Wakilin ƙudajen parasitic - gadfly na dangin Diptera ne. Fiye da iri 150 aka rubuta kuma aka bayyana su, daga cikinsu wanda zai iya cutar da mutum. Wane haɗari ne ke haifar da cutar ga dabbobi masu shayarwa, rayuwar kwari, yadda take hayayyafa - za mu yi magana game da wannan a cikin wannan littafin.
Bayani da fasali
Diptera tare da gajeren eriya na dangin Tachi-nidae ne. Wasu manyan idanuwa masu launuka masu launuka iri-iri a jikin jiki har zuwa tsawon 17 mm, fuka-fukan fuka-fuka na tashi sun hada kamannin waje. Dermatobia hominis, nau'in haɗari ga mutane, yana zaune a Amurka ta Tsakiya. Zai iya kai hari kuma ya kwan ƙwai a ƙarƙashin fata.
Da yawa sun ga waɗannan manyan ƙudajen masu launi mai haske a cikin ƙasa, yanayi ko kamun kifi. Waje gadfly a cikin hoto yayi kamanceceniya da diyar leda, suna yawan rikicewa da junan su. Mazauninsu iri daya ne. Yanda ake cizon doki yunwa ce, kwaro ne mai shan jini. Babban bambanci shine abinci mai gina jiki. Gadfly kamar yadda horsefly iya ciza, amma don amfanin kiwo kawai.
A wasu yankuna, ana kiran kwarin da gizo-gizo. Yawancin nau'ikan kwari na dipteran da ke rayar da manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa suna hade da kalmar gadfly. Halaye na gama gari don kwari:
- girfly masu girma dabam 15-20 mm;
- bakin baya nan, ko raguwa;
- wani akwati tare da villi;
- manyan idanu;
- jikin oval;
- kafafun gaba sun fi na baya baya;
- kusan m raga fuka-fuki.
Launin jiki ya banbanta. Ga sararin samaniya na arewa, ya fi sautin kwanciyar hankali:
- launin ruwan kasa;
- launin toka mai duhu;
- launuka daban-daban na shuɗi.
A kudanci da kuma na yankuna masu zafi, kwari yayi kama da kananan bumblebees masu ratsin ruwan lemu-baqi. An yi imanin cewa saurin jirgin sama na 120-140 km / h daidai yake da mazari.
Irin
Iyalin Well-podermatidae sun hada da kwari wanda tsutsar ciki ke bunkasa a karkashin fatar dabbobi a cikin nodules. Suna shawo kan dabbobi masu shayarwa da yawa. Tsakanin su:
- Rodananan rodents. Ci gaba yana ɗaukar ɗan lokaci kaɗan a nan. Mace na yin ƙwai a kan ulu. An gabatar da tsutsa da ke fitowa daga gare su a ƙarƙashin fata. Babu hijira.
- Manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Bayan kwanciya a kan layin gashi, tsutsar da take fitowa daga ƙwai sun fara yin ƙaura zuwa bayan dabbar. Hanyar motsirsu tana tafiya tare da layin subcutaneous, a cikin tsoka, gabobin ciki. Lokacin tafiya daga watanni 3 zuwa 9.
Akwai nau'ikan kwari na kwari:
- Gasterophilidae su ne cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cikin cikin dabbobi. Kudaje na matsakaici zuwa babba (9-20 mm). Manya ba sa bukatar abinci. Ana samun su a gabashin duniya, amma daidaitattun abubuwa suna ko'ina a ko'ina. Tsutsar tsutsar ciki suna rayuwa a cikin cikin ciki, giwaye, hippos. Macen gadfly tana saka kwai kusan dubu 2 a kan fata ko gashin gashi kusa da bakin. Gasterophilus pecorum yana kwance akan ciyawa. Farkon larvae na farko sun shiga tsarin narkewa kuma sun rayu har sai sun girma. A dabi'ance (tare da najasa) suna fita waje. A cikin dabbobin da ke fama da cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta, cututtukan cututtukan ciki na ci gaba.
