Tsuntsun Peregrine daga dangin dangi, tsuntsun dabba, tsari na masu farautar yini. Mai farauta mafi sauri, mafi ƙarfi, mafi wayo da wayo a cikin tsuntsaye. Gudun motsi shine kilomita 100 / h, shiga cikin wani tsawan dutse yayin farauta yana haɓaka saurin mai faɗa, kusan 300 km / h. Cikakken makamin kisan kai wanda halitta ta halitta.
Falcon ne mai gama gari, ya sami nasarar tsira kusan a ko'ina sai Antarctica. Dabbobin da ke rayuwa a cikin yankunan sanyi masu ƙaura ne, sauran suna zaune wuri ɗaya koyaushe.
Peregrine Falcons suna da wayo da sauƙin horo, tun zamanin da ana amfani dasu sosai don nishadantar da sarakuna (falconry). Tsuntsun da aka horas da shi abin wuya ne kuma ba kowa ke iya sa shi ba.
Kiyaye mafarauci cikin kamfani yana da matsala ko da a zamaninmu, kuna buƙatar shimfida shimfidar shimfidar wuri tare da bishiyoyi, da alkuki ko kuma wurin zama don zama. Abincin ƙasa, ba tare da ƙasusuwa da fuka-fukai ba, aikin hanji zai sha wahala.
Bayani da fasali
Peregrine Falcon babban dangi ne daga danginsa. Tsawon jikin ya fara daga santimita 34 zuwa 50, kuma fikafikan ya fara daga santimita 80 zuwa 120. Mata yawanci ya fi gram 900-1500 girma. Maza suna da nauyin 440-750. Ba a bayyana bambancin waje tsakanin mutane na jinsi daban-daban.
Jikin masu farautar dabbobi masu aiki: kirji yana da ƙarfi tare da kumburi da tsokoki masu ƙarfi; kafafu gajere ne, masu kauri, masu karfi, baki yana lankwasa sikila; bakin yana karewa da hakora masu kaifi wadanda ke iya cizon kashin bakin mahaifa. Idanun suna da girma, kamar na tsuntsu, masu bulla, launin ruwan kasa mai duhu, fatar da ke kewaye da idanun ta canza launi, babu ƙyallen fata.
Launin plumage. A cikin samfuran da suka balaga ta jima'i, baya, fukafukai da wutsiyar sama suna da launin toka-toka; ba bayyananniyar rarar launuka masu duhu na iya kasancewa ba. Kwancen fikafikan baƙi ne. Cikin ciki galibi yana da launi a launuka masu haske ko kaushi, duk ya dogara da yankin zama. Kirji da gefunan an kawata shi da launuka masu kama da launuka iri-iri.
Wutsiyar, wacce aka zagaye ta zuwa ƙasa, tana da launi baƙar fata da kuma ɗan ƙaramin duhu a ƙarshen. Kan yana baƙar fata a saman, haske a ƙasa. Lowerananan gabobin hannu da bakin-mai-sikila masu baƙar fata baƙar fata ne, gibin bakin nasa rawaya ne.
Tsuntsaye na shekarar farko ta rayuwa suna da halaye mafi girma a launi: baya baya ne launin ruwan kasa, mai burodi; tumbin yana da haske ƙwarai, streaks yana da tsawo; kafafu rawaya ne; gashin bakin yana da launin shuɗi-shuɗi. Launin layin furen ganyen peregrine ya dogara da mallakar sa ga nau'ikan, da kuma yankin da yake zaune na dindindin.
Irin
Masana ilimin kimiyyar halittu sun yi nazari kuma sun bayyana nau'ikan 19 na falcon peregrine, kowannensu yana da mazaunin sa:
- Falco peregrinus peregrinus Tunstall, yankin masu gabatarwa. Habasha Eurasia. Daura wa mazauni na dindindin
- Falco peregrinus calidus Latham, tundra ko barnacle. Yana zaune a kan tsibiran Tekun Arctic, gabar Arctic. A lokacin sanyi, yana canza wurin zama zuwa yankuna masu dumi na Bahar Rum, Black da Caspian Teas.
