyi. Cones suna da oval ko conical, dull brown, scaly brown-launin toka haushi.
Tsarin dwarf mai siffar zagaye yayi girma zuwa lokaci zuwa 90 cm a tsayi, amma yana girma a hankali.
Pug yana bunƙasa da rana cike da danshi, raƙuman ruwa da ƙasa mai yashi, mai haƙurin yumbu. Kauce wa ƙasa mara ƙazanta. Shuke-shuke sun fi son yanayin rani mai sanyi.
Ophir
Kyakkyawan itacen dutsen dwarf wanda ke da kyan gani a kowane lokaci na shekara yana samar da kambi mai girma, mai faɗi tare da madaidaicin saman. Allura masu launin rawaya-kore a lokacin bazara da bazara, kuma a lokacin hunturu suna samun wadataccen launi na zinariya. Ophir tsire-tsire ne mai ɗan jinkirin girma wanda ya ƙara kimanin 2.5 cm a kowace shekara, yana girma zuwa 90 cm cikin tsayi da faɗi bayan shekaru 10.
Girma mafi kyau a cikin cikakken rana a cikin ruwa mai kyau:
- m;
- alkaline;
- ɓarna;
- rigar;
- yashi;
- kasa yumbu.
Ophir pine yana haƙuri da fari. Mafi dacewa ga lambuna, wuraren shakatawa na birni da lambunan dutsen.
Pine mai launi
Itace wacce take da babban akwati na rectilinear, tare da faɗi, buɗe kambi. Kunkuntar ko m pyramidal kambi na matasa bishiyoyi flattens kan lokaci, ƙananan rassan fada kashe.
Bawon ƙananan raƙuman raƙuman raƙumi baƙi ne mai duhu ko duhu ja-kasa-kasa da fari, a cikin bishiyoyi masu girma daga rawaya-launin ruwan kasa zuwa inuwa mai ja, an raba shi cikin faranti masu ƙyalli tare da zurfafan raƙuman ruwa. Haushi mai kauri yana sanya itacen pine tsayayyar gobara ta daji.
Duhunan launin toka-kore, zaitun ko rawaya-koren allurai suna girma cikin tarin uku, da wuya allurai biyu ko biyar. Sikakken launin ruwan kasa mai launin ja ko ruwan kasa na buds suna da dabino masu tsini.
Itacen al'ul
Itace ta kai tsayin m 35, girman bututun har zuwa 1.8 m a tsayin kirji. Babban kambi mai ban sha'awa a cikin samari shuke-shuke ya zama mai faɗi da zurfin zurfafawa tare da shekaru.
Haushi launin ruwan kasa ne mai launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka-launin ruwan kasa. Rassan rawaya ne ko ruwan rawaya, masu kauri kuma masu yawan shekaru. Conical ja-kasa-kasa ganye buds.
Allura suna dauke da allurai 5 a kowane layi, suna da dan lankwashe kuma kusan kusurwa uku a sashi. Alluran suna da wuya, koren launi mai launi tare da stomata a gefuna na waje, tsawon 6-11 cm, kaurin 0.5-1.7 mm.
Itacen al'ul na tsiro da kyau a kan rigar marshy da ƙasa mai laka.
Farin farin
Itacen ƙaramin fata, yana girma zuwa:
- karamar bishiya tare da gangar jiki mai saurin fadada da kuma kambi mai fadi;
- shuke shuken shuke shuke tare da yalwar kambi da karkatattu, rassan da aka juya lokacin da iska mai karfi ta bayyana.
A waje yana kama da pine coniferous, amma cones ɗin ya bambanta. Alluran suna girma a cikin dunkule na allura 5, daga 3 zuwa 9 cm tsayi, suna da tsauri, masu ɗan lankwasa, galibi suna da shuɗi-kore, suna mannewa zuwa ƙarshen rassan.
Gwanin iri suna da tserewa ko kusan zagaye, 3 zuwa 8 cm tsayi, kuma suna girma a kusurwa dama zuwa reshe. Haushi siriri ne, mai santsi kuma mai laushi a kan samari mai tushe. Yayin da itacen yake tsufa, bawon yayi kauri kuma ya zama sirara, launin ruwan kasa, faranti masu haske.
Weymouth Pine (Ba'amurke)
Itacen pine mai girma, a kwance, rassan asymmetrical tare da lush, allurar shuɗi-shuɗi.
A dabi'a, yana girma daga 30 zuwa 35 m a tsayi, akwati wanda ke da diamita 1 zuwa 1.5 m, kambi a diamita daga 15 zuwa mita 20. A cikin yanayin shimfidar wuri mai faɗi, bishiyoyi masu banƙyama ba su fi 25 m ba, suna dacewa da wuraren shakatawa da gidajen rani.
