Mutum na mutunci a cikin yanayi ana la'akari dashi gaggafa ta zinariya, iyo a hankali cikin iska. Tun zamanin da, wannan tsuntsu yana nuna girma, wanda yawancin al'ummomin gargajiya suka nuna shi a matsayin alamarsu ta daban. A cikin tatsuniyoyin da suka zo mana daga Girka ta dā, gaggafa ana ɗauke da ita kamar ta Allah mai tsawa ta duniya.
Bayani da siffofin bayyanar
Mikiya mai zinare nau'in halittar gaggafa ce ta dangin shaho. Kamar dukkan wakilan wannan nau'in, an rarrabe shi da ƙarfi kuma yana da ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin mulki. Godiya ga ƙwarewarta wajen daidaitawa da amfani da igiyar ruwa, tsuntsu na iya tashi sama a cikin sa’o’i da yawa a jere, yana lura da abin da yake kama.
A tsawon girman gaggafa zinariya ya kai mita daya, fukafukan fikafikan su ya kai mita 2.5. Mace yawanci ta fi ta girman wanda aka zaba. Idan matsakaicin nauyin namiji yana cikin kewayon 4-5 kg, to mata sukan kai kilo 7. Tsuntsu yana da lankwasa baki mai lankwasa, wanda yake muhimmi a cikin jinsinsa. Wani fasalin ganowa shine gashin fuka-fukai, wanda a bayan wuya ya dan fi sauran tsayi.
Fukafukan tsuntsayen ba masu faɗi kaɗai ba ne, amma kuma dogaye ne masu kauri. A cikin ƙananan dabbobi, suna da takamaiman fasali. An rarrabe reshen mai farautar ta hanyar kunkuntar tushe, saboda haka ana iya ganin lanƙwasa daga gefen baya, yana mai tunatar da harafin S na haruffan Latin.
Af, wannan yana ɗaya daga cikin alamun da ke ba da damar gano wannan maƙarƙashiyar a cikin jirgin. Yayin da suka girma, wannan fasalin fuka-fukan ba sa cika bayyana. A lokacin nutsewa, tsuntsun yana karbar sauri har zuwa kilomita 120 / h.
Wutsiyar mafarautan mai fuka-fukai ta ɗan fi tsayi, an ɗan zagaye ta a ƙarshen kuma ta yi kama da shaho. Wannan ya banbanta shi da sauran wakilan gaggafa. Lokacin da tsuntsun ya tashi sama, za ka iya lura da yadda za a buɗe abin da ke saman jela a yanayi mai kamar fan.
Tsuntsaye na wannan nau'in suna da alamun launin ruwan kasa, launin ruwan kasa ko shuɗaɗɗen shuɗi, waɗanda suke da tushe mai launin rawaya. Theafafun ƙafafun suna da ƙarfi, suna da ƙarfi, kusan tare da dukkanin fuskokinsu akwai gefen da ƙirar, wanda a zahiri yana sanya su girma.
A gindin, suna da launin rawaya mai haske kuma suna da dogayen, kaifi, masu kaifin farce. Muryar gaggafa takan zama daidai ga wakilan jinsinta: mai kara, da ɗan alama na haushi da kare. Kuna iya jin shi kawai lokacin lokacin saduwa, kare mazaunin ko sadarwa tare da zuriya.
Launin mutumin da ya balaga ya mamaye inuwar launin ruwan kasa da baƙar fata tare da gashin fuka-fukan zinare a bayan kai. Mikiya ta zinariya ba ta da bambancin launi da jinsi. Bambancin kawai ana samu ne tsakanin samari da manyan mutane.
A cikin tsuntsaye har zuwa shekaru 4, launi kusan baƙar fata ne, ana iya rarrabe farin ɗigo a ƙarƙashin fikafikan. Suna bacewa tun suna da wata goma sha daya ko sha uku. Masana da ke nazarin rayuwa da halayyar masu farautar sun yi imanin cewa waɗannan wuraren suna sanar da manyan tsuntsayen cewa mutum ba shi da ƙwarewa.
Wannan yana ba su damar yin farauta a cikin ƙasashen waje ba tare da tsoron haɗarin manya ba. Birdsananan tsuntsaye suna kama da iyayensu tare da fara narkewar, farkon samuwar launin launi ya faɗi ne a shekara ta huɗu ko biyar ta rayuwar wakilin nau'in. Ya zama ruwan kasa tare da tabarau na launin ruwan kasa da ja.