- Falco peregrinus japonensis Gmelin (gami da kleinschmidti, pleskei da harterti). Yana dawwama a cikin yankunan arewa maso gabashin Siberia, Kamchatka, da tsibirin Japan.
- Falcon na Maltese, Falco peregrinus brookeiSharpe. Gidaje na dindindin: Bahar Rum, Iberian Peninsula, Northwest Africa, Caucasus da kuma kudancin tekun Crimea.
- Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides Temminck dan tsako ne daga Tsibirin Canary, Arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
- Falco peregrinus peregrinator Sundevall, ƙaramin ɗan falko ne, yana zaune a madawwami a Kudancin Asiya, Indiya, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, kudu maso gabashin China.
- Falco peregrinus madens Ripley & Watson wani nau'ine ne da ya kusan bacewa daga tsibirin Cape Verde, tare da masu lura da tsuntsaye kawai suna samun nau'ikan 6-8 ne. Yanayin dimbin jima'i na launi ya kasance, wanda ba halayyar wasu ƙananan ƙananan.
- Falco peregrinus ƙaramin Bonaparte, ƙananan ƙananan ƙasashen Afirka ta Kudu.
- Falco peregrinus radama Hartlaub —Kasashen Afirka, sun fi son Madagascar da Comoros.
- Falco peregrinus ernesti Sharpe, tsuntsu ne mai matukar wahala ya zauna har abada a wuri guda. An samo shi a tsaunukan Rocky a yammacin ɓangaren nahiyar Amurka.
- Falco peregrinus macropus Swainson 1837 da Falco peregrinus submelanogenys Mathews 1912, suna rayuwa ne kawai a babban yankin Australiya.
- Falco peregrinus pealei Ridgway (baƙar fata), mafi girma daga cikin ƙananan ƙananan. Gida: gabar Arewacin Amurka, British Columbia, Tsibirin Sarauniya Charlotte, gabar tekun Bering, Kamchatka, Tsibirin Kuril.
- Arctic Falco peregrinus tundrius White, a cikin yanayin sanyi, yana motsawa zuwa yankuna masu dumi na tsakiya da kudancin Amurka.
- Mai son Falco peregrinus cassini Sharpe. Dindindin mazaunin Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Argentina.
Rayuwa da mazauni
Tsuntsun peregrine ɗan wayo ne kuma mara fasadi wanda ya samu nasarar samun gindin zama a duk duniya, banda Antarctica da New Zealand. Baya jin tsoron tsananin sanyi da tsananin zafin yankin Afirka.
Guji yankuna na pola masu tsananin sanyi, tsaunukan tsauni sun fi mita dubu 4, hamada, yankuna masu zafi tare da yawan danshi da manyan matakai. A Rasha, wuraren da ake yin buda-baki babu su a cikin tsaunukan Volga da yammacin Siberia kawai.
Ya fi son bakin teku na ruwa masu yawa. Ya zaɓi wurin yin gida wanda yake da wahalar isa ga abokan gaba (ciki har da mutane), koyaushe tare da gani mai kyau da kuma yankuna don samun dama kyauta.
Ana samun mafi kyawun yanayin gida a cikin kwarin kogin dutse, gabar dutse da kuma kasancewar tafki na samar da mafi girman yawan jama'a. A cikin duwatsu ya sauka a kan tsaunuka masu duwatsu, a cikin kurmi ya zaɓi bishiyoyi mafiya tsayi, a gefen tsaunukan kogi, a cikin gansakuka, tare da jin daɗi ta mamaye gidajen wasu tsuntsayen.
Wani lokaci Gidajen guguwa na peregrine ana iya gani a manyan biranen, a kan rufin manyan gine-ginen duwatsu. Hakanan, bututu na masana'antu daban-daban, gadoji, manyan hasumiyoyi, manyan gine-ginen gine-gine, gabaɗaya, duk abin da aƙalla ya yi kama da ɗakunan dutse na halitta, ya zama kyakkyawan wurin zama.