Tsire-tsire suna girma cikin sauri, ci gaba yana raguwa tare da shekaru. Treesananan bishiyoyi ne na pyramidal, tiers na reshe a kwance da kuma furfura mai toka suna ba itacen da ya girma girma, kyakkyawa. Wannan itace ɗayan bishiyoyin pine waɗanda aka dasa azaman shinge, samfuran da suka balaga suna riƙe ƙananan rassa, kuma allurai masu taushi suna sanya shingen yayi kyau ba tsoratarwa.
Edel
Itacen Pine mai sirara, mai laushi, allurar shuɗi-shuɗi. Girman girma yana da hankali. Bayan kimanin shekaru 10, shukar zata yi girma zuwa kusan 1m a tsayi. Sun fi son gefen rana da matsakaicin ƙasa mai dausayi. 'Ya'yan itacen pines suna cikin siffar pyramidal, amma da tsufa suna samun bayyanar "maras kyau". Cones suna da girma.
Wannan itace kyakkyawar shimfidar wuri mai faɗi kuma masu ƙirar shimfidar wuri suna ɗauka a matsayin mafi kyaun shuke-shuke mai ado wanda zai haifar da da mai ido. Edel pine ya dace da yankin kewayen birni, a cikin lambunan biranen yana da sauƙin gurɓatuwa kuma gishiri ya lalata shi. A lokacin sanyi, yana mutuwa daga guguwar kankara.
Butter pine "Littleananan curls"
Inyananan, allurai shuɗi-koren allurai suna girma a kan dwarf, oval, mai kama da ball. Wannan ƙari ne na musamman ga ƙaramin lambun da ke ƙasa.
Zaɓin dwarf na farin pine na gabashin ƙuruciya yana da kyakkyawar siffar zobe, tare da shekaru ya zama mai faɗi-pyramidal. Abubuwan buƙata sun murɗe - sifa ce mai jan hankali ga masu zane. Bayan shekaru 10 na girma, samfurin balagagge yakai m 1.5 a tsayi da 1 m a faɗi, tare da haɓakar shekara shekara ta 10-15 cm.
Yana haɓaka mafi kyau a rana tare da matsakaiciyar zafi, akan ƙasa mai daƙiƙƙu. Pine yana da haƙuri ga yanayin ƙasa mai yawa.
Spasar Norway
Mai saurin girma, mai tsayi, madaidaici, mai kusurwa uku-uku, tare da kambi mai kaifi, itacen ya kai 40 m a tsayi kuma yana rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 1000. Haushi na samfuran samari jan ƙarfe ne-launin ruwan kasa-kuma ya yi kama da santsi, amma ya zama abin ƙyama ga taɓawa. Bishiyoyin da suka manyanta (sama da shekaru 80) suna da duhu mai ruwan hoda-mai ruwan kasa tare da fasa da ƙananan ruwan wukake. Rassan ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa ne, sun yi furfura kuma baƙi.
Alluran suna da sifa iri-iri, an nuna su, da dunƙulen fararen fata da kuma ƙanshi mai ƙanshi. Stamens sun zama ja da rawaya a bazara. Furen mata jajaye ne, kuma suna tsaye a saman.
Siberiya spruce
Yana girma har zuwa 30 m a tsawo. Ganga kusan mita 1.5 a diamita. Rooan raguwa, sirara, rawaya-kore, ƙananan rassa masu haske suna sa spruce yayi kama da dala. Abubuwan buƙatun suna koren kore, gajere 10 - 18 mm, masu kusurwa a ɓangaren giciye. Pine cones suna da siffar siliki, tsawonsu yakai 6 - 8 cm. Lokacin da buds basu balaga ba, suna shunayya. Lokacin da cikakke, launin ruwan kasa.
Siberia spruce tana girma a cikin gandun daji boreal na Siberia. Dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗo daga kambi mai banƙyama, wanda ke hana asarar rassa. Needananan allurai suna rage asarar danshi. Samun kakin zuma mai kauri baya hana ruwa kuma yana kare allurar daga iska. Launin kore mai duhu na allurai yana kara karfin hasken rana.
