Capybara - mafi girma daga cikin rodents na zamani. Yankin capybaras ya mamaye mafi yawan Kudancin Amurka. A yamma an iyakance ta da tsaunukan Andes, a kudu ya kai tsakiyar lardunan Argentina. Basins na Orinoco, La Plata da Amazon sune manyan wuraren zama na capybaras.
Sunan dabbar, tare da wasu rikice-rikice daga Indiyawan Kudancin Amurka, 'yan Fotigal suka karbe ta. A cikin sigar su, ta yi kama da capivara. Mutanen Spain sun canza wannan suna zuwa capibara. A cikin wannan nau'i, sunan ya wanzu a cikin manyan yarukan duniya. Bayyanarwa da kasancewarsa a cikin ruwa ya ba capybara suna na biyu - capybara.
Bayani da fasali
Don sanda, girman dabbar yana da ban sha'awa. Hawan daga ƙasa zuwa bushe a cikin manya ya kai cm 60. Nauyi a cikin kyakkyawan lokacin ciyarwa ya kai 60-63 kilogiram. Mata sun fi maza girma kusan 5%. Irin waɗannan sifofin sune na yau da kullun ga capybaras da ke zaune a yankuna masu iyaka na kewayon su.
Wata capybara da aka kama a cikin Brazil ta kai girman rikodi. Nauyin ta ya kai kilo 91. An sami mafi girma namiji a cikin Uruguay. Ya ja kilogiram 73. Capybaras da ke zaune a Amurka ta Tsakiya ko kan iyakokin kudu na kewayon yawanci suna da sauƙi 10-15% kuma basu da ƙimar daidaitattun ƙa'idodi.
Capybara — dabba kadan mai falala. Dangane da yanayin, jiki yana kama da danginsa na nesa - alade. Jikin yana kama da ganga. Shortaramin gajeren wuya yana tallafawa babban kai ƙare a cikin babban mulos. Roundananan auricles masu tasowa, ƙananan idanu masu kauri, hancin da ke tazara sosai da leɓɓaɓɓen lebe - duk wannan yana ba shugaban bayyanar dambe.
Jaws an sanye shi da hakora 20. Abubuwan da ke ciki suna da fadi tare da tsagi na tsayi na waje. An rarraba enamel a kan ingin ɗin don su ci gaba da kaifi har abada. Capybaras gori ne mai dausayi, saboda haka babban kaya yayin nika abinci ya faɗo akan haƙoran kuncin. Suna girma cikin dabba duk tsawon rayuwarta.
Jiki mai nauyi na capybara yana kan ƙananan gaɓoɓin gajeru. Pairafafun kafa biyu na gaba-da-hudu. A baya - yatsunsu uku kawai. Memunƙarin ninkaya tsakanin ruwa yana taimaka wa dabba motsawa cikin ruwa. Jiki ya ƙare da gajeren jela. An lulluɓe duka jikin da gashi mai tsaro mai tauri, babu rigar mama a cikin gashin dabbobi.
Irin
A cikin karnin da ya gabata, capybara a cikin tsarin kimiyyar nazarin halittu ya kafa rukunin dangi. Yanzu ita memba ce ta dangin Caviidae. Wannan ya sanya ta zama kamar ta aladu, tare da dabbobin da ake kira kui, mara, moco da sauran manyan ƙananan beraye a waje. Capybaras sun kafa ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke ɗauke da suna na gaba ɗaya "capybara" ko Hydrochoerus. Halin halittar capybara ya hada da jinsuna biyu masu rai:
- Capybara nau'ikan zabi ne. Yana da sunan kimiyya Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris. Sauran sunaye ana yawan amfani dasu: capybara na kowa, babban capybara.
- Kananan kwafin-sanda. An yarda da wannan dabba a matsayin jinsin jinsin a cikin 1980. Kafin wannan, anyi imanin cewa Hydrochoerus isthmius, kamar yadda ake kira a duniyar kimiyya, yanki ne na capybara gama gari.
Halin halittar capybara, mai tabbatar da asalinsu na da, ya hada da wani nau'in da ya bace shekaru miliyan da suka shude - Hydrochoerus gaylordi. A cikin 1991, an sami ragowar wannan dabbar a Grenada. Capybara na prehistoric ya rayu a cikin marigayi Cenozoic. Conclusionungiyar amintattun burbushin halittar Ba'amurke ne suka yanke wannan sakamakon wanda suka gano, suka bayyana kuma suka tsara abin da aka samo.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Capybaras dabbobi ne na garke. Suna kafa ƙungiyoyi, waɗanda suka haɗa da maza 3-5, mata 4-7 da ƙananan yara. Dangantakar ƙungiyoyi tana da wuyar fahimta Maza sun fi rinjaye, a cikinsu akwai jagora bayyananne. Saboda kasancewar jagora guda daya, maza basu da rikici sosai. Namiji, yana da'awar babban rawar, amma ba zai iya cin nasara ko kare shi ba, galibi yakan jagoranci rayuwar bachelor kuma yana rayuwa dabam da garken shanu.
