Mikiya mai hangowa Shin babban tsuntsu ne na ganima. Kamar kowane gaggafa, ya zama na dangin shaho. Yawanci gaggafa sukan hadu da ungulu, mikiya da sauran dangi, amma da alama ba su da bambanci da siririn shaho fiye da yadda ake tsammani. Mikiya da aka hango suna rayuwa galibi a yankunan dazuzzuka, da ciyayi, da filaye da wuraren kiwo na asali, galibi a wurare masu dausayi.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Spot Eagle
Dangane da nazarin tsarin mitochondrial na manyan gaggafa da aka yi a Estonia a cikin 1997-2001, masu binciken sun sami mafi yawan bambancin kwayar halittar a cikin wannan nau'in fiye da samfurin da ya fi girma na gaggafa.
Sun ba da shawarar cewa mulkin mallaka na arewacin Turai ya faru ne a farkon wannan nau'ikan fiye da gaggafa, wanda ke zaune a gabashin babbar gaggafa. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa ya fi son gida a cikin birch da pines, wanda ke faɗaɗa arewa, maimakon bishiyoyi masu yalwa, kamar yadda lamarin yake tare da ƙananan mikiya.
Bidiyo: Spot Eagle
Matsakaicin rayuwar gaggafa mikiya shine shekaru 20 zuwa 25. Barazanar sun haɗa da mazauninsu na gida, yalwar ganima, guba da gangan da farauta. Matsakaicin mace-shekara shekara-shekara shine 35% a kowace shekara don yara, 20% na tsuntsaye marasa balaga da 5% na manya. Saboda wadannan barazanar, yawanci shekarun rayuwarsu yakan kasance tsakanin shekaru 8 zuwa 10.
Mikiya da aka hango sune manyan masu farautar halittun su. Suna taimakawa wajen sarrafa yawan ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa da sauran ƙananan dabbobi. Mikiya da aka hango na iya zama da amfani ga manoma saboda suna cin zomaye da wasu beraye, kananan tsuntsaye, kwari da dabbobi masu rarrafe da ke barazana ga amfanin gona.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yadda gaggafa take kama?
Akwai irin wadannan mikiya masu hango:
- babban mikiya;
- ƙaramin gaggafa mai hango
Eaglesananan Eaglesananan Eaglesananan Eagles sun yi kama. Fuka-fukinsu yakai cm 130-180. Fitsarin manya ya zama ruwan kasa gabaɗaya, yayin da samari tsuntsaye ke cike da ɗigon haske zuwa wani mataki ko wata. A waje, gaggafa mai kama da ungulu kamar ta ungulu ce, kuma daga nesa mutum na iya rarrabe nau'ikan ta hanyar silhouette kawai yayin tashi: yayin da gaggafa mai hango yawanci ta kan saukar da fikafikan fukafukanta idan ta yi sama, gulmar da ke yawan yin ta tana rike su.
Idan aka kalli tsuntsayen da ke kusa da nesa, za a lura cewa ungulu galibi yawanci fari ne a cikin duwatsu, yayin da gaggafa da aka hango yawanci launin ruwan kasa ne tare da 'yan kaɗan fari a gashinsu. Idan aka duba sosai, mai lura zai ga cewa hanun gaggafa masu tabo an rufe su da fuka-fukai har zuwa yatsun kafa, yayin da na ungulu masu yawan gaske ba su da fuka-fuka.
Dangane da alamomin zana, ciki har da hana fuka-fukai, a sauƙaƙe za mu iya keɓe gaggafa mai tsaka-tsalle, wanda ke da ragi kaɗan da kaɗan a kan kowane gashin tsuntsu fiye da gaggafa.
Lessananan tedananan Mikiya suna da haske da fikafikai fiye da mafi yawan duhun Babban Mikiya. Tana da kayan ɗamara mai ɗimbin tsayi tare da tsawon furanninta na farko, yayin da Babban Eagauren Mikiya yana da madaidaiciyar sirara wacce galibi aka iyakance ta zuwa tsakiyar launukansa na farko, kuma tukwici da gindin fuka-fukan sun kasance marasa alama. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran manyan gaggafa, ana iya tantance shekarun wannan tsuntsu bisa la’akari da alamomin plumage (alal misali, yara ƙanana ne kawai ke da alamun farin farin, wanda ya ba shi suna gama gari).