Serbia spruce
Alluran gajere ne kuma masu laushi, masu sheki a sama, koren duhu, azurfa a ƙasa. Bishiyoyi suna kawata filayen lambu da gefen titi, dasa daya bayan daya ko tam. Spruce yana da kaɗan, kusan mita 1.5 a faɗin shimfidar sa, mai tsayi, siriri, "mai girma" a cikin girma. Hardwarai da gaske kuma ba shi da ƙarancin tsire-tsire lokacin da aka girma a yankunan da yanayin rani mai sanyi. Yana buƙatar hasken rana don ci gaba, koda kuwa sanyi ne, amma kuma baya mutuwa a cikin inuwar m, ya fi son ƙasa mai tsaka-tsakin mai ɗan kaɗan, da kyau. Cones suna da haske-launin toka-launin toka a farkon bazara, suna yin jan karfe a ƙarshen kakar.
Azurfa azurfa (abin kaɗa)
Itace madaidaiciya tare da kambi mai kamannin tsere, ta kai mita 50 a tsayi kuma 1 m a diamita a balaga. Branchesananan rassan suna saukowa zuwa ƙasa.
Abubuwan buƙata suna da tetrahedral da kaifi, amma ba mawuyacin wahala ba. Launi mai launin shuɗi mai shuɗi mai zurfin raɗaɗɗen azurfa a saman saman da ƙasan. Abubuwan buƙata a kan rassan suna cikin kowane wuri.
Cones ɗin iri suna rawaya zuwa launin ruwan hoda-launin ruwan kasa, rataye daga manyan rassa. Mizanin sikirinsu na sihiri yana taɓewa a ƙarshen duka kuma suna da gefen waje mai ƙyalli. Cones na Pollen galibi galibi rawaya ne zuwa launin ruwan kasa-kasa-kasa.
Haushi ya zama sako-sako, mai walƙiya, daga launin ruwan kasa mai ja zuwa launin toka.
Fir
Ana lura dashi daga nesa saboda yanayin kwalliyar sa, tushe ya fi kambi fadi. A cikin tsayayyun wurare, ƙananan rassan fir ba su nan ko ba su da allurai, hasken rana mai rauni yana shafar siffar itacen.
Alluran suna kwance, masu sassauƙa kuma basu da kaifi a tukin. Alurar da aka juya ta nuna layuka farare daga jerin ƙananan dige. Hakanan ana zana ƙyallen saman saman allurar fari.
Haushi:
- saurayi - santsi mai launin toka da vesicles cike da guduro;
- balagagge - sikila da ɗan fari.
Cones na mata da na mace suna girma akan bishiya ɗaya kusa da saman, kodayake cones ɗin mata sun fi girma a cikin kambin. Manyan buds suna da tsayin 4 zuwa 14 cm kuma suna tsaye kai tsaye a kan reshe.
Caucasian Nordman fir
Zai girma har zuwa 60 m a tsayi, ƙwanƙolin katako har zuwa 2 m a tsayin nono. A cikin keɓaɓɓun Yammacin Caucasus, wasu samfuran suna da tsayin mitoci 78 har ma da tsayin m 80, wanda ya sa Nordmann fir ya zama bishiyoyi mafi tsayi a Turai.
Haushi mai launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ne, tare da laushi mai laushi da gudummawar jaka.
A saman allurar shine koren duhu mai sheƙi mai haske, a ƙasa akwai ratsi biyu masu fari-shuɗi na stomata. Tiparshen yawanci magana ne mara kyau, amma wani lokacin ana ɗan ɗanɗana shi, musamman a kan harbe-harben samari.
Fir din Nordman yana daya daga cikin jinsunan da ake shukawa a cikin nurseries na Sabuwar Shekara. Alluran ba su da kaifi kuma ba sa saurin faduwa lokacin da bishiyar ta bushe. Hakanan sanannen itace ne na kwalliya don wuraren shakatawa da lambuna.
Fir na azurfa
Yana girma 40-50 m, da wuya 60 m a tsawo, diamita na madaidaiciyar akwati shine 1.5 m a tsawo na nono.
Haushi ya yi launin toka-toka tare da zafin nama. Kambin dala ya daidaita da shekaru. Rassan suna daskararre, launin ruwan kasa mai laushi ko launin toka mai toka tare da baƙar fata. Wayoyin ganyayyaki ba su da amfani, ba tare da resin ko ɗan ƙoshin wuta ba.
Allura suna kama da allura kuma sun daidaita, girma dabam:
- 1.8-3 cm a tsayi;
- 2mm fadi.
A sama an zana shi a cikin launi mai duhu mai ƙyalƙyali mai haske, a ƙasa akwai ratsi biyu masu fari-fari na stomata. A nasihu yawanci dan kadan ne.
Tsaba Cones:
- a tsawon 9-17 cm;
- 3-4 cm fadi.
Wanan suna da ɗanɗano yayin samartaka, launin ruwan kasa masu kaifi lokacin da suka nuna.
