Alpine akuya - dabbar gida ta tsarin shayarwa. Ana ba da nonon waɗannan dabbobi don abincin yara. An dauke shi rashin rashin lafiya fiye da saniya. Awaki masu tsayi ba su da ma'ana, suna da ma'amala da mutane da sauran dabbobin gida. Godiya ga waɗannan halayen, ana yin nau'in Alpine a cikin duk Turai, yawancin ƙasashen Asiya, yana da mashahuri tare da makiyayan Arewacin Amurka.
Tarihin irin
Masana halayyar dan adam sun gamsu da cewa dabba ta farko da mutum ya fara sarrafawa ita ce akuya. Mutane sun keɓe shi daga daji kuma sun fara ajiye shi kusa da su shekaru 12-15 da suka wuce. Akuyar bezoar (Capra hircus aegagrus) cikin nasara ta wuce hanyar gida, wacce ta bunƙasa a tsaunukan Alps, Pyrenees, da Minananan Manyan Asiya. An yi imani cewa wannan dabba ta zama kakannin duk awakin gida.
A cikin karni na 18, watakila a baya, tsaunukan Alps sun zama cibiyar kiwo ta Turai. Yanayi ya sauƙaƙa wannan: yalwar makiyaya da yanayin yanayin da akuyoyi suka dace da su tun bayyanar halittar. An shayar da nau'in kiwo da yawa a cikin wani karamin yanki inda kan iyakokin Faransa, Switzerland da Jamus suka hadu. Wadanda suka fi samun nasara sune awakin kasar Faransa.
Fitar da wadannan dabbobi zuwa Jihohi sun taka rawar gani wajen yaduwar kwayar Alpine. Karni na 20 ya fara ne da karuwar sha'awar awakai. Amurkawa, manya da yara, suna buƙatar madara don tallafawa lafiyar su. An yi imanin cewa sauƙin narkewar madarar akuya na iya zama magani ga yara masu fama da tarin fuka a cikin Chicago.
Awaki masu tsayi suna da nutsuwa
A cikin 1900s, an haɗu da dabbobin alpine tare da awakin Amurkawa, waɗanda suka zauna a cikin theasashe tun lokacin farkon masu sauka. Sakamakon shine sabon nau'in da ake kira American Alpine Goat. Wadannan dabbobin masu matukar hazaka har yanzu suna rike da matsayin jagora a kiwon Arewar Arewacin Amurka.
A cikin tsaunukan Alps, Switzerland, Jamus, musamman Faransa, sha'awar noman akuya ya ragu a ƙarni na 21. Ba a bukatar awaki mai tsayi, wanda daga madarar sa aka samar da mafi kyaun cuku. Dalilin mai sauki ne: sha'awar Banon, Sainte-Maure, Camembert da sauran cukuwar Faransa ta cuku sun ragu. Yanzu halin da ake ciki ya daidaita, amma jimillar garken Gandun Alfarmar Faransa ya ragu da kashi 20%.
Bayani da fasali
Bayyanar awakin Alpine yayi kama da juna ta fuskoki da yawa ga sauran kiwo. Kan yana da matsakaici a cikin girma, bakin bakin yana tsawaita, tare da madaidaicin layin hanci. Idanu masu haske ne, masu kamannin almond, tare da kusurwa mai kallo. Kunnuwa kanana ne, tsayayyu, masu faɗakarwa. Wasu layin kiwo suna da manyan ƙaho. Sashin kahon ƙawancen oval ne, fasalin ya zama mai lanƙwasa, saber.
Ana goyan bayan kai ta siririn wuya. Tsawonsa ya nuna cewa dabbar tana iya tattara ciyawa (ciyawa), ci ciyayin daji, tara ganyayyaki masu ƙananan furanni da rassan bishiyoyi. Wuya yana haɗuwa da sauƙi cikin kafadu da kirji.