Irin
Gabaɗaya, an rarraba ƙananan gaggafa na zinariya guda shida, manyan abubuwan rarrabe fasali waɗanda girma da launi suke.
- Yawancin jinsunan sun fi son zama a arewa da gabashin Turai, da kuma faɗin Siberia, Norway, Denmark da Sweden. Launin jiki da na reshe mikiya zinariya baki ko launin ruwan kasa mai duhu
- Ana iya samun nau'ikan kudancin Turai a yankunan tsaunuka na Caucasus, Iran, Carpathians, da kudancin Turai. A jiki, labulen yana da launin ruwan kasa mai dauke da gashin fuka-fuken inuwar launin ruwan kasa akan nape. Waɗannan nau'ikan rabe-raben suna da “kwalliya” a kanta.
- Asianasashen yankin Asiya ta Tsakiya sun fi son farauta da gida a tsaunukan Altai, da kuma na Tien Shan, Pamir, da Tibet. Launin jeri ne daga launin ruwan kasa mai duhu zuwa baƙi tare da fuka-fukan wuta akan nape.
- Mazaunin gaggafa na Amurka shine Kanada, Arewacin da Kudancin Amurka. Launi launin ruwan goro-mai launin ruwan kasa ne a kan nape ɗin.
- Ana iya samun nau'in Siberian ta gabas a gabashin Asiya, Mongolia, Chukotka, Siberia, Primorsky Krai. Launi na iya zama ko duhu ko launin ruwan kasa mai haske.
- Subsungiyoyin Jafananci sun fi son zama a Arewacin China, Japan, da Kudancin Kuril Islands. Launi launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu tare da tabon farin launuka daban-daban a kafaɗun.
Salon rayuwa
Mikiya – Kyauta kyauta, saboda haka, galibi tsuntsaye suna zaɓar fili ko tsaunuka, stepes, canyons, nesa da mutane. Sun fi son yin gida kusa da koguna da tabkuna, har ma da yankuna masu ƙanƙanci a tsawan sama da mita 2,000.
Saboda masu farauta suna da manyan fikafikan fuka-fukai, suna buƙatar buɗaɗɗun wurare don bin abin da suka kama. Don shakatawa, gaggafa na zinariya suna zaɓar bishiyoyi waɗanda suke girma a kan duwatsu masu nisa ko ledoji.
Tsuntsaye suna rayuwa a kusan dukkanin yankuna na Rasha, amma suna ƙoƙarin haɓaka yankuna da suke nesa da mutane, don haka kusan ba zai yuwu a gansu a ƙauyuka ba.
Tun da a kan shimfidar ƙasa ba mutane kusan barin sarari ga mai farautar, gaggafar zinariya ta sauka a fadamar Estonia, Belarus, Lithuania, Latvia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark. Tsuntsaye suna kare yankinsu cikin tashin hankali, suna yin gida gida nesa da kusan kilomita 10 ga juna. Sananne ne cewa gaggafa na zinariya suna son kaɗaici da salama, saboda haka, kusa da ƙananan ƙauyuka, waɗannan tsuntsayen ba sa yin gida.
Tsawon rayuwa
Tsayawa tsuntsu mai irin wannan girman a gida ba sauki bane, duk da haka, a cewar ƙwararrun mafarauta, yana da daraja. A ƙa'ida, ana ɗaukar kajin matasa daga gida, amma wani lokacin ana kama manyan mutane.
Don hanzarta zama da tsuntsaye zuwa ga mutane da sauƙaƙa horo, mai cin abincin yana iyakance ga abinci. Rabon sa shine 300-350 g nama, yayin da mikiya ke ciyarwa kowace rana. Mafarautan na sanya tsuntsun a hannun sa, ana masa kariya ta safar hannu ta fata, kuma yana tafiya tare da dabbar layyar a wuraren da mutane suke, don haka tsuntsun ya saba da hayaniyar jama'a. Sanya shi akan dabbar da aka cushe.
Suna ajiye gaggafa zinariya a cikin kejin sararin sama ko kuma rufaffiyar ɗaki; dole ne su rufe idanunsu don tabbatar da zaman lafiyarta da kare ta daga jefawa. A cewar masana, fita don farauta tare da wannan tsuntsu babban abin farin ciki ne.
