Kharza - mafi girman jinsin gidan weasel. Baya ga girman, ya yi fice a tsakanin sauran shahidai tare da launi mai haske. Dangane da keɓaɓɓun tsarin launi, tana da suna na tsakiya "rawaya-breasted marten". A yankin ƙasar Rasha, ana samun sa a cikin Gabas mai nisa. Sabili da haka, ana kiran shi sau da yawa "Ussuri marten".
Bayani da fasali
Ana iya sanya Kharza a matsayin matsakaiciyar mai farauta. Gaba daya tsarin jikin harza yayi kama da duk martens. Ana gane kuzari da kuzari a cikin lithe, jiki mai tsayi, ƙafafu masu ƙarfi da doguwar wutsiya. Nauyin namiji balagagge a cikin kyakkyawan lokacin ciyarwa zai iya kaiwa kilogram 3.8-4. Tsawon jiki har zuwa 64-70 cm. An ƙara jelar ta 40-45 cm.
Kan yana karami. Tsawon kokon kai dai-dai yake da 10-12% na tsawon jiki. Faɗin kwanyar ya ɗan faɗi ƙasa da tsayi. Siffar kwanyar, idan aka kalleshi daga sama, yana da murabba'i. Tushen alwatiran shine layi tsakanin ƙaramin kunnuwa zagaye. A saman shi ne tip-baki baki na hanci. Bangaren sama na bakin bakin shine launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, kusan baƙi, ƙananan ɓangaren fari ne.
Jiki yana rataye akan gabobi marasa tsayi sosai. Pairayan baya suna da kyau fiye da murfin kuma ya fi na gaban gaba fahimta. Dukansu an rufe su da rauni tare da Jawo, yana ƙarewa da ƙafafun kafa biyar. Kharza— dabba tsire-tsire. Sabili da haka, ƙafafun harza suna da ci gaba sosai, daga farata zuwa diddige.
Kharza ita ce mafi girma daga cikin jinin marten kuma mafi launin launi
Dukkan jikin dabbar, ban da saman hanci da kushin yatsun, an rufe su da fur. Akwai gajere, Jawo mai wuya ko da a kan soles. Dangane da tsayin gashin gashi, kharza yana bayan dangi. Ko da jelarsa ba ta da kyau sosai. Jawo rani ya fi hunturu wuya. Gashi yafi guntu kuma baya girma sosai.
Ba ingantaccen ulu da layin gashi ana biya ta launi na musamman. Kharza a hoto yayi ban sha'awa. Tsarin launi a bayyane yake na dabba mai zafi kuma yayi kama da sabon abu a cikin matsanancin yanayin taiga.
A saman kan dabbar akwai baƙar fata mai launin ruwan kasa. A kan kunci, murfin ya samo launi mai launin ja, gashin babban launi an haɗa shi da farin ulu a ƙarshen. Bayan kunnuwan baƙi ne, ciki yana da launin rawaya-launin toka. Nape ɗin ruwan kasa ne tare da sheen rawaya mai launin zinariya. Fentin da dukan bayansa an zana su a cikin wannan launi.
A kan tarnaƙi da ciki, launi yana ɗaukar launin rawaya. Wuya da kirjin dabbar suna mafi haske lemu, zinariya mai haske. Bangaren sama na gaban goshin ruwan kasa ne, ƙananan kuma ƙafafu baƙi ne. Legsafafun baya suna da launi iri ɗaya. Tushen wutsiya launin toka-launin ruwan kasa ne. Wutsiyar kanta jet baki ce. A kan tip din akwai zane-zane mai launin shuɗi.
Duk weasels, gami da harza, suna da gland preanal. Waɗannan gabobin suna ɓoye wani sirri wanda ke dawwama, da wari mara daɗi. A cikin rayuwar lumana, ana amfani da ɓoyewar waɗannan ƙirar don sanar da sauran dabbobi game da kasancewar su, wannan yana da mahimmanci a lokacin lokacin saduwa. Dangane da tsoro, ƙamshin da aka zubar yana da ƙarfi sosai wanda zai iya tsoratar da mai farautar da ya afkawa kharza.
Irin
Yellow-maƙogwaron marten, kharza gabas mai nisa, Nepalese marten, chon wang sunan dabba daya ne, wanda aka hada shi a cikin tsarin kimiyyar halittu karkashin sunan Latin Martes flavigula ko harza. Ta kasance daga nau'in martens. A ciki akwai:
- angler marten (ko ilka),
A cikin hoton, marten ilka
- Ba'amurke, daji, dutse marten,
Ga farin gashi akan kirji, ana kiran dutse marten farin ruhi
- kharza (Gabas ta Tsakiya, Ussuri marten),
- Nilgir kharza,
- Jafananci da gama gari (Siberian) sables.