Kirjin yana da dumbin girma. Babban nisan tsaka-tsakin yanayi sifa ce ta akuya mai kiwo. Tsarin kyauta na gabobin ciki yana ba da gudummawa ga aikin su mai ƙarfi. Huhu da tsarin zuciya da jini suna samar da iskar oxygen ga jini, wanda ke taimakawa jikin akuya don jimre wa aikin samar da madara mai yawa.
Kirjin yana zuwa yankin gaba da tsakiyar ciki. Yankin iliac ya kasance a ɓoye, an nuna fossa mai yunwa ta sananniyar damuwa. Babu sagging tare da layin wuya, kirji, ɓangaren jikin mutum, fatar tana manne da jiki sosai.
Layin baya na akuya mai tsayi a kwance yake. Ba a bayyana bushewa sosai. Gefen jikin mutum a cikin yankin sacrum yana kama da ido. Wutsiya gajere ce, sau da yawa ana dagawa. Theafafu madaidaiciya, sirara, idan aka hango su daga gaba da kuma gefe, suna nan ba tare da karkata ba, a tsaye.
Baya ga bayanin waje, awaki mai tsayi dace da wasu sigogi na lamba.
- Awaki suna da nauyin kilogiram 55, awaki sun fi nauyi - har zuwa kilogiram 65;
- tsayi a busassun awaki ya kai kusan 70 cm, maza suna girma zuwa 80 cm;
- tsawo a cikin sacrum a cikin dabbobi ya fara daga 67-75 cm;
- tsawon tsinkayen hannu a cikin maza ya kai 22 cm, a cikin mata har zuwa 18 cm;
- tsawon bakin a cikin awaki 11 cm, a cikin manya - 16 cm;
- Girman nono ya kai 60-62 cm;
- abun ciki na madara ya kai 3.5%;
- furotin na madara ya kai 3.1%;
- akuya tana bada madara kusan duk shekara, tare da gajeren hutu. Yawan kwanakin madara ya kai 300-310;
- a lokacin lactation yana bada 700-1100 kilogiram na madara.
- rikodin amfanin yau da kullun na madara ya wuce kilogiram 7;
- Ana iya samun yawan amfanin madara daga akuya mai shekara 1 zuwa 5, mai kimanin kilo 50, makonni 4-6 bayan rago.
Launin awakin Alpine ya banbanta. Fatarsu ba abu ɗaya ba ce - a cikin manyan ɗamarar launuka daban-daban. Masu kiwon awaki suna amfani da kalmomi da yawa don bayyana kwatankwacin akuya:
- Launin peacock, farin wuya (eng. Cou blanc). A cikin wannan launi, babban fasalin shine launin fari na farkon rubu'in jikin akuya. Sauran na iya zama duhu, kusan baƙi. Gabobin jiki yawanci haske ne. Akwai tabo duhu a kai.
- Launin peacock, jan wuya (eng. Cou clair). Kashi na farko na jiki tare da wannan launi launin ruwan kasa ne mai haske tare da ƙari na rawaya-lemu ko launin toka.
- Black neck (Turanci cou noir). Hasken madubi na fari da haske mara nauyi. Kashi na farko na jiki baƙi ne; sauran jikin yana da haske da baƙaƙen fata.
- Sangou (an haife shi Sundgau). Babban launi na fata baƙi ne. Haske, kusan launuka farare suna nan a fuska da ciki.
- Motley (ingiran Pied). Manyan baƙaƙe da raƙuman haske suna haɗuwa cikin jiki.
- Chamois (Turanci Camoisee). Launin launin ruwan kasa, yana juyawa zuwa baƙar fata a bayanta. An yi wa ado da bakin baki tare da tabon baki.
Matsakaici na launuka daban-daban, sanya su ta hanyoyi daban-daban, na iya ba da adadin bambancin da ba iyaka. Wannan shine sanannen awakin Amurka mai tsayi. Anyi amfani da fari mai ƙarfi shine kawai launi mara karɓuwa.