Yana da wuya a banbanta tsakanin jinsunan gaggafa masu hangowa. Babban gaggafar da take da tabo mafi yawa ta fi duhu, ta fi girma, kuma ta fi ƙarfi. Har ila yau, yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin su, saboda suna haɗuwa da nau'i-nau'i, waɗanda a ciki ne ake haihuwar manya-manya.
A ina mikiya mai hangowa take rayuwa?
Hoto: Babban Mikiya
Gugun gaggafa da aka hango a cikin manyan dazuzzuka masu danshi wadanda ke makwabtaka da ciyawa, da fadama da sauran wuraren da ke da ruwa har zuwa mita 1000. A Asiya, ana samunsa a cikin dajin taiga, a cikin gandun daji-steppe tare da dausayi, a cikin yankuna da filayen noma. An fi son gandun daji a gare su a lokacin sanyi. Wasu lokuta ana samun tsuntsayen yin ƙaura da hunturu a cikin mafi yawan wuraren budewa kuma galibi busassun wuraren zama.
A cikin filayen hunturu a cikin Malesiya, waɗannan gaggafa suna zaune su kaɗai ko a cikin ƙananan rukuni. Kodayake suna raba abinci daban-daban, mutane da yawa na iya jira cikin lumana a cikin rukuni mara izini kusa da filin da taraktan yake aiki. Hakanan wannan jinsin yakan ziyarci wuraren shara.
A Bangladesh, galibi ana ganin tsuntsaye tare da manyan koguna da kuma wuraren da ake kewayawa, inda za a gansu suna shawagi a sama ko kuma suna kwana a ƙasa a bakin kogin ko tsibirin kogi. A cikin Isra’ila, a lokacin hunturu a cikin ƙananan yankunan Bahar Rum, ana iya samun tsuntsaye a cikin kwari da wuraren buɗe ruwa, galibi a filayen da aka nome da kuma tafkunan kifi kusa da wuraren bishiyoyi, galibi eucalyptus.
A cikin Rasha, ana samun su a cikin gandun daji, gandun daji, kwarin kogi, gandun daji, ƙananan gandun daji a cikin yankuna masu laima da cikin gandun daji. A cikin Kazakhstan - a cikin gandun daji na bakin teku, tuddai da kuma gandun daji.
Menene gaggafar da ta hango take ci?
Hoto: Eagananan Mikiya Mikiya
Mikiya da aka hango galibi suna farautar abincinsu a wuraren kiwo marasa kariya, haka kuma a fadama, filaye da sauran shimfidar wurare, kuma galibi har ma a cikin dazuzzuka. Filin farautar su, a matsayin mai ƙa'ida, suna kusa da gidajen, waɗanda ke nesa da kusan kilomita 1-2 daga wurin dajin.
Mikiya da aka hango galibi suna farautar abin farautar su a cikin jirgin sama ko bishiyoyi kusa da gefen gandun daji da sauran manyan wurare (bishiyoyi guda ɗaya, filayen ciyawa, sandunan lantarki). Wani lokacin tsuntsun yakan sami ganima wanda yake yawo a kasa. Gaggafa mai hangowa tana farautar abin farautarta, tashi sama ko tafiya idan akwai ƙarancin albarkatun abinci, amma dangane da wadatattun albarkatu, tana zaɓar bin abin da yake farauta.
Babban abincin su ya ƙunshi:
- kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar girman zomo, irin su voles;
- amphibians kamar kwadi;
- tsuntsaye (gami da tsuntsayen ruwa);
- dabbobi masu rarrafe, kamar macizai, kadangaru;
- karamin kifi;
- manyan kwari.