Sautuna suna amfani da hanyar sadarwa da sarrafawa. Amma da yawa daga cikinsu a cikin rumbun adana abubuwa. Babban sigina kamar haushi yake yi. Yana da amfani don tsoratar da makiya da kuma kwantar da hankulan fellowan uwanmu na ɓarna. Anshi ya fi mahimmanci. Babban abun cikin saƙonnin turaren maza shine aikace-aikace don mallakar yankin. Mace tana sadarwa tare da taimakon ƙanshin shirinta na ci gaba da tseren.
Ana amfani da glandon da ke kan bakin da kuma a ƙarƙashin jela don samar da abubuwa masu kamshi. Glandon (wutsi) gland suna kewaye da gashi wanda sauƙin fadowa idan an taɓa shi. Maza suna barin waɗannan gashin a kan ciyawa da daji, suna fitar da ƙanshi na dogon lokaci, ma'anar ma'anar ta ga sauran capybaras.
Capybara yana zaune a duk ƙasashen Kudancin Amurka banda Chile. Ofungiyoyin capybaras da dabbobin da ba su da aure suna kiwo a cikin dazuzzuka masu tsayi da yawa kusa da ruwa. Capybaras kamar fadama, koguna masu ƙanƙanci da koguna. A lokacin damina, capybaras suna bunƙasa a wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye. Hoton Capybara mafi yawanci nunawa yayin tsaye cikin ruwa.
Yawancin lokaci dangin capybara yana haɓaka yanki na kadada 10 ko fiye. A lokacin damina, tare da yawan ciyawar ciyawa, yankin shafin na iya raguwa. Da farkon fari, koguna sun zama mara zurfi, wannan yana sa su ƙaura zuwa ga ruwa mara bushe. Gasar ruwa da abinci tana kara karfi. Amma capybaras basa yin yaƙi, amma suna ƙirƙirar manyan garken garken (kawuna 100-200), waɗanda ƙungiyar maza ke sarrafawa.
Iyalan capybaras don neman abinci, ruwa da aminci galibi suna yawo cikin wuraren kiwo, a cikin alƙalumma kuma cikin nasara suna rayuwa kusa da manyan ciyawar. Capybaras ya sami yanayin rayuwa mai kyau a Florida da California. Inda tsohon ya kasance mai gida, amma dabbobin da suka tsere suka fara kafa jama'ar Arewacin Amurka.
Garken tumaki da filaye guda suna zaune a wuraren da masu yawaitawa ke da yawa. A cikin gandun daji, capybaras na iya samun damisa don cin abincin rana, a cikin ruwan asalinsu, kada ko anaconda na iya kai hari kan capybara, gaggafa da ungulu suna kai wa aladu da dabbobin manya rai daga sama. Tare da matsin lamba mai mahimmanci daga masu farauta, capybaras na iya canza yanayin rayuwarsu: zasu iya hutawa a cikin mafaka da rana, ciyar da dare.
Gina Jiki
Ciyawar ruwa ita ce babban abincin capybaras. Suna cinye sassan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire: tubers, ganye, kwararan fitila. Capybaras na iya nutsewa don ciyawar musamman mai gina jiki. Zasu iya shafe mintuna 5 a ƙarƙashin ruwa.
Capybaras suna da zaɓi sosai a cikin abincin su. Dangane da kasancewar abinci mai laushi kowane iri, ana watsi da wasu gaba ɗaya. Duk da zabin mafi kyawun tsire-tsire a matsayin abinci, suna da wahalar narkewa. Don ƙara yawan ƙwayoyin cuta na hanji waɗanda ke lalata zare, capybaras suna cin abincinsu.
Wannan hanyar sake cika furen ciki, wanda ke taimakawa wajen narkar da ciyawar kore, ana kiranta autocoprophagia. Bugu da ƙari, capybaras galibi suna nuna hali kamar dabbobi. Sukan sake sarrafa abincin da tuni yasha sannan suka sake tauna shi. Wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu suna baka damar cire matsakaicin adadin furotin da bitamin daga ganye.
Kamar kowane irin ciyayi, capybaras yana lalata dasa shukar, masara, da sauran hatsi, kuma yana iya lalata noman kankana. Manoma ba sa son wannan sosai, kuma ana iya harba su, kamar kwari. Baya ga mutane, kusan duk wani mai farauta na iya kai hari ga capybara.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Ba a keɓance haifuwa da capybaras zuwa kowane yanayi na musamman ba. Mace a shirye take a kowane lokaci na shekara. Amma akwai kololuwa a lokacin haihuwar aladu. A kudancin kewayon, a cikin Venezuela, yawancin aladu suna bayyana a lokacin bazara. A cikin kwaminis na Brazil, lokacin haihuwa na aiki yana faruwa a cikin Oktoba-Nuwamba.