Irin
An fitar da shi zuwa Amurka, awakin Faransa bayan sun haye tare da dabbobin Amurka sun ba da zuriya da halaye na gari masu kyau. Breasashen waje masu kiwo sun gane su da awakin Alpine na Faransanci a matsayin 'ya'yan masu zaman kansu. Turawan kiwon awaki na Turai sun dauki ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da batun, sun yi imanin cewa akwai manyan nau'ikan 4 masu tsayi na Alpine.
- Awakin Faransa masu tsayi misali ne na irin, tushen asalin kiwo sabuwa.
- Turanci mai tsayi awaki. An rarraba a tsibirin Burtaniya. Launin fata baƙar fata ne kuma fari, a kan kai akwai manyan ratsi biyu. An daidaita shi don rayuwa a yankunan tsaunuka.
- Alpine chamois awaki. Akuya mai kankara mai iya rayuwa cikin mawuyacin hali. Alpine chamois suna da wuya. Yawan su kullum raguwa yake.
- Ana samo awakin Alpine na Amurka ne daga cakuda awakin Turai da na asalin Arewacin Amurka.
A kowane yanki, fada don kara samarda madara da ingancin madara, suna kirkirar wasu nau'ikan halittun Alpine masu canonical tare da dabbobin gida. Gwaje-gwaje yawanci suna ba da kyakkyawan sakamako, amma lokaci mai tsawo aikin madara na ƙananan ya ragu. Sabili da haka, yana da matukar mahimmanci a kiyaye kayan halittar ɗan akuya mai tsayi na Faransanci ta yadda za'a iya ƙirƙirar sabbin ƙira game da asalin zuriya.
Ciyawa ana ɗaukarsu mafi kyawun abinci ga awaki mai tsayi.
Gina Jiki
Lokacin bazara, makiyaya ciyar da akuya mai tsayi 80% yana warware ta halitta. Duk da yawan lokacin rani na ciyayi (ciyawa, ganye, rassa), ana ba awakin abinci mai cike da ma'adinai. A lokacin hunturu, rabon abincin abinci yana ƙaruwa, dabbobi suna farin cikin cin kayan lambu. Roughage wani muhimmin bangare ne na abincin akuya.
Awakai ba masu saurin gudu ba ne ta fuskar abinci. Suna cin rassan dazuzzuka da bishiyoyi tare da annashuwa kamar ɗan ƙaramin ciyawa. Awaki masu tsayi suna zaɓe game da ruwa kawai. Basu taba tabo ba, danshi gajimare. Suna buƙatar ruwa mai tsabta.
Sake haifuwa da tsawon rai
Awaki da awaki suna iya hayayyafa da wuri, lokacin da suka kai watanni 5-6. Bai kamata ku yi hanzarin zuwa jima'i ba. Awaki sun zama mafi kyawun masu kiwo ta hanyar rufe akuya a shekara ɗaya da haihuwa. Zuriya mafi koshin lafiya da kuma yawan amfanin gona na madara zai kasance a cikin akuya wacce aka fara kyankyashe tana da shekara 1.5.
Don samun zuriya, ana amfani da nau'ikan nau'in 2 na halitta: na halitta da na wucin gadi. Ana amfani da roba a manyan gonakin dabbobi. A cikin matsakaici da ƙananan gonaki, ana aiwatar da haɓaka ta hanyar kwafin halitta. A lokuta biyu, yana da mahimmanci a ƙayyade ainihin shirye-shiryen bunsuru don haɗuwa.
Ana amfani da madarar akuya mai tsami don yin cuku mai tsada
Kula da dabbobi yana sauƙaƙa idan ciki, bayyanar zuriya na faruwa ne kusan lokaci ɗaya a cikin yawancin awaki. Hormonal agents (alal misali: maganin progesterone, magungunan estrophan) suna taimakawa magance wannan batun, suna ba ku damar aiki tare farkon estrus.