Koriya ta fir
Zai yi girma 9-18 m a tsayi, gangar jikin diamita 1-2 m a matakin kirji.
Firaramar fir:
- santsi;
- tare da jaka na resin;
- shunayya.
Tare da katako mai tsufa:
- furrowed;
- lamellar;
- launin toka-toka;
- launin ruwan kasa mai launin ja
Rassan an daddaƙe, ɗan ƙaramin balaga, launin toka mai haske ko yaushi-ja, da shekaru, da shunayya. A buds ne ovoid, chestnut to ja a launi tare da whitish guduro.
Cones na Pollen masu kamshi ne-masu tsalle-tsalle, tare da launin ja-rawaya ko launin shuɗi a bango mai launin launin ja-launin ruwan kasa. Ana zagaye zobba iri-iri, tare da saman mara kyau, fari-shuɗi mai fari, sannan shuɗi mai duhu tare da farin tabo.
Balsam fir
Yana girma 14-20 m a tsayi, da wuya har zuwa 27 m, kambi yana da kunkuntar, conical.
Haushi na ƙananan bishiyoyi:
- santsi;
- launin toka;
- tare da jaka na guduro
Tare da tsufa:
- m;
- karaya;
- fure.
Allurai:
- lebur;
- kamar allura;
- tsawon 15-30 mm.
A sama an zana shi da koren duhu, tare da ƙaramin stomata a kusa da tukwici tare da ƙananan ƙira, ƙananan ratsi biyu na stomata a ƙasa. An shirya allurar a karkace akan reshe.
Cones ɗin iri suna madaidaiciya, launin shuɗi mai duhu, launin ruwan kasa idan sun nuna, kuma a buɗe suke don sakin tsaba masu fuka-fuka a watan Satumba.
Larch
Girma 20-45 m a tsayi kuma yana da haɗari ga:
- mafi yawan yanayin sanyin-yanayi na arewacin duniya;
- yankuna masu kasa a arewa;
- tsaunuka a kudu.
Larch na ɗaya daga cikin manyan tsire-tsire a cikin manyan gandun dajin bore na Rasha da Kanada.
Dimorphic harbe, tare da ci gaban an kasu kashi:
- tsawon 10 - 50 cm, ɗauke da ƙwayoyi da yawa;
- gajere 1 - 2 mm tare da koda ɗaya.
Abubuwan buƙata suna kama da allura kuma sirara, tsayi 2 - 5 cm kuma faɗi 1 mm. An shirya allurar ne kai tsaye, a karkace akan dogayen harbe-harbe kuma a cikin manyan gungu na allurai 20 zuwa 50 a gajerun harbe-harbe. Allura sun zama rawaya kuma suka faɗi a ƙarshen kaka, suna barin bishiyoyi babu hunturu.
Kwancen ƙafa
Matsakaici zuwa manyan bishiyoyi, 10 - 60 m a tsayi, tare da rawanin kwalliya, ana samun kambi mara tsari a wasu nau'in jinsin Asiya. Harbe-harbe sun rataye ƙasa. Haushi baƙi ne kuma yana da haske sosai, launin toka zuwa launin ruwan kasa. Branchesananan rassan suna girma a kwance daga gangar jikin, tukwici yana gangarawa ƙasa. Twananan twanƙara da sassan nesa na tushe suna da sassauƙa.
Budananan lokacin hunturu suna da tsayi ko kuma masu faɗi, an zagaye su a ƙoli kuma ba masu ƙoshin ƙarfi ba. An shimfida alluran, sirara, tsawon 5 - 35 da faɗi 1 - 3 mm, allurar tana girma daban a karkace akan reshe. Lokacin da aka niƙa shi, allurar tana jin ƙamshin ƙwanƙwasa, amma ba guba ba ce, sabanin tsiron magani.
Keteleeria
Ya kai 35 m a tsayi. Alluran suna kwance, kamar allura, tsayi 1.5-7 cm kuma faɗi 2-4 mm. Cones suna madaidaiciya, tsawonsu yakai 6-22 cm, sunyi girki kimanin watanni 6-8 bayan pollination.
Gaskiya itace kyakkyawa mai ban sha'awa a cikin mazaunin ta. Rareananan nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa don:
- kudancin kasar Sin;
- Taiwan;
- Hong Kong;
- arewacin Laos;
- Kambodiya.
Keteleeria na cikin hatsari kuma an kafa wuraren kariya don kare jinsunan.