Mafi yawan tsuntsayen suna rayuwa ne ta rashin zaman lafiya, sai dai wadanda ba a kebe da su ba su ne mutanen da ke rayuwa a cikin mawuyacin hali na yankin Arewa mai Nisa, suna tashi zuwa yankuna masu dumi yayin hunturu. Wani lokaci, galibi a cikin yanayin sanyi, suna iya motsawa na kilomita da yawa, don neman ingantaccen tushen abinci.
Tsawon yankin gida ɗaya daga kilomita 2 zuwa 6. Wannan ya zama dole don tabbatar da adadin abincin da ake buƙata, buƙata ta gaggawa wacce ke ƙaruwa sosai a lokacin raino. Kowane ɗayan yana da wurare 6-7 masu dacewa don kwan ƙwai, ana amfani da su fiye da ɗaya yanayi.
Tsuntsaye suna tsananin kare wuraren farautar su, lokacin da suka mamaye kayansu, sukan afkawa mutanen da suka fi girman su girma (gaggafa, hankaka). Ana hango kusancin mutum daga nisan mita 200-300 kuma ana ba da ƙararrawa.
Idan ɓarnar ta ci gaba da matsawa zuwa cikin gida, sai miji ya fara jujjuyawa da ƙarfi a kansa, lokaci-lokaci yana zama akan bishiyoyi yana girma kusa, mace na tare da shi. Tsuntsayen da ke kare gida gida tare da kajin ya zama mai tsananin tashin hankali, yana iya fitar da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa daga yankinta: karnuka, dawa, da dabbobin dawa.
Tsuntsayen peregrine suna ciyarwa galibi kan ƙananan tsuntsaye masu mahimmanci: gwarare, baƙar fata, tauraruwa, agwagwa, tattabarai. Wani lokaci wadanda abin ya shafa sune: jemage, squirrels, hares, waterfowl. Kamar mai farauta na gaske, ya tsunduma cikin lalata gidajen wasu mutane.
Ire-iren abinci ya dogara da mazauninsu, misali, tsuntsaye mai ban tsoro yana farauta galibi akan gophers, lemmings da voles waɗanda suke yaɗuwa a wurin abincinsu. Suna lissafin akalla 30% na jimlar kayan.
Farauta tana faruwa da safe ko yamma. Fagen Peregrine mafi yawanci yakan zama a cikin kwanton bauna a saman gwatso yana jiran abin farauta. Zai iya tashi kusa da ƙasa yana ƙoƙari ya tsoratar da shi kuma ya fitar da abin farauta daga mafaka.
Ganin abin farautar, tsuntsun ya tashi sama zuwa sama, yana ninka fikafikansa, yayi nutsewa sosai, kusan a kusurwar dama, ya fita a cikin wani ruwa mai tsayi, yana kokarin doke wanda aka azabtar da kafafunsa masu karfi. Wasu lokuta falcons peregrine suna farauta biyu-biyu. Oƙarin kama abin farauta a cikin iska a kan ƙaura ko kusantowa, a madadin ruwa ga wanda aka azabtar.
Suna kewayawa a cikin filaye suna neman ganima, tsuntsaye suna tashi da sauri-sauri, koda mai sauri zai iya riskar shahararren mafarautan. Amma kawai mai ido ya kama motsin wanda aka azabtar, halayyar sa ta canza sosai, saurin gudu, nutsuwa, babban katin ƙaho na mafarauci mara tsoro.
Lokacin ruwa saurin falgalin wani lokacin takan hau zuwa 322 km / h, ita ce tsuntsu mafi sauri a duniya. Bugun ƙafafuwansa yana da ƙarfi sosai har wanda aka azabtar yakan rasa kansa. Ganimar da ta tsira ba zato ba tsammani bayan irin wannan harin mai ƙarfi za a gama da bakinta mai ƙarfi sanye da ƙugiya. Suna cin abinci a wurare masu ɗaukaka tare da kyakkyawan gani.