Ana ganin kamannin launi da girman tsakanin mai cin Ussuri da baƙon Nilgir harza da ke zaune a kudancin Indiya. Misali na waje ya haifar da suna iri ɗaya. An kara waƙa ga sunan wani mazaunin Indiya wanda ke da alaƙa da wurin zamanta - Nilgiri Upland.
Kharza nau'ikan nau'ikan dabi'u ne, ma'ana, ba a raba shi zuwa kananan kabilu. Babban damar daidaitawa ya ba shi damar wanzuwa a cikin dausayin Burmese da tsaunukan hamada na Pakistan, a cikin dajin taiga na Siberia. Ta hanyar yanayin yankuna da wannan maƙarƙancin ke rayuwa, ana iya rarrabe masu zuwa nau'ikan harza:
- gandun daji,
- fadama,
- dutse-hamada
Siffofin ƙasa sau da yawa yawanci ana biye da canje-canje a cikin abinci, ɗabi'ar farauta, da sauran halaye na rayuwa. Wanne zai iya shafar alamun morphological da anatomical kai tsaye. Amma harza ta kasance mai gaskiya ga kanta kuma har yanzu ana gabatar da ita azaman Martes flavigula.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Kharza na zaune a cikin daban-daban biospheres. Yanayinsa ya faro daga arewacin Indiya zuwa Gabas ta Gabas ta Rasha. Galibi ana samun hakan a cikin Indochina, ana samun nasarar tsira a yankin Koriya da tsibiran Indonesiya. An daidaita shi don rayuwa da farauta a tsarin tsarin muhalli da yawa, amma ya fi kyau a cikin gandun daji.
Martens masu launin rawaya sun rayu kuma suna farauta a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na dabbobi 3 zuwa 7. Sau da yawa asalin kungiyar mace ce da ke puan kwikwiyo daga kwandon bara na bara. Farautar rukuni na da tasiri musamman a lokacin sanyi. Yayinda lokacin rani ya gabato, tarin maharan zasu iya wargajewa. Wato, rayuwa a cikin garken dindindin na dindindin tare da matsayin da ba a fayyace shi halayyar harza ce.
Kharza yana jagorancin rayuwa mai matukar aiki
Marten mai-launin rawaya na iya tsunduma cikin hakar abinci a kowane lokaci na rana. Ba ta da ikon gani a cikin duhu, don haka sai ta yi farauta a daren da babu girgije idan wata ya haskaka. Harza ya dogara da yanayin ƙanshi da jinsa ƙasa da ganinsa.
Zuwa ga kyakkyawar gani, ji da jin ƙamshi suna daɗa saurin halaye, waɗanda mafarautan ke aiwatarwa galibi a ƙasa. Dabbar tana motsawa, tana jingina a ƙafa duka. Supportarin yankin tallafi yana ba ka damar matsawa da sauri ba kawai a kan ƙasa mai ƙarfi ba, har ma a kan fadama ko wuraren da dusar ƙanƙara ke rufe.
Harza na iya shawo kan yankunan da ba za a iya wucewa ba ta hanyar tsalle daga bishiya zuwa bishiya, daga reshe zuwa reshe. Toarfin motsawa da sauri akan ƙasa daban-daban, madadin gudana a ƙasa tare da tsalle a cikin bishiyoyi yana ba da fa'ida yayin bin wanda aka azabtar ko kauce wa biɗa.
Babu abokan gaba da yawa wanda yakamata shahidan shahidai su ji tsoro. A lokacin ƙuruciya, martens iri ɗaya ko lynxes suna afkawa dabbobin samartaka. A cikin sararin samaniya, ƙungiyar kerkutoci zasu iya kama mara lafiya, raunana kharza. Yawancin masu farauta sun sani game da asirin makamin harza - gland wanda ke ɓoye ruwa tare da wari mara daɗi - saboda haka ba safai suke kawo harin ba.
Babban makiyin kharza shine mutum. A matsayin tushen nama ko fur, marten mai launin rawaya ba shi da sha'awar mutane. Jawo mai ƙarancin inganci da nama. Kwararrun mafarauta sun yi imani da gaske cewa harza tana kashe 'yan maruƙa da yawa na barewa, dawa, da dawa. Sabili da haka, an yi rikodin martens masu launin rawaya azaman kwari kuma ana harbe su kamar yadda ake harba kerkeci ko karnuka.
Ba a samun karin lalacewa ga garken garken ba daga mafarauta da ke ƙoƙarin kiyaye barewa ko doki ba. Babban maƙiyan dabbobin da ke zaune a cikin taiga sune masu sare bishiyoyi. Gaggawar sara da yawa shine halakar da keɓaɓɓiyar halittar nan ta gabas, farmaki akan dukkan abubuwa masu rai.