Haushi mai launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ne, mai tsayi a tsaye, mai walƙiya. Rassan suna da ja-ja-ja-ja-ja, sun fara girma, da fari, launin ruwan kasa ne kuma masu kyalli bayan shekaru 2 ko 3.
Cypress
Thuja
3-6 m a tsayi, gangar jikin tayi tsauri, haushi yayi launin ruwan kasa ja. Harbe-harben layi na girma a cikin jirgin sama ɗaya kawai. Alluran siradi suna da tsawon 1-10 mm, ban da samari na shuke-shuke, suna yin allurai a shekarar farko. An shirya allurar a wasu nau'ikan nau'i-nau'i, suna cinyewa a kusurwar dama, a cikin layuka huɗu tare da rassan.
Cones na Pollen ƙanana ne, ba a bayyana su kuma suna a saman bishiyoyin. Hakanan Cones na Seedaesa suma suna da wayo a farko, amma suna girma 1-2 cm a tsayi kuma sun balaga tsakanin watanni 6 zuwa 8.Suna da sikeli 6 zuwa 12 na sirara, sikeli masu fata, kowane ɗayan yana ɓoye ƙananan seedsa 1a 1 zuwa 2 tare da ofan firam fukafukan gefe biyu.
Juniper mai yawa
Gangar mai laushi, bawon azurfa ya karkata kuma ya yi kauri a gindi. Kambin yana da kunkuntar, karami, shafi, wani lokacin yana da faɗi da rashin tsari. Juniper shine polycarpous pyramidal yana ƙarami, a cikin yanayin salo ya sha bamban.
Graanshi mai kamshi, ƙuraran allura tare da glandon mai an matse shi kusa da rassa masu zagaye ko murabba'i biyu, masu kauri da ƙarami, masu kaifi, launinsa:
- launin toka-kore;
- shuɗi-kore;
- haske ko koren duhu.
Duk tabarau na allurai suna juya launin ruwan kasa a lokacin hunturu. Alluran yara kamar allura suke. Alluraran da suka manyanta ƙaramin ƙarfi ne, an rarraba su kuma an tsara su kashi biyu ko uku.
'Ya'yan itacen shuɗi masu kyan gani suna girma akan shuke-shuken mata.
Hankula
Girma a cikin dazuzzuka a cikin zurfin ƙasa mai daɗi sosai a cikin yanayi mai ɗumi da danshi, rashin haƙuri da ƙasan talauci da sanyi, busassun yanayi.
Ya kai 70 m a tsayi, girbin akwati 4 m a matakin kirji. Haushi jajayen launin ja ne, yana cirewa a cikin ratsi a tsaye. An shirya allurar a karkace, tsawon 0.5-1 cm.
Cones din iri ne na duniya, 1 zuwa 2 cm a diamita, kuma sun kunshi kimanin sikeli 20 zuwa 40.
Shuke-shuke suna kara kyau yayin da suka girma. Lokacin da suke samari, suna da siffar dala, sa'annan rawanin ya buɗe, ya zama kunkuntar oval. Gangar tana madaidaiciya kuma an manna ta, rassan rassan sun nitse zuwa ƙasa yayin da itacen ke ci gaba.
Juniper Virginia
Branungiya mai ɗumbin yawa, sannu a hankali itace mai ɗanɗano wanda ya zama shrub a ƙasa mara kyau, amma yawanci yana girma har zuwa 5-20 m ko da wuya ya kai mita 27. giraurin gangar jikin itace 30 - 100 cm, da wuya ya kai 170 cm a matakin kirji.
Haushi launin ruwan kasa ne mai launin ja, mai yalwa, ana fitar da shi a ƙanƙan ratsi.
Abun buƙata ya ƙunshi nau'i biyu na allura:
- kaifi, allurai kamar allura kamar yara 5 - 10 mm tsayi;
- girma mai yawa, kamannin sikeli, ƙirar manya manya tsawon 2-4 mm.
Abubuwan buƙatun suna cikin ƙananan nau'i-nau'i suna haɗuwa a kusurwar dama, ko lokaci-lokaci a cikin ɓarna uku. Alluran yara suna girma akan samari har zuwa shekaru 3 da kuma kan manyan bishiyoyi, galibi a cikin inuwa.
Juniper scaly
Shrub (ƙaramin ƙaramin itace) mai tsayi 2-10 m (da ƙyar ya kai mita 15), rawanin rarrafe ko siffar mai kama da juna. Wannan nau'in yana da dioecious, pollen da cones iri an kafa su akan tsire-tsire daban-daban, amma wani lokacin ana sanya su ɗaya.