- Equine (Gasterophilus intestinalis) ɗayan nau'ikan jinsin ne. Tsawon ya bambanta daga 13 zuwa 16 mm. A jiki, gashin gashi rawaya ne ko launin ruwan kasa. Fukafukan duk suna da tabo mai duhu. Wani sanannen fasali shine ɗigon haske mai haske a cikin jijiya. Kwarin na amfani da dawakai da jakuna wajen haifuwa. A cikin mata, ovipositor yana da ƙarfi lanƙwasa ƙarƙashin jiki. Yayin tafiyar, mata na kwanciya a saman fatar a wuraren da wadanda abin ya shafa zasu iya yankar hakora. Lokacin da tsutsa ta shiga cikin bakin, sai ta ci gaba har tsawon wata daya, sannan ta ratsa cikin fatar zuwa cikin ciki. Yawan su wani lokaci yakan kai daruruwa.
- Arewacin hypodermis (Oedemagena taran-di) - yana rayuwa ne a kan mara da lafiya. Dabbobi don hunturu suna tafiya mai nisa. A can kwari suna girma, bar mai shi kuma su koma cikin ƙasa. Tare da farkon lokacin bazara, maimartaba yana yawo arewa. Dole samari su tashi sama kilomita da yawa don sake cinye dabbobi. Ilhami na ɗabi'a yana tura kwari zuwa arewa, suna kaiwa ga waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma suna fara kai hari kan barewar da ba ta da kariya. Wata mace na iya yin kwai har zuwa 650.
Dukkanin kwastomomi sun kasu kashi-kashi gwargwadon nau'in buɗe bakin. A cikin Oestridae typicae, babu shi ko rashin ci gaba. Wakilan karamin rukuni Cuterebridae suna da fitaccen proboscis (bakin), ba tare da tanti ba. Masana kimiyya sun raba nau'in farko zuwa sassa uku:
- Gastricolae - larvae tare da ƙugiyoyi biyu don gabatarwa, akwai tubercles na musamman tare da ƙananan spines;
- Cavicolae - ƙugiyoyi biyu da manyan ƙugu, mata masu raɗaɗi, babu mai ovipositor;
- Cuticolae - babu ƙugiyoyi, ƙaramin ƙashi, kusan ba a iya gani.
Shanun da ke kaiwa Hypoderma bovis De G. bovine gadfly... Don dawakai, jakuna, nau'in dokin ya zama barazana. Tumaki suna ƙoƙarin tserewa daga nau'in tumaki Oestrus ovis L. Koda dabbobin daji suna da nasu iri:
- C emasculator Fitch ya afkawa squan tsaran Amurkawa.
- Hanjin giwa ya kamu da cutar Cobboldia giwa Brau;
- karkanda tana fama da cutar Gastrophilus Rhinocerontis Ow.
A cikin yankuna masu zafi na Amurka ta Tsakiya, Ver macaque da moyocuil suna rayuwa, wanda zai iya kai hari ga mutum ba da gangan ba. Bayan gadfly cizon kuma shigar da tsutsa tana girma zuwa babban ƙari, ko shigar ciki tare da rami a saman. Wannan nau'in yana shafar karnuka, dabbobi.
A cikin hoton, tsutsa na gadfly
Rayuwa da mazauni
Wurin parasitism a cikin gadflies daban ne, saboda haka akwai nau'ikan 3:
- Na ciki. Rarraba kusan ko'ina. Mace tana kwance a kan ulu, gabobin hannu ko ciyawa. Bayan shigar ciki, zagayen balaga ya fara. Sakamakon shine fita zuwa farfajiyar fata ta hanyar fistulas ko tare da kayayyakin sharar gida. Duk wannan yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi mai tsanani a cikin dabba. Mafi yawan abu shine equine gadfly.
- Subcutaneous Mazaunin wannan nau'in duk masarautu ne, ban da Far North. Zaɓi shanu azaman wanda aka azabtar. Kwarin mata na sanya ƙwai ga ulu, tsutsa na shiga cikin fata. Mayar da hankali na kumburi - myiasis - yana ci gaba. Kafin narkewa, parasite ya shiga cikin layin subcutaneous, yana yin ramuka a wurin. An yi rikodin al'amuran shigar ta cikin kwanyar dabba da kwakwalwar mutum. Wannan ya kasance m.