Suna cin abincinsu kamar yadda aka zaba, suna barin yadda suke: kai, fuka-fuki, kafafu, wanda yasa su bambanta da sauran masu farauta. A kewayen shafin gida, zaka iya samun tarkacen abinci, wanda masana kimiyyar halittu ke tantance abincin tsuntsun. Hakanan, ta wurin kasancewar halayyar halayya, yana yiwuwa a iya tabbatar da kuskuren tabbatar ko gida na na wani tsuntsun peregrine ne ko kuma wani mai farauta.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Sun zama masu iya haifuwa tun suna da shekara guda, amma wasannin mathewa da kwan ƙwai galibi suna farawa ne daga shekara biyu zuwa uku. Tsuntsayen peregrine suna nuna auren mata daya, da zarar an kirkiro gida biyu-biyu gida biyu a tsawon rayuwarsu.
Namiji da ya isa wurin sheƙar ya fara jan hankalin mace, yana nuna yanayin tashi sama: yana jujjuya abubuwa, yana yin hadadden pirouettes, yana shiga cikin wani ruwa mai tsayi, kuma ya fito da sauri. Matar da ta amsa ta dawo zaune kusa da ita.
Ma'auratan biyu sun samu, tsuntsayen suna nazarin akasin mutum, gashin tsuntsu masu tsafta tare da bakunansu, suna cizon fikarsu. Namiji mai kwalliya ya gabatar da baiwar ga matar, abokin tarayyar ya ba da kyautar, ya karba a kan tashi, saboda wannan dole ne ta juye da baya a kan tashi.
Tsuntsayen faran faranti na fara yin ƙwai a ƙarshen Afrilu da farkon Mayu. Mafi sau da yawa akan sami ƙwai 3 a cikin gida, wani lokacin adadinsu ya kan ninka zuwa guda 5. Babban kamala da masana ilimin kimiya suka gano a Turai, ya ƙunshi ƙwai 6. Mace ba ta wuce kwai ɗaya a kowane awa 48.
Qwai yana auna 51-52 da milimita 41-42. Bawo yana da launin rawaya-fari ko kirim, wani lokacin ja da ja-kasa-kasa, matte tare da maganin tarin fuka. A saman saman akwai daskararren ja-launin ruwan kasa ko ja-kasa-kasa.
Lokacin ƙyanƙyashewar zuriyar shine kwanaki 33-35. Duk iyaye suna shiga cikin shiryawa, amma mace tana ba da lokaci sosai ga wannan aikin. Idan kamala ta farko ta lalace, mace tana yin ƙwai a cikin wani gurbi. Ma'aurata suna samar da yara ɗaya kawai a kowace shekara.
Kajin danko na Peregrine an haife su an rufe su da fari duhu ƙasa kuma ba su da komai, suna da ƙafafu manya manya dangane da jiki. Mace koyaushe tana zaune a cikin gida, tana ciyar da andasanta. Aikin namiji shine ya samo kuma ya kawo abinci ga dangi.
Kajin suna yin jirgi na kansu na farko bayan sun cika kwana 35-45. Amma yayin da suka dogara ga iyayensu, zai ɗauki wasu makonni biyu har sai sun koya farauta ba tare da taimako ba. A yankin tsakiyar yankin ƙasarmu, fitowar kajin ya faɗi ne a cikin shekaru goman ƙarshe na Yuni.
Peregrine Falcon tsuntsu ne mai wahala - yawanta ya ragu matuka bayan karshen yakin duniya na biyu. Masana da suka gudanar da bincike sun danganta yawan mutuwar jinsin tare da yin amfani da magungunan ƙwari na organochlorine wajen noman ƙasar noma. Bayan gabatar da dokar hana amfani da takin mai lahani, yawan jama'a ya karu sosai a duk kasashe.