A ƙa'ida, mutane da yawa suna farauta lokaci ɗaya, kowannensu da mikiya tasa. A cikin daji, a matsakaita, wani mai farauta mai fuka-fukai yana rayuwa tsawon shekaru 23. A cikin bauta, dangane da kyakkyawan kulawa, mutane na iya rayuwa sau biyu.
Yawan jinsin
Hada da mikiya mai zinare a cikin Littafin Jakamar yadda ake la'akari da nau'in tsuntsayen da ba safai ba. Koyaya, bisa ga bayanan zamani, yawan mutane baya raguwa; a cikin recentan shekarun nan, an lura da ƙaruwar jama'a. Ayyukan mutane shine kawai abin da ya shafi rayuwar waɗannan dabbobi.
A karni na 18 zuwa 19, an harbi tsuntsaye saboda sun lalata dabbobi. Don haka, a kan yankin ƙasar Jamus, kusan dukkanin wakilan wannan nau'in sun lalace. A karnin da ya gabata, an sami raguwar lambobi ta hanyar amfani da sinadarai masu karfi.
Tunda tsuntsaye suna cin abincin halittu masu rai, mahaɗan sunadarai masu haɗari sun shiga jikin tsuntsayen tare da shi, sakamakon haka, wannan ya haifar da cututtukan cikin ci gaban amfrayo kuma, sakamakon haka, mutuwar ƙananan dabbobi.
A zamanin yau, mutum yana yawan mamaye yankuna, wanda ke iyakance zaɓin wurin zama ba kawai don gaggafa ba, har ma da ƙananan beraye, waɗanda suke ganimar mai farauta. Duk wannan na iya haifar da raguwar adadin tsuntsaye.
Don inganta dawo da yawan gaggafa zinariya da kare ta daga halaka, ana ɗaukar duk matakan da suka dace a ƙasashe da yawa waɗanda suka kama mazaunin. Don haka, a cikin girman Rasha da Kazakhstan, wuraren rarrafe na gaggafa an rarraba su a matsayin yankuna masu kariya kuma suna ƙarƙashin kariya.
Af, a yankinmu ne kawai gaggafa mai zinare ke zaune a cikin fiye da 20 irin waɗannan yankuna masu kariya. Ana iya samun tsuntsaye a cikin keɓaɓɓun filaye da gidajen zoo, amma da irin waɗannan abubuwan, ba safai suke hayayyafa ba.
Sake haifuwa da lokacin haihuwa
Mikiya - tsuntsuwacce ta kasance mai aminci ga abokiyar zamanta ta hanyar samar da ma'aurata. Kowannensu ya shirya daga 2 zuwa 12 gida kuma yana amfani da su bi da bi a lokuta daban-daban, yana ci gaba da ingantawa koyaushe. Lokacin saduwa yana daga ƙarshen hunturu zuwa farkon bazara, ko kuma daga Fabrairu zuwa Afrilu.
A wannan lokacin, mikiya na zinariya suna nuna kansu cikin tashi, suna yin rikitattun siffofi na iska da kwaikwayon abubuwan farauta. Wannan halayyar ma halayya ce ta tsuntsu mai kaɗaici wanda ke neman abokin tarayya, ko kuma waɗanda aka riga aka kafa. Balagagge na balaga yana faruwa tun yana da shekaru 4-5.
Mace tana yin ƙwai a cikin gida a farkon rabin watan Afrilu, yawanci bai wuce ƙwai uku ba. Duk abokan huddar suna tsunduma cikin shiryawa bi da bi. Wannan aikin yana faruwa tsawon kwana arba'in da biyar. Sannan namiji yana farautar abinci, mace kuma tana ciyar da samari. Bayan watanni 2.5-3, kajin sun bar gida.
Farauta da abinci
Mikiya – tsuntsu mai farauta... Don farauta, ya zaɓi zomo, beraye, beraye masu girman girma, galibi suna cin wasu ƙananan tsuntsaye. Hakanan, shanu da kananan dabbobi - barewa, tumaki, maruƙa, awaki - suna yin farauta.
Gameananan wasa sun haɗa da gophers da ferrets, dabbar skunks, squirrels, marmots, ermines, agwagwa, jaka da geese a cikin abincin gaggafa ta zinariya. Daga cikin dabbobin da suka fi girma, masu farauta mai farauta suna farautar dawakai, kerkeci, barewa da barewa, ungulu.