Cutarfin ƙasa mai ƙanƙan da kai, yana sanya tsutsa a yayin cizon
- Na ciki. Babban abin da ya banbanta da na baya shi ne, mata na haifar da tsutsa a yayin tashi, ta hanyar tsallake matakin kwai. Suna iya yayyafa su a kan murfin mucous na idanu, hancin dabba ko mutum. Kwayar cutar ta ci gaba da zama a cikin ido, fatar ido, ko hanci. Sannan, ta ƙaura, yana shiga ciki - sinus, cikin ramin baka, da dai sauransu. Ciwo mai tsanani yana tasowa a wurin allurar.
Caviar gadfly galibi ana samunsa akan tumaki.
Ba a samo gadon mutum a cikin Rasha ba, amma mutanen da suka riga sun kamu da ƙwayoyin cuta ne za su iya yaɗuwa. Ya bambanta da sauran ta hanyar shigar azzakari cikin farji. Mace tana fara yin kwai ne kan kwaron da zai iya cin jinin mutane. Yawanci sauro ne, kaska ko wani mai shan jini. Bayan an cije ku gadfly tsutsa yana motsawa karkashin fata na wanda aka azabtar, tsarin rayuwa yana ci gaba a can.
Ana iya samun kwayar cutar a ko'ina sai dai a cikin yanayin sanyi mafi sanyi (Antarctica). Asali gadfly yana zaune a cikin yanayin dumi da yanayi mai kyau. A cikin Rasha akwai da yawa daga cikinsu a cikin faɗin Siberia, Ural da yankuna na Arewa. Yawan tarin kwari a kusa da:
- makiyaya;
- gonakin dabbobi;
- wuraren wucewar dabbobi.
Kwari suna son yanayi mai danshi, saboda haka suna yawo sosai a kusa da koguna, ruwa da fadama.
Gina Jiki
Larwayar ƙwayar cutar ta karɓi abinci yayin cikin wanda aka azabtar. Manya ba za su iya shan abinci ba, kayan aikinsu na baka sun ragu. Kwaro a cikin wanda aka azabtar yana da kamannin pear tare da tilas na wajibi akan sikeli don ci gaba. Duk wannan an haɗa shi a cikin murfin sikeli tare da rami a ƙasan. Tsawon ya kai 25 mm, diamita 7 mm ne.
Asalin abinci mai gina jiki shine ruwan jini. Bayan ya gama gyarawa a cikin maharan, tsutsa ta fara tara dukkan abubuwan gina jiki don ci gaba da rayuwa. A jikin m, ana fitar da wani abu mai ruwa, wanda ke haifar da ciwo mai zafi da kumburi.
Menene haɗarin ga mutane da dabbobi
Gadfly cizon kwari, ga mutane, mafi haɗari sune nau'ikan ciki da na rami. Bayan shiga jiki, tsutsa ta fara ciyarwa a raye. Yana rage masa kuzari mai mahimmanci, bitamin, tsarin tafiyar cuta. Hijira cikin jiki da gabobin ciki, har zuwa kwakwalwa, na haifar da matsalolin lafiya. Mutuwar kamuwa da cuta ba sabon abu bane.
Lokacin da tsutsa ta shiga cikin wanda aka azabtar, myiasis (samuwar kwayar cuta). Wannan yana faruwa sau da yawa a lokacin bazara. Tsarin kamuwa da cuta ya ci gaba a cikin matakai:
- wata kwari mace tana gyara ƙwai a jikin mutum mai gashi (sau da yawa akan kai);
- m daga zafin jiki ya fara zuwa farfajiya;
- gabatarwa a karkashin fata ko cikin gabobi;
- samuwar cutar yoyon fitsari don numfashi na masu cutar, ta inda suke fita waje.
Akwai wani rukuni mai haɗari a cikin mutane. Wannan rukuni yana buƙatar yin hankali yayin tafiya, lokacin ma'amala da dabbobi. A cikin yankin na ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cuta:
- tsufa;
- rashin tsafta;
- tabin hankali;
- sha'awar shaye-shaye;
- rubuta 1 kuma buga ciwon sukari na 2;
- cututtukan da ke haifar da toshewar hematopoiesis;
- kasancewa akai-akai a cikin wurare masu zafi da kuma subtropics.