Bayan samun nasarar haduwa, akuyar ta haifi 'ya'ya na kimanin kwanaki 150. Makonni 4-6 kafin haihuwar sasan, dabbar ta daina shan nono. Akwai lokacin hutawa kafin haihuwar yara. An ba dabbobi ƙananan rikici, abinci ya wadata da ma'adinai.
Yawancin lokaci, akuya tana bukatar taimako kadan a wajen haihuwa. Manomi yana goge jariri, ya haɗa igiyar cibiya. Abubuwan da aka keɓe na awakin Alpine shine haihuwa, suna kawo yara fiye da ɗaya. Yaran da aka haifa bayan mahaifiyarsu ta lasa musu suna shirye su fada cikin nono. Abincin farko yana da mahimmanci. Kwalba ta kunshi abubuwa masu gina jiki da kariya daga cututtuka.
A cikin gonakin kiwo, ba a bar yara kusa da mahaifiyarsu na dogon lokaci ba, ana ɗauke su daga nono. Akuyar da ta tsira daga haihuwa ta fara bayar da madara mai yawa, wanda shine abin da masu kiwo ke amfani da shi. Bayan kamar makonni 4, raggon raguna ya fara aikinsa.
Awakin Alpine sun tsufa a shekaru 12-13. Tun da daɗewa kafin wannan zamanin, ayyukansu ya ragu, suna raunana, haƙoransu sun tsufa. Awaki na zuwa yanka kafin su kai ga ajalinsu. Yana da wahala a samu dabbobi sama da shekaru 6-8 a gonaki.
Kulawa da kulawa akan gonar
Hanyar da ta fi dacewa ta kiyaye akuya mai tsayi ita ce wurin kiwo. A lokacin rani, awaki suna kiwo ko kuma a sake su a cikin corral, inda suke ciyarwa suna hutawa. Dabbobin suna ƙare ranar ciyarwar su a cikin gidan ajiyar dabbobi. A lokacin hunturu, suna yawan cinye lokacinsu a cikin rumbun ajiyar kaya.
Tsaren akuya mai tsayi a cikin hanyar masana'antu, yana nuna tsayawa koyaushe a cikin rumfar. Dakin yana dauke da masu haskakawa, dumama jiki da kuma fanfo. Tsarin sarrafawa yana sarrafa kansa ne kuma yana sarrafa kansa. Injinan madara, masu bada abinci, masu auna lafiyar dabbobi, da kuma fasahar komputa suna canza yadudduka zuwa masana'antar madarar akuya.
Halin akuya na bayar da gudummawa wajen kiyaye shagon shekara-shekara - ba su da tashin hankali. A gefe guda kuma, dabbobi masu tsayi suna son motsi. Zama koyaushe a cikin turken shanu yana kaiwa, tare da yawan abinci mai gina jiki, zuwa kiba da canje-canje a cikin ruhi - dabbobin suna fuskantar damuwa.
Ribobi da fursunoni na irin
Awakin Alpine na kowane iri (Faransanci, Ingilishi, Amurka) suna da fa'idodi da yawa, godiya garesu suna yaduwa.
- Babban fa'ida shine yawan samarda madara tare da madara mai inganci.
- Asalin tsaunuka masu tsaunuka suna sanya dabbobi tsayayya da canjin yanayi. Suna haƙuri da damuna mai sanyi da sanyi sosai.
- Babban digiri na gida. Awaki suna da kirki ga masu su da sauran dabbobi.
- Lokacin zabar tsakanin awakin kiwo na nau'ikan kiwo, masu kiwo sun fi son awakin Alpine saboda yanayin kyawun su da launi. Awakin Alpine a hoton tabbatar da babban bayanan su na waje.
Rashin dacewar sun hada da karancin yaduwa. Amma wannan ita ce matsalar duk kiwo a Rasha. Ta wani bangaren, yana da alaka da kudin madarar akuya, wanda ya fi na madarar shanu.