A yankuna da yawa babban abin farautar gaggafa da aka hango shi ne arewacin ruwa (Arvicola terrestris). Tsuntsayen da suka yi bacci a cikin Malesiya suna cin abinci akan mushe, galibi matattun beraye, waɗanda aka sanya musu guba a yankunan noma. Wannan nau'in yana shiga cikin kleptoparasitism daga juna da kuma daga wasu nau'o'in masu farauta.
Fasali na halaye da salon rayuwa
Hoto: Tsuntsaye masu gaggafa
Mikiya masu tsinkaye tsuntsaye ne masu yin ƙaura. Suna hunturu a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Turai, Tsakiya da Afirka ta Kudu. Hijira zuwa da dawowa daga Afirka galibi ta hanyar Bosphorus, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Kogin Nilu. Greater Spotted Eagle ya dawo daga hunturu a ƙarshen Maris, yayin da erananan Eaglesananan Mikiya za a iya ganin su zuwa wani lokaci daga baya, a farkon Afrilu. Dukkanin jinsunan sun yi kaura a cikin watan Satumba, amma ana iya ganin tsuntsayen kowane mutum a watan Oktoba.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Sau da yawa ana iya samun gaggafa mai tsaho kai tsaye ko kuma biyu-biyu, amma suna taruwa a kusa da manyan hanyoyin abinci suna yin hijira cikin garken.
Mikiya da aka hango suna rayuwa a cikin wani yanki na mosaic inda gandun daji ke canzawa da makiyaya, makiyaya, filaye, kwaruruka da fadama. Sun fi dacewa da rayuwa a ƙasar noma fiye da manyan dangin su. Tsuntsaye yawanci sukan gina gidansu da kansu kuma koyaushe suna zaune cikinsu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, musamman idan basu damu ba. Wasu lokuta sukan yi amfani da tsofaffin sheƙan wasu tsuntsayen masu cin nama (ungulu ta kowa, shaho ta arewa) ko bakakken stork. A wasu lokutan gaggafa mai tabo tana da gurbi da yawa, waɗanda ake amfani da su a madadinsu cikin shekaru daban-daban.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Mikiya mai fa'ida tana da iyaka. Zasuyi fada da wasu tsuntsayen da suke matso kusa da gidajen su. Maza sun fi mata rikici kuma suna nuna halin yanki ne kawai ga sauran maza. Mata sukan ziyarci gidajen wasu matan a lokacin kiwo.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hoto: Babban Tsuntsaye Mikiya
Mikiya da aka hango sun fara gini ko gyaran gida da zaran sun isa. A ƙarshen Afrilu ko farkon Mayu, ƙwai ɗaya ko biyu (ƙwarai da gaske uku) ƙwai suna cikin cikakken kama. Mace zata fara saka musu ne kai tsaye bayan kwansu na farko, wannan shine dalilin da yasa kajin suke kyankyashe a lokuta daban-daban. Tsarin ƙyanƙyashewa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 37-41. Kaji na iya tashi a makonni 8-9 na haihuwa, wanda yawanci yakan yi daidai da farkon rabin watan Agusta. Daga kajin, daya, ko kuma da kyar biyu, suka koyi tashi.
Nasarar kiwo na gaggafa mai daddawa tana da zagayowar shekaru uku saboda canje-canje a cikin yawan voles, abin da aka fi so akan gaggafa. A cikin shekaru mafiya kyau, yawan aiki zai iya kaiwa sama da 0.8 samarin tsuntsaye masu turiri, amma a lokacin karancin lokaci wannan adadin na iya sauka kasa da 0.3. Eananan gaggafa masu hango suna da damuwa da damuwa kuma suna da ƙananan nasarar kiwo. Kodayake suna kwan kwai biyu, amma sau da yawa kaji daya tak yake gudu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Duk inda mikiya ke hango matsaloli, ana iya samun karuwar su ta hanyar aiki ta hanyar tabbatar da wanzuwar dukkanin kajin a lokacin da suke gudu. A cikin vivo mutum kusan yana ɓacewa koyaushe saboda raunin da aka sani da kainism.