Gina Jiki
A yankin ƙasar Rasha, a cikin taiga ta Gabas, kharza yana matsayin ɗayan mafiya ƙarfi daga cikin masu cin nasara. Ita, tabbas, ba za a iya kwatanta ta da Amur damisa ko damisa ba. Girman harza, tashin hankali da yanayin abin ganima sun sanya shi a daidai matakin da ake yi. Mafi karancin wadanda abin ya shafa kwari ne. Ba sau da yawa kamar ƙwaro da ciyawar daji, kajin da ƙananan tsuntsaye suna shiga cikin abincin ta.
Kwarewar hawa da saurin motsa jiki sun sanya harzu din na zama barazana ga gidajen tsuntsaye da dabbobin da ke rayuwa a cikin kasa da tsakiyar benen dajin. Idingoyewa a cikin ramin ɓoye ko jemage baya karɓar tabbacin tsaro. Kharza ya shiga cikin ɓoyayyun wuraren ɓoye a cikin kututturan itace. Ba ya keɓe harza da sauran, ƙananan wakilan mustelids.
A cikin farautar haƙora, harza ta yi nasara tare da ƙanana da matsakaita masu cin taiga. Haresu na sirri da na sauri lokaci-lokaci suna samun marten mai rawaya don cin abincin rana. Yaran yara marasa galihu sukan wahala daga harza. Aladu da 'yan maruƙa daga dabbobin daji zuwa jajan barewa da doki suna zuwa marten mai launin rawaya don cin abincin rana duk da kariyar dabbobin da suka manyanta.
Kharza na ɗaya daga cikin fewan ta'addancin ta'addancin da suka mallaki hanyoyin kai hari. Dabara ta farko ita ce farautar kwanton-bauna. Wasu gungun shahidai masu kirji da yawa sun tuka wanda aka azabtar zuwa wurin da aka shirya kwanton baunar. Wata dabarar farauta ita ce tuƙa dabbar da kofato a kan kankara ta kogi ko tabki. A farfajiyar zamewa, barewa ta rasa kwanciyar hankali, ikon ɓoyewa daga masu bin ta.
Deananan barewa, musamman ma barewar musk, sune ganimar farautar kharza. Guba dabba daya tana ba masu cin nama da yawa abinci tsawon kwanaki. Ana farautar ƙungiyar farauta musamman a lokacin hunturu. Tare da farkon bazara, bayyanar zuriya tsakanin yawancin mazaunan taiga, buƙatar ayyukan tsararru ta ɓace.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Da farkon kaka, dabbobi masu shekaru biyu suna fara neman ma'aurata. Alamar wari suna taimaka musu a cikin wannan. Waɗannan masu farautar ba su da cikakkiyar biyayya ga wani yanki; maza sun bar wuraren farautarsu suka koma yankin mace, a shirye suke su ci gaba da jinsi.
A yayin ganawa da abokin hamayya, yaƙe-yaƙe masu zafi suna faruwa. Al’amarin bai zo ga kisan kishiya ba, an kori mai rauni mafi rauni. Bayan haɗin mace da na miji, ayyukan iyaye na maza sun ƙare. Mace tana ɗaukar martens na gaba har zuwa bazara.
Marten mai launin rawaya yakan haifi givesan kwikwiyo 2-5. Adadinsu ya dogara da shekaru da kitse na uwa. Sankwanawa makafi ne, ba tare da Jawo ba, ba su da komai. Yana ɗaukar lokacin bazara gaba ɗaya don bunkasa dabbobi. Zuwa kaka, samarin kharzas sun fara bin mahaifiyarsu farauta. Suna iya kasancewa kusa da iyayen ko da sun sami 'yanci.
Jin sha'awar da damar ci gaba da tsere, dabbobin matasa sun bar rukunin dangin su je neman abokan. Yaya tsawon lokacin da martaba masu launin rawaya ke rayuwa a cikin taiga ba a kafa ta daidai ba. Mai yiwuwa shekaru 10-12. An san tsawon rai a cikin bauta. A cikin gidan zoo ko a gida, harza na iya ɗaukar shekaru 15-17. A wannan yanayin, mata suna rayuwa ƙasa da na maza.
Kulawa da gida
Kula da dabbobi masu ban sha'awa a gida ya zama sanannen sanannen aiki. Babu wanda yayi mamakin ferret din da ke zaune a cikin gidan birni. Kharza ba ta cika zama ruwan dare ba. Amma kiyaye ta ba shi da wahala kamar kyanwa. Kamar yadda mutane da yawa suke so su riƙe harzu a cikin gidan, da alama sabon nau'in zai bayyana a nan gaba yana ƙaruwa - harza gida.