Sharhin nama da madara
Yawancin mutane ba safai suke cin madarar akuya da nama ba. Wannan ya faru ne saboda karancin yaduwar wadannan kayayyakin. Akwai ra'ayoyi masu adawa, galibi bisa la'akari da ji.
Wasu mutane, waɗanda suka ɗanɗana naman ko madara na dabbobin da suka fita daga waje, suna watsar da su har abada, suna motsa wannan tare da takamaiman ƙanshi da dandano. Halin da ake ciki tare da akuya mai tsayi daban. Yawancin masu amfani suna jin daɗin nama da madara ba kawai mai daɗi ba amma har ma da lafiya.
Wata iyali daga yankin Sverdlovsk ta rubuta: “Sun kiyaye aladu da tumaki. An shigo da awaki masu tsayi. Na fi son naman akuya fiye da na rago. Nama tare da dogon zaren, don haka yayin dafa abinci, sai mu yanke shi a ƙetaren, a ƙananan ƙananan. Mafi dadi shine hanta akuya. "
Muscovite Olga ya ruwaito cewa a karo na farko ta gwada madarar akuya da cuku a Montenegro, sun wuce yabo. Mazauna yankin sun ce suna kiyaye dabbobi masu tsauni, don haka madarar tana da dadi kuma tana da lafiya sosai.
Dalibar karatun likita Marina ta ce dangin ta na da yaro dan shekaru 3 wanda ya sha duk bazara madarar akuya mai tsayi kuma kawar da diathesis. Kullum sai ya sha mug guda kuma ya ci romon da aka yi masa.
Madarar akuya mai tsayi tana da kyawawan halaye masu gina jiki - wannan shine sakamakon karnin da aka zaba. Dangane da abubuwan amino acid, yana kusa da madarar mutum. Sau da yawa yana aiki azaman kayan magani na halitta kuma tushen abincin yara.
Farashi
Akwai gonakin awaki na asali a cikin Rasha da ƙasashe maƙwabta. Waɗannan gonakin sune mafi kyawun wuri don siyan yaran Alpine don ƙarin kiwo. Lokacin siyan akuya mai yalwa, tambayar farashi da zabi mai kyau shine ya fara zuwa. Farashin awaki, awaki da yara waɗanda iyayensu masu daraja suka haifa koyaushe yana da mahimmanci. Zabin yana buƙatar wasu ƙwarewa.
A cikin ƙananan yara tun suna ƙuruciya, ba shi yiwuwa a yi hasashen ƙarin haɓakar su ta hanyar binciken waje. Saboda haka, yayin siyan, tarihin rayuwar, asalin kowane yaro ya zama dalilin tantancewa. Kamfanoni masu kula da dabbobi suna kula da littattafan garken garken kuma suna ba masu saye duk bayanan da suke buƙata. Tasirin tattalin arziki na samo ɗan akuya mai ƙosarwa yana zuwa bayan ta girma. Dabba mai saurin girma tana da aƙalla sau 2 na samarwa fiye da dabbar da ba a san asalin ta ba.
Ana sayar da yaran Alpine ba kawai ta gonakin asali ba, har ma da manoma, waɗanda ƙarancin samari ba shine babba ba, amma sakamakon asali ne na kiyaye garken garken awaki. A wannan yanayin, ya kamata ku karanta sake dubawa game da mai siyarwa da samfurin sa. Babban kasuwar ita ce Intanit, shafukan yanar gizo. Farashin farashi na dabbobi ya fara daga 5-6 zuwa dubun dubatan rubles.
Ba wai kawai yara masu asali ba, har ma kayayyakin da ake kiwon awaki da su, sun zama batun ciniki. A shagunan sayar da kaya zaka iya samun nonon akuya, ya fi na madara tsada, yakai kimanin 100 rubles. don 0.5 lita. Nuna wani nau'in ba a nuna shi a kan kayayyakin ba, saboda haka yana da wahala mazaunin birni ya yaba da babban amfanin awakin Alpine.