Mace tana faɗakarwa game da shirye shiryen ɗaukar ciki, tana barin alamun wari. Bugu da kari, halinta yana canzawa. Tana fara yin sautuna na musamman - don busawa da hanci. Nan da nan babban namiji ya kewaye mace da kulawa kuma yayi ƙoƙari ya nisanta wasu mazan daga ita. Babu wasu wasannin gasa na mugunta, yaƙe-yaƙe na jini don haƙƙin mallaka. Wataƙila saboda haƙƙin zaɓi ya kasance tare da mace.
Capybaras ma'amala cikin ruwa. Kasancewa a cikin kandami, ya fi sauƙi ga mace ta guji zawarcin abokin zama wanda ba ta so ta karɓa. Tana nutsewa gaba ɗaya, nutsewa, ko fita daga ruwan. Actionsarin ayyuka a ɓangaren mutumin ya zama ba zai yiwu ba. Mafi rinjayen namiji yana iya samun ramuwar gayya daga capybara, amma nasarar sauran mazan ba sifili ba ce.
Minorananan yara maza da yawa suna rufe mata fiye da ɗaya mafi rinjaye. Kari akan haka, gometes din maza na capybara suna rayuwa tsawon lokaci, sun fi kowane ɗan sanda ƙarfi. Wadannan hujjoji guda biyu suna daidaita damar uba tsakanin manyan maza da mata.
Ciki na capybara yana ɗaukar kwanaki 130-150. Don haihuwar jarirai, ba a gina mafaka, ba a haƙa rami. Ana haihuwar aladu a cikin ciyawa, a ɗan tazara daga babban garken. Yaran sun zama cikakku, an rufe su da jariri, kuma suna iya motsawa kai tsaye.
Capybara tana samar da aladu 1 zuwa 8. Mafi yawanci ana haihuwar yara 4. A Thean da suka fi ƙarfi da girma an haife su ne zuwa girma, gogewa, amma ba tsofaffin mata ba. Bugu da kari, samu da darajar abinci mai gina jiki ga mace yayin daukar ciki yana shafar ingancin zuriya.
Aladu bayan haihuwa da lasawa da mahaifiya da sauri sukan tashi tsaye. Bayan kamar awa ɗaya, matar da ke nakuda, tare da zuriyar, sun shiga cikin babban garken. Yaran dabbobi masu shekaru daban-daban suna girke a garken garken nasu, dan kaɗan, wanda ke ƙarƙashin kariyar dukkan yan uwa.
A makonni uku, ana saka koren abinci a cikin madarar uwa. Makonni 16 bayan haihuwa, mace ta yaye manyan dabbobin daga madararta. Ba tare da jiran ƙarshen ciyar da jariran ba, capybara na iya fara sabon tsarin haihuwa. Tsawon shekara guda, mace baliga na iya kawo 2, wani lokacin kuma shara uku.
Capybara a gidan zoo ko kuma zama a gida tsawon 11, wani lokacin ma shekaru 12. A cikin yanayin muhalli, ƙyallen idanun sandunan ruwa masu ƙananan ruwa sun fi ƙasa da shekaru 2-3. Amma ko da wannan ba tsawan rai bane da wuya ake gane shi. Aan kaɗan ne suka tsira har zuwa tsufa. La'akari da ayyukan masu farauta, matsakaiciyar lokacin rayuwa shine shekaru 3-4.
Abun cikin gida
A wasu jihohin Brazil, ana daukar naman capybara a matsayin abin ci a ci, bugu da kari, cocin Katolika ba ya adawa da amfani da naman kashin a lokacin azumi har ma a lokacin Makon Mai Tsarki. Wannan ya haifar da gaskiyar cewa an fara riƙe capybara a matsayin dabbobin gona.
Kiwo a gonakin ya bambanta kaɗan da kula da sauran ciyawar. Capybaras baya buƙatar tsari na musamman ko yanayi na musamman. Ya isa a gina corral na wadataccen yanki a yankin dausayi. Girman alkalami, ana buƙatar ƙaramar kore da aka shigo da shi.
Capybaras, a cikin lamura da yawa, sukan kusanci mazaunin mutum da kansu. A zahiri, sun zama dabbobin synanthropic. Dukkan iyalai ne suka kafa su a wuraren shakatawa da yankunan birni. Ina capybara da mutum zauna gefe da gefe. Capybaras ba sa guje wa hankalin mutane; akasin haka, suna ƙoƙarin roƙon abinci.