Haushi yana da haske da launin ruwan kasa mai duhu. Alluran suna da fadi kuma suna da kamannin allura, tsawonsu yakai 3-9 mm, an jera su cikin layi shida a cikin canzawar wasu allurai guda uku, kala-kala masu launin shudi-kore.
Guraren Pollen masu tsawon 3 - 4 mm, zub da furen daga ƙarshen hunturu zuwa farkon bazara. Cones iri na 4-9 mm sun yi kama da na spherical ko ovoid berries, su diamita 4-6 mm ne, ana zana su da launin baki mai sheki kuma suna dauke da zuriya guda daya, sun yi watanni 18 bayan yin zaben.
Evergreen fure
Bugun madaidaiciya yana girma zuwa mita 20-30. Haushi siriri ne, mai santsi da launin toka na ɗan lokaci mai tsawo, tare da tsufa ya zama launin toka-launin ruwan kasa da kuma doguwar suma.
Harbewa suna haskakawa a duk wurare, faɗin su kusan 1 mm, siffar tana zagaye ko kuma murabba'i biyu.
Allurai:
- fure;
- zagaye-zagaye;
- karami;
- duhu kore.
Cones na Pollen ya bayyana a farkon bazara. Ruwan rataye iri suna girma a kan gajere, mai haske mai haske, launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka, mai siffa ko mai siffar juzu'i.
Buds ɗin sun buɗe a watan Satumba. Bayan asarar iri, mazugi ya kasance akan bishiyar shekaru da yawa.
Cypress
Matsakaicin da ba a iya kwatanta shi da tsananin launi suna sanya bishiyoyin cypress tsirrai mai tamani don:
- gauraye kan iyakoki masu rai;
- dasa shuki na shekara-shekara;
- shinge mai jan hankali.
Rassan masu kamannin fanfo suna riƙe da dogaye, allurai masu taushi waɗanda suka yi kama da yadin da aka saka filter ko ferns. Rassan bishiyar itacen cypress suna kama da zanen Jafananci, an yi musu ado da rassa rataye. Matsakaicin launi daga shuɗi-launin toka, kore mai duhu zuwa zinariya. Wet, ƙasa mai ƙarancin acidic shine manufa; shrubs ba sa bunƙasa a yanayin zafi, bushe, da iska.
A cikin buɗaɗɗun wurare, bishiyoyin cypress suna girma zuwa cikakken girma, ana shuka nau'ikan dwarf a cikin kwantena ko lambun dutsen.
Callitris
Ananan, bishiyoyi masu matsakaici ko manyan bishiyoyi, masu tsayin 5-25 m. Allurar ba ta da kyalli kuma suna da ƙyalli, a cikin ƙwayoyi suna kama da allura. An shirya allurar a layuka 6 tare da rassan, a cikin canza fasikanci na uku.
Maza mazansu kanana ne, 3-6 mm, kuma suna a saman rassan. Mata za su fara girma kamar yadda ba za a iya fahimta ba, sun yi girma a cikin watanni 18-20 zuwa 1-3 cm a tsayi da faɗi. Duniyan duniya zuwa tsattsauran yanayi, tare da 6 ma'aunin katako mai kauri. Thewararru sun kasance a rufe tsawon shekaru, ana buɗewa ne kawai bayan wutar daji ta ƙone. Sa'annan 'ya'yan da aka sake su kan yi tsiro a cikin ƙasa mai ƙuna.
Yew
Yew Berry
Bishiya, mafi yawanci dioecious, bishiyar coniferous wacce ta kai tsayi 10-20 m, wani lokacin har zuwa 40 m a tsayi tare da akwati har zuwa 4 m a diamita a tsawo kirji. Kambi yawanci pyramidal ne, ya zama ba daidai ba tare da shekaru, amma yawancin al'adun gargajiyar berry yew sun bambanta sosai da wannan ƙa'idar.
Haushi bakin ciki ne, mai ƙyalli, launin ruwan kasa. Alluran suna kwance, an tsara su a cikin karkace, launin kore mai duhu.
Gwanon pollen na mai zagaye ne. Cones na consista aa suna ƙunshe da iri guda wanda ke kewaye da laushi, ja mai haske. 'Ya'yan itacen suna girma watanni 6-9 bayan an yi zabe kuma tsuntsaye suna ɗauke da tsaba.
Torrey
/Aramin / matsakaiciyar shrub / bishiya, mai tsayi 5-20 m, da wuya ya kai mita 25. An shirya alluran a karkace a kan harbe-harben, an juya su a gindi, suna girma cikin layuka biyu masu madaidaiciya, tsayayyen rubutu kuma tare da ɗan kaifi.