Peregrine Falcons kwata-kwata sun ɓace a ƙarshen shekarun sittin a cikin yankuna: gabashin Amurka da boreal Kanada. Gwamnatocin kasashen sun dauki matakan maido da yawan mutanen. An gabatar da wata doka ta musamman kan amfani da wasu magungunan kashe qwari. An ƙaddamar da shirye-shiryen kiwo da sake gabatarwa a cikin ƙasashe.
Sakamakon shekaru talatin na aiki ya sami kambi tare da sakin tsuntsaye dubu 6 a cikin mazaunin halitta. Tun daga 1999, yawan jama'ar Amurka ya warke sarai kuma ba a sake fuskantar barazanar bacewa.
A cikin Rasha, yawancin falcon peregrine ba su da yawa sosai, kusan nau'i-nau'i dubu 2-3. A cikin dukkan yankuna, an lura da ɓacewar mai farautar daga tsoffin wuraren da take ciki. Masana sun gano manyan dalilan raguwar lambar:
- Lalatar da wuraren dabbobi daga dabbobi masu shayarwa ta hanyar masu cin nama da sauran tsuntsaye.
- Kashe mutum da gangan, misali, ta masu kiwon tattabaru.
- Guba ta magungunan kashe qwari daga berayen da ke ciyar da hatsi daga filayen guba.
- Rushewar gida gida daga mutane, waɗanda aka horar da su yadda yakamata don farautar dabba, suna da wuya sosai kuma suna da tsada sosai.
Matsakaicin rayuwar falkin peregrine a mazaunin sa shine shekaru 15-17. Peregrine Falcon na duniya ne, yana rayuwa cikin nasara kuma yana ci gaba a duk nahiyoyin duniya, kuma a lokaci guda ana ɗaukar shi a matsayin tsuntsu wanda ba safai ba. Tambayar ba da gangan ta tashi ba falgalin peregrine a cikin Littafin Ja ko babu?
Saboda karancin yawan jama'a da kuma barazanar bacewar wasu kananan abubuwa, an sanya tsuntsun a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha, kuma ana kiyaye shi a matsayin dabbobi wadanda ba kasafai suke da hadari ba, a cewar rukuni na biyu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
A cikin Amurka, akwai kyamarorin yanar gizo a kan baranda na wani babban gini, tare da taimakon waɗanda waɗanda suke so za su iya kallon rayuwar falgons na peregrine da ke sama a saman bene na 50. Moscow kuma tana zaune, kodayake kawo yanzu falcons guda biyu ne kawai, suka zauna a babban ginin Jami'ar Jihar ta Moscow.
Peregrine Falcon - ya zama alama ce ta jihar Idaho ta Amurka, kuma an kama hotonsa a kan kuɗin da aka ba da na 25-cent, wanda Mint ya buga a 2007. A kan tutocin Rasha da rigunan makamai akwai hoton falcon peregrine: Suzdal, Sokol, Kumertau, ya kasance alama ce ta tsofaffin sarakunan Rasha.
Suna kewayawa a cikin filaye suna neman ganima, tsuntsaye suna tashi da saurin gudu, koda mai sauri zai iya riskar shahararren mafarautan. Amma kawai ido mai ido ya kama motsin ganimar, halayensa sun canza sosai, saurin gudu, nutsuwa, babban katin ƙaho na mafarauci mara tsoro.
Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa, haɓaka sama da saurin sauti, tsuntsu baya fuskantar ƙarancin iska, wannan yana sauƙaƙe ta tsari na musamman na septum na hanci. Yunkurin iska yana tafiyar hawainiya kuma tsuntsun na cigaba da numfashi kamar yadda ya saba.
A cikin 1530 an ba da tsibirin Malta ga Dokar 5th Knightly ta Emperor Charles. Halin tilas na sarki: fure daya na peregrine, kowace shekara a matsayin kyauta. Bayan wannan labarin, sabbin subsungiyoyi sun bayyana - Maltese.