Fitowar baƙon abu, yanayin ɗabi'a ya jagoranci capybara zuwa gidan mutane. Dangane da laushi a cikin sadarwa, sha'awar tuntuɓar mutane, capybaras suna gaba da dabbobi da yawa. Girma, nauyi, abinci mai kyau ya rage ikon kiyaye beraye a cikin gidan birni.
Masu mallakar gidaje tare da babban fili kusa da gidan zasu sami capybara. Dabbobi ba sararin samaniya kawai suke buƙata ba, suna buƙatar ruwa - halittar ruwa mai ɗabi'a ko kuma ta wucin gadi. Capybaras na iya rayuwa shi kaɗai, amma sun fara gundura, saboda haka yana da kyau a ba da ɗaya, amma dabbobi da yawa lokaci guda.
Don wanzuwar kwanciyar capybara, ya zama dole a gina aviary. Lokacin rayuwa a tsakiyar layi, inda sanyi, dogon lokacin sanyi ke faruwa, ya kamata a gina ɗaki mai zafi a cikin aviary. Gidan sanyi na capybaras dole ne a wadata shi da tafki mai zafi.
Akwai 'yan matsaloli game da abincin dabbobi. An haɗu da kayan lambu da fruitsa fruitsan itace tare da hatsi da ciyawa - an sami cakuda wanda ake cinyewa cikin farin ciki ta capybaras. Dole ne ku yi gwaji da yawan abinci. Duk abin da aka miƙa wa dabba ya kamata a sha shi da rana. Bangaren da ba'a ci ba an cire shi, an rage rage cin abinci.
Farashi
Waɗannan manyan ƙananan berayen ana sayan su ne daga gidajen gidajen da ke son samun dabba mai ban sha'awa, ko kuma masu gidajen zoo. Ba bakon abu bane akan yanar gizo dan tallata abinda ake sayarwa capybara, farashin zai iya kaiwa 100 dubu rubles ko fiye.
Kafin sayen dabbar dabba, tabbatar cewa akwai likitan dabbobi wanda ke da ƙwarewa tare da ƙananan beraye waɗanda za a iya isa gare su. Capybaras na iya kawo ba kawai farin ciki ba, amma kuma raba wasu cututtuka ko ƙwayoyin cuta tare da mutum.
Baya ga farashin ayyukan kiwon dabbobi, dole ne ku ƙididdige farashin gina shinge da wurin wanka. Yayin gini, dole ne a yi la'akari da hakan capybara gida Dabbar thermophilic ce. Theananan matsalolin kuɗi zasu tashi yayin shirya abinci don capybara - abincin sa mai sauƙi ne kuma mai araha.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
A cikin ƙarni na 16 (a cewar wasu tushe a ƙarni na 17), limaman ƙasar Venezuela sun aika wasiƙa zuwa ga Vatican. A ciki, sun bayyana dabba mafi yawan lokacin ta a cikin ruwa. Sun nemi a fayyace ko za a iya cin naman wannan mazaunin ruwa-a cikin kwanakin azumi.
A cikin wasikar mayar da martani, shugabancin cocin, don jin dadin mazauna kasar ta Venezuela, sun ba da damar cin naman capybara a duk shekara, ciki har da lokutan azumi, lokacin da aka bar kifi. Baya ga capybara, jerin dabbobi masu shayarwa da za a iya ɗaukar su kifi sun haɗa da beavers, kunkuru cikin ruwa, iguanas da muskrats.
Capybaras sun bambanta kansu ba kawai a cikin al'ada ba, har ma a aikin likita. Wataƙila za su ba da gudummawa don yaƙi da cututtukan tumo a nan gaba. An fara shi duka tare da rikice-rikice, wanda ya dogara da sauƙin fahimta.
Girman dabbar, yawan sel a jikinta. Kowane mutum na iya fara rabawa ba tare da iko ba, ma'ana, ya zama cutar kansa. Wannan yana nufin cewa yiwuwar ciwace ciwace-ciwace a cikin babbar kwayar halitta mai dauke da kwayoyin halitta da yawa ya fi na karamin jiki.
A aikace, ba a kiyaye wannan dangantakar. Giwaye ba su da saurin kamuwa da cutar kansa fiye da beraye, kuma ba yadda za a fi whale su kamu da rashin lafiya kamar mutane. Wannan yana nufin akwai iko akan kwayoyin halitta tare da DNA mara kyau. Ana kiran wannan lamarin da Peto mai rikitarwa, bayan likitan Ingilishi wanda ya tsara saɓani.
An samo wata hanyar kwayar halitta ta musamman zuwa yanzu a cikin capybaras. Entan sanda yana da garkuwar jiki da ke ganowa da lalata ƙwayoyin da ke ƙoƙari su zama masu cutar kansa da fara rarrabawa ba tare da kulawa ba. Capybaras, musamman a lokacin tsufa, na fama da cutar kansa. Amma a lokuta da yawa, ana kawar da hankalin cutar a lokacin da aka fara ta.