Torreya mai daukar hoto ne ko kuma dioecious. A cikin kullun, maza da mata suna da girma a kan rassa daban-daban. Ana shirya cones na Pollen a cikin layi tare da kasan harbi. Cones iri ('ya'yan mata), guda ɗaya ko rukuni-rukuni na 2-8 akan gajeriyar ƙara. Sun yi ƙanƙan da farko, suna yin balaga bayan watanni 18 bayan fure-fure zuwa 'ya'yan itace da babban ɗa, iri iri irin na goro wanda ke kewaye da suturar jiki, mai launi kore ko purple a cikakkiyar balaga.
Araucariaceae
Agathis
Bishiyoyi tare da manyan akwati ba tare da reshe a ƙarƙashin kambi ba. Treesananan bishiyoyi suna da siffar conical, rawanin yana da zagaye, yana rasa fasalin sa yayin da ya ke. Haushi mai santsi ne, launin toka mai haske zuwa launin toka-launin ruwan kasa. Sikeli na siffar da ba ta dace ba, kaurin tsoffin bishiyoyi. Tsarin rassan a kwance yake, tare da ci gaban da suke sauka ƙasa. Branchesananan rassan suna barin tabo na zagaye lokacin da suka ɓalle daga akwatin.
Ganyen yara sun fi na bishiyun manya, kaifi, ovobo ko lanceolate a bayyane. Ganyen bishiyun da suka balaga sune na tsalle ko na layi, na fata da na kauri. Leavesananan ganye jan jan ne, yana bambanta da kore ko koren-ganye na kakar da ta gabata.
Araucaria
Babban itace tare da katuwar katako a tsaye mai tsayi mita 30-80.M rassan kwance suna girma cikin sifar zina kuma an rufe su da fata, fata masu tauri da kamar allura. A wasu nau'ikan araucaria, ganyayyakin suna da kunkuntar, masu siffa kamar su awl da lanceolate, da kyar suke lullube da juna, a wasu kuma suna da fadi, suna da fadi kuma suna da yawa.
Araucariae suna dioecious, maza da mata cones suna girma akan bishiyoyi daban daban, kodayake wasu samfuran suna da banbanci ko canza jima'i akan lokaci. Mata cones:
- girma cikin kambi;
- mai siffar zobe;
- girman nau'in shine daga 7 zuwa 25 cm a diamita.
Cones dauke da 80-200 manyan tsaba masu ci irin na goro.
Sequoia
Girma 60 - 100 m a tsawo. Akwati:
- m;
- dan tapering;
- diamita 3 - 4.5 m ko fiye a tsayin kirji.
Kambin yana da kwalliya kuma yana da kaɗan a lokacin ƙuruciya, ya zama mai taurin kai, mara tsari kuma yana buɗewa da shekaru. Haushi ja-launin ruwan kasa ne, mai kauri, mai tauri da kauri, har zuwa 35 cm mai kauri, kirfa ruwan kasa a ciki.
Abubuwan buƙatun suna da tsayin mm 1-30, yawanci tare da stomata a saman saman duka. Cones na Pollen daga kusan dunƙule zuwa tsere, girman 2 - 5 mm. Tsuntsaye iri iri ne 12 - 35 mm tsayi, elliptical da red brown in launi, tare da madaidaitan sikeli, masu sikeli masu kaifi.
Alamomi da fasalulluka na conifers
Wasu conifers suna kama da shuke-shuke, yayin da wasu ke girma, kamar katon sequoia.
Alamomin conifers, sune:
- samar da zobba iri;
- suna da kunkuntun-kamar ganye masu rufe da kakin zuma;
- ci gaba da madaidaiciya kututture;
- girma rassan a cikin jirgin sama kwance.
Wadannan bishiyoyin galibi basu da kyawu, wanda ke nufin cewa basa zubar da allurar a lokaci daya kuma suna daukar hoto akai-akai.
Ganyen mafi yawan conifers yayi kama da allura. Bishiyoyi suna riƙe da allurai tsawon shekaru 2-3 kuma basa zubar kowace shekara. Evergreens suna shiga cikin hoto koyaushe, wanda ke ƙara buƙatar ruwa. Mouthunƙun bakin da ke shafawa da kuma shafa mayafin kakin na rage asarar danshi. Tsarin tsarin ganye mai kama da allura yana rage juriya ga igiyar iska kuma yana jinkirta danshi, yayin da allurai masu yalwa ke kare rayayyun halittun dake rayuwa cikin girman kwayar halitta: kwari, fungi da kananan shuke-shuke.