Gwajin Horza an gwada shi sau da yawa kuma koyaushe yana cin nasara. A dabi'ance, yana da tsoro, mai farautar mahaukaci. Kharzu bai taba tsoratar da namiji musamman ba, kuma tana ganin karnuka sun yi daidai da ita. Shan harzu a cikin gida, ya kamata ku tuna fasali da yawa na wannan dabba:
- Horza na iya ba da ƙanshi mai ƙyama a lokacin haɗari.
- Kharza — marten... Instarfin illar da ke cikin ta ba zai lalace ba. Amma, kamar kyanwa, tana iya yin ma'amala koda tsuntsaye ne.
- Wannan dabba tana da motsi sosai kuma tana da wasa. Gida ko gidan da mai farauta ke zaune ya kamata ya kasance mai fadi. Zai fi kyau cire abubuwa masu lalacewa daga mazaunin harza.
- Dole ne a horas da martin Ussuri zuwa tire daga makonni na farko bayan haihuwa.
- Kharza, da ke zaune a cikin ɗakin ajiyar ruwa, za ta kasance kusa da mai farautar daji a cikin halayenta fiye da na gida.
Lokacin ciyar da dabba, ka tuna cewa mai farauta ne. Sabili da haka, babban abincin abincin shine nama, zai fi dacewa ba mai kitse ba. Baya ga ɗanyen naman sa ko kaza, dafaffun naman nama sun dace. Kyakkyawan abinci mai gina jiki bashi ne: hanta, huhu, zuciya. Dole ne a saka Raw ko stewed kayan lambu a cikin kwanon.
An ƙididdige girman adadin don kare mai motsi. Aƙalla 20 g da 1 kilogiram na nauyin dabbobi. Kuna iya ciyar da kharza sau 1-2 a rana. Shahidan masu kirji suna da ɗabi'a ta ɓoye ɓangarorin da ba a ci ba don ranar ruwan sama. Saboda haka, kuna buƙatar saka idanu kan yadda abincin zai ƙare. Rage rabo idan ba a ci ragowar ba.
Farashi
Dabbobin gidan weasel sun daɗe kuma sun yi nasarar zama a gidajen mutane - waɗannan ferre ne. Mutane sun koyi kiyaye su, koyaushe suna kawo zuriya. An kwikwiyo na waɗannan dabbobin ana iya siyan su a shagon dabbobi ko daga mutum mai zaman kansa akan 5-10 dubu rubles. 'Ya'yan Harza ko manyan Ussuri martens sun fi wahalar siya.
Dole ne ku fara da neman mai kiwo, mai goyon baya wanda ke kiyaye shahidai masu launin rawaya a gida. Zai taimaka don mallakar harza. Akwai hanya mafi wahala. A Vietnam da Koriya, ana sayar da waɗannan dabbobi kyauta. Amma farashin marten da aka kawo na sirri zai yi yawa sosai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
Amur Travel taron tattaunawa ne na kasashen duniya. A karo na biyu da aka gudanar a watan Yulin 2019 a cikin garin Zeya. An zaɓi kharza a matsayin alama. Dabba mai kyau, mai sauri, kamar dai an haife shi ne don alamta taron masu masaniya game da yanayin Gabas ta Tsakiya. Rashin jituwa ya tashi tare da sunan. Har zuwa lokacin ƙarshe, ba a zaɓi wani zaɓi tsakanin zaɓuɓɓukan ba: Amurka, Taiga, Deya. Bayan jefa ƙuri'a a Intanit, mashawarcin dandalin ya fara ɗaukar sunan Taiga.
A lokacin bazara na 2019, wani abin da ya faru a cikin gidan zoo na yankin Khabarovsk - harza da aka kama ta kawo zuriya: maza 2 da mace. Shekaru biyu da suka gabata, wannan lamarin ya ƙare cikin bala'i - mahaifiyar ba ta ba da jariran ba, sun mutu. Yaran da ke yanzu suna da sa'a - mace harza ta karbe su, makomar wadata 'ya'yan kwikwiyo babu shakka.
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sunyi imanin cewa ba a barazanar da marten mai launin rawaya. Tana zaune a wani babban yanki. Adadin dabbobi ya tabbata kuma baya haifar da damuwa. Abin da aka rubuta a cikin Red Book na duniya. Amma kasarmu ta shafi iyakar arewacin yankin kharza. A gefen mazaunin, lambobinsa sun yi ƙasa sosai. Sabili da haka, an jera kharza a cikin 2007 a cikin Littafin Ja na Gundumar Tarayyar Gabas ta Tsakiya azaman nau'in haɗari.