A wata alamar alamar kamuwa da cuta, dole ne a tuntuɓi cibiyar kiwon lafiya. Fudajen Gadfly suna da haɗari ga dabbobi, suna da ban haushi, dabbobin ba su da kariya daga harinsu. Mai yiwuwa wanda aka azabtar ya zama mai matukar damuwa, yana fara rasa nauyi daga rashin abinci mai gina jiki.
Wannan ya rage samar da madara a cikin dabbobi. Larvae na Parasitic suna daukar abubuwa masu amfani don kansu. Yawancin kwari da yawa suna raunana dabbobi, suna rashin lafiya, suna rasa idanunsu. Hijira ta ƙare aikin lalata bayan kamuwa da cuta. Jijiyoyi sun lalace, zubar jini na ciki da inna sun fara.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Kwarin sun shiga cikin zagayen sauyawa: kwai, tsutsa, pupa, imago. Tsammani na rayuwa shekara 1 ne. Akwai keɓaɓɓen rarrabewa, ƙirar ƙira girma ba sa karɓar abinci. Kasancewarsu mai yiyuwa ne saboda abubuwa a jikin da tsutsa ta karɓa. Zamanin rayuwa ya dogara ne kacokam akan yanayin zafin jiki da saurin da kwari ke shiryawa "filin wasa" ga zuriyar.
'Yar iska a hankali ya zaɓi wuri a kan fatar dabbar. Yankunan da basu da gashi sun dace da wannan. Suna gyara ƙwai zuwa 2-3 a kowane gashi. Wannan halin yana daga kwana 3 zuwa 20. Hanyoyin haɓakawa:
- Tsutsa a tsatson farko na girma na tsawon kwanaki, to sai ya shiga cikin wanda aka azabtar, godiya ga ƙugiyoyi a ɓangarorin biyu. Motsi yana tafiya tare da jijiyoyin jini, sashin kashin baya da kuma zuwa mai laushi a cikin shugaban canal medullary. Sauran yana zuwa esophagus, an gabatar dashi cikin ƙwayoyin mucous.
- Tsutsa na tsutsa 2-3. motsa zuwa baya, ƙananan baya. A shafin abin da aka makala - kyallen takarda. Don haɓaka ci gaba, suna buƙatar oxygen. Don shigarta, larvae suna yin motsi na musamman ta cikin fatar dabbar (fistula). Yayin da suke ci gaba, suna zubewa, ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ramuka a cikin cututtukan fata sun zo saman. Bayan wannan almajirin yana faruwa a ƙasa.
- Mataki na gaba yana daga kwana 1 zuwa 7 bayan barin jikin dabbar. Yawan saurin ci gaban pupae, ya danganta da laima da yawan zafin jiki, na tsawon kwanaki 33-44.
- A sakamakon haka, balagaggiyar tashi (imago) takan fara fitowa cikin dakika uku zuwa biyar. A kwarin a shirye yake don sabon mating da tashi.
Gajeren tsarin rayuwar kuda (shekara 1) ya kare da mutuwa, gadfly baya bacci a cikin faduwa. A lokacin hunturu mai sanyi, tsutsa suna rayuwa cikin wanda aka yiwa rauni. Babban kwari yana rayuwa kadan (kwanaki 3-20). A ƙarshen rayuwa, yana zubar da mafi yawan nauyin jikinsa. A lokacin sanyi, kwari kusan ba ya tashi. A wannan yanayin, rayuwa ta tsawaita da wani watan.
Manyan kwari sun iya haifuwa nan da nan bayan sun bar jaririn. An lura cewa tsarin saduwa yana faruwa a madaidaicin wuri inda suke tashi kowace shekara. Daga nan sai mata su fara neman dabba domin haihuwa. Yawancin ƙwai masu yawa a cikin kowannensu yana haɓaka saurin haifuwa. Kwari basu da makiya kadan, sai tsuntsaye kawai. A cikin yankunan kudanci, kwari na haɗuwa fiye da na arewacin latitude.
Gadflies sun saba da zama kusa da dabbobi da yawa. Suna kwantar da hankalin kan ƙananan rodents, artiodactyls, mafi girma da karkanda da giwaye. Koda tare da mafi karancin lamba, saboda yawan haihuwar mata, kwari sun ninka cikin sauri tare da kusan rashin makiya.