Siffofin haifuwa na conifers
Yaduwar conifers abu ne mai sauki idan aka kwatanta da angiosperms. Furewar fure da ake samarwa a cikin mazugun maza iska ce ke ɗauke da ita, zuwa kan matan ta kan wata bishiyar, ta yi takin.
Bayan hadi, iri yakan bunkasa a cikin mazunan mata. Zai dauki shekaru biyu kafin tsaba su fara, bayan haka kuma kwandunan za su faɗi ƙasa, za a sake tsaba.
Ta yaya conifers suka bambanta da yankewa?
Nau'in ganye da hanyoyin noman iri sun banbanta kayan lambu da ke tsirowa. Itace ke yanke idan ta rasa ganyenta a daya daga cikin yanayi na shekara. Itatuwa waɗanda ganyayensu ke faɗuwa, musamman a lokacin kaka, kuma su kan tsaya a lokacin sanyi, ana kiransu masu ɗaci. Kodayake ba su da sauran alfarwa mai kore, waɗannan bishiyoyin suna raye.
Canjin ganye na yanayi
Ganyen bishiyun bishiyoyi suna canza launi; yayin faduwar sun zama ja, rawaya ko dan kadan orange. Wadannan bishiyoyi kuma ana rarraba su azaman katako, yayin da conifers ke da katako mai taushi.
A cikin conifers, murfin baya faduwa a lokacin kaka ko hunturu, kuma tsire-tsire suna ɗaukar tsaba a cikin sifofin da ake kira cones. Sabili da haka, suna motsa jiki (suna da tsaba), kuma tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire sune angiosperms ('ya'yan itacen suna rufe tsaba). Bugu da kari, yawancin conifers suna da yawa a cikin yanayi mai sanyi.
Cututtuka da kwari
Bishiyoyi masu daɗewa da bishiyoyi suna fama da cuta da kwari, amma gurɓatacciyar iska daga toka da wasu abubuwa masu guba sun fi lalata kwandon ciki fiye da na dashen.
Siffar
Shuke-shuken bishiyoyi suna girma da yawa kuma suna ba da ganyayyaki a ko'ina don ɗaukar hasken rana. Sun fi kwalliya kwalliya, waɗanda suke da kamannin mazugi kuma suna girma sama maimakon faɗi da ɗaukar hoto mai kusurwa uku.
Me yasa conifers basa daskarewa a lokacin hunturu
Kunkuntar bishiyar coniferous conical ba ta tara dusar ƙanƙara ba, rassan ba sa daskarewa a cikin yanayi tare da gajeren lokacin bazara, dogon lokaci mai tsananin sanyi.
Taimaka zamewar dusar kankara a sauƙaƙe:
- rassan masu laushi da sassauci;
- dogaye, sirara, kamar allura.
Rage feshin ruwa da sarrafa asarar danshi a lokacin sanyi:
- mafi karancin ganye;
- Waxy shafi na needles.
Allura galibi koren duhu ne, suna shan hasken rana na hunturu, wanda ke da rauni a tsawan tsaunuka.
Conifers yawanci basu da kyau kuma tsarin samar da abinci mai gina jiki yana farawa da zaran yanayi mai dumi ya dawo cikin bazara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa game da conifers
Conifers suna da launuka iri iri na bakan gizo, ba kore kawai ba; allurai launin ja ne, tagulla, rawaya ko ma shuɗi.
Launin allurar ya shafi tasirin zafin jiki na mazaunin, misali, thuja "Reingold" yana da launin rawaya-ja a lokacin rani kuma ya zama tagulla a lokacin sanyi, kuma Jafananci Cryptomeria "Elegance" yana da launin ja-ja a lokacin dumi kuma ya zama jan tagulla a yanayin sanyi.
Ana samun Conifers a cikin nau'uka daban-daban, daga juniper na santimita 30 zuwa juniper zuwa mita 125 na sequoias, waɗanda sune mafi girma da girma a duniya, suna girma a California.
Conifers suna da nau'i daban-daban, misali:
- madaidaiciya kuma yada a ƙasa (kwance juniper);
- kibiyoyi (fadama cypress);
- multilevel (itacen al'ul);
- duniya (thuja yamma Globose).
Conifers suna da launuka iri biyu: acicular da scaly. A cikin juniper, murfin yara yana da kwalliya, yayan manya suna da ƙyalli (a kan lokaci, yana canzawa daga allurai zuwa Sikeli).
Conifers suna kare kansu daga kamuwa da cuta ta fungal da ƙwarin kwari, tunda suna iya ɓoye wani resin na musamman wanda yake da guba don ƙwayoyin cuta da cututtukan ciki.