Tsuntsu ba ya tsoron afka wa wanda aka azabtar, ya fi kansa girma. A lokacin sanyi, yakan zama yana cin gawar. Kowace rana gaggafa ta zinariya tana buƙatar har zuwa kilogiram 2 na nama, amma idan babu abinci yana iya yunwa na tsawon makonni 5.
Idanun gaggafa sun ninka na mutane sau 8, sabili da haka, koda suna sama da gudu, babu wani mutum da ya tsere. Zai iya kallon annashuwa yana shawagi a cikin iska kuma kwatsam ya kawo hari da ƙarfi wanda mutane ƙalilan ne suka iya ɓoyewa. Mikiya ta ci gaba da faɗa a ƙasa, idan ta kama wanda aka azabtar da fikarsa, koda babba da dabba ba zai sami ceto ba.
Godiya ga manyan jikinsa da manyan fikafikansa, gaggafa ta zinariya tana iya ɗaga kayan da nauyinsu yakai kilogiram 20 na rayuwa kai tsaye zuwa cikin iska, kuma a cikin gwagwarmayar ƙasa, lashe kerkeci a yaƙi ta hanyar fasa wuya. A wajan lokutan saduwa, wasu lokuta mafarauta sukan farautar farauta biyu-biyu. Idan wanda aka azabtar ya sami nasarar tserewa daga tsuntsu ɗaya, abokin aikin nan da nan zai riske ta.
Duk da yanayin fadarsu, wadannan dabbobin suna da wahalar fuskantar shisshigi daga bakin wasu yankuna a yankinsu, musamman ma mutane. Wasu ma'aurata da suka yi gida-gida wanda tuni kaji sun fara kwai ko an sa ƙwai za su watsar da shi idan mutumin da ya dame su ya bayyana a kusa da su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa
Masana ilimin dabbobi sun faɗi wasu siffofin rayuwar masu farauta:
- Mikiya na zinariya suna da wasu ƙafafun da suka fi tsayi a cikin dangin gaggafa.
- A cikin yankuna masu tsananin sanyi, waɗannan tsuntsayen kan yi ƙaura zuwa yanayi mai ɗumi ko kuma kawai tashi daga tsaunuka zuwa shimfidar ƙasa.
- Mikiya mai zinare tana da matukar hangen nesa har yana iya ganin kurege mai gudu daga tsayin kilomita 4.
- Wadannan tsuntsayen sun fi gaggafa gaggafa kuma suna da damar yin ruwa cikin hanzari na kilomita 120 / h.
- Tsuntsaye na iya gina gida biyu a saman bishiya da kan dutsen.
- Gidajen, waɗanda ake kammalawa kowace shekara, na iya kai girman girma akan lokaci.
- Mace ba ta sa duk ƙwai a lokaci ɗaya, amma tare da hutu na kwanaki da yawa.
- Tuni daga ƙuruciya, gaggafa ta zinariya tana nuna halinta na tashin hankali: babba kajin a mafi yawan lokuta yakan kashe ƙarami, musamman idan mace ce, yayin da iyayen basa shigowa cikin rikici kuma basa ƙoƙarin kare masu rauni.
- Lokacin farautar babban abin farauta, maharbin yakan tsunduma fikarsa a cikin jiki, ya yi mummunan rauni. An kashe ƙaramin wasa kusan nan take.
- Wani saurayi tsuntsu ya fara tashi yana da shekaru 70-80, yayin da ya fi so ya kasance kusa da gida.
- Idanun gaggafa na zinariya suna ba shi damar rarrabe launuka, wanda ba kasafai ake gani a masarautar dabbobi ba.
- Lokacin ƙwanƙwasa ƙwai yana ƙayyade ta latitude na mai farautar. Don haka, a arewacin nahiyar mafi zafi ko a Meziko, kajin sun bayyana a watan Janairu, a cikin yankunan arewa masu sanyi da Alaska - a watan Yuni, a Arewacin Amurka - a watan Maris.
An sanya wa mai farauta fuka-fuki matsayin jinsi mai ƙananan haɗarin halaka. Amma don farautar tsuntsu, an yanke hukuncin tara, tare da tsarewa na biyu, ana iya sanya zaman gidan yari.
Mikiya mai zinare a hoto kuma a zahiri yana kama da ɗaukaka da ɗaukaka, sabili da haka ayyukansa masu kyau da ɗabi'u suna da sha'awar kwararru a cikin nazarin duniyar dabbobi. Don kare jinsin daga mummunar raguwar mutane, ya kamata mutum ya nuna kwazo.