Abokan gaba na gaggafa gaggafa
Hoto: Tsuntsaye masu gaggafa
Minarami da ƙwai na manyan mikiya masu daskararru za a iya farautar su da ɗan Amurka da sauran masu farauta. Wasu masu farauta ko owls na iya niyyata kajin. In ba haka ba, manyan mikiya masu tabo sune manyan masu farauta, kuma baligai galibi ba sa fada wa wasu manyan masu farautar.
Eananan gaggafa masu hangen nesa ba su da masu farautar dabi'a kuma ba sa nuna alamun dacewa da su. Babban barazanar da suke fuskanta ita ce mutane. Suna yin barazana ga mikiya da aka hango saboda amfani da sinadarai irin su azodrine, wani maganin kashe kwari da ake amfani da shi wajen hana kananan dabbobi cin amfanin gona. Masu farauta, gami da ƙaramar gaggafa, sau da yawa suna mutuwa daga abincin waɗannan dabbobi masu guba. Wani tasirin ɗan adam akan wannan nau'in shine farauta.
Wani abin da ke haifar da mutuwa a cikin gaggafa gaggafa aiwatsewa ce. Idan akwai kwai biyu ko uku a cikin gida, yawanci zuriyar da ta fara ƙyanƙyashe za ta fara kashe wasu ta hanyar fitar da su daga cikin gida, kai musu hari, ko cin abinci kafin beforean uwansu su ci. A sakamakon haka, yawancin gaggafa da aka hango cikin nasara sun tara zuriya ɗaya ko biyu kawai.
An ba da shawarar cewa wasu dabbobi, musamman macizai za su iya cinye ƙananan ƙwayoyin gaggafa. Koyaya, wannan ba a rubuce a sarari ba. Minwanin manyan mikiya masu tabo suna cin abincin da baƙon Amurka. Saboda haka, yana yiwuwa minks ma su iya farautar ƙwai ƙirar mikiya masu ƙarami.
Babban barazanar da ake wa jinsin sune asarar wuraren zama (musamman, magudanan ruwa na dazuzzuka da ciyayi da ci gaba da sare dazuzzuka) da farauta. Wannan barazanar ta ƙarshe ta yadu musamman yayin ƙaura: ana harbin dubban tsuntsaye kowace shekara a Siriya da Labanon. Ayyukan kula da gandun daji ana ba da rahoton cewa suna da mummunan tasiri ga nau'in. Hakanan yana da matukar rauni ga tasirin tasirin makamashin iska mai yuwuwa. Hadarin da ya faru a tashar wutar lantarki ta Chernobyl na iya shafar wannan nau'in.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Yadda gaggafa take kama?
An lasafta Babban Gugun Mikiya a matsayin jinsin dake fuskantar hatsari a duk duniya. An kiyasta yawan jama'arta a duniya daga mutane 1,000 zuwa 10,000, amma akwai rade-radin cewa mai yiwuwa hakan ba zai yiwu ba. BirdLife International (2009) ta kiyasta cewa adadin manyan tsuntsayen sun fara daga 5,000 zuwa 13,200. BirdLife International / European Council for the Bird Census (2000) sun kiyasta yawan Turawa a 890-1100 nau'in kiwo sannan kuma aka bita zuwa nau'ikan kiwo 810-1100.
Consideredananan Eagananan Mikiya ana ɗaukarsu mafi yawan nau'in gaggafa a Turai. A da, wannan jinsin bai kasance na kowa ba kamar na yanzu, kuma lambobinsa sun ragu har ma a farkon rabin karni na 20 sakamakon "yakin shaho". Bayan wannan, yawan mutanen ya murmure a hankali. Shekarun 1960 da 1970s sun ga canji a cikin yanayin yanayin muhalli: gaggafa ta fara zama kusa da shimfidar al'adu. Bayan haka, a cikin shekarun 1980s, ƙila yawan gaggafa masu saurin hangowa sun karu. Yanzu manyan yankuna na ƙaramin gaggafa gaggafa suna Belarus, Latvia da Poland.
Eagananan tedananan Mikiya suna da babban kewayo don haka ba ya kusantowa ga ƙofar ga waɗanda ke da rauni ta girman ma'aunin kewayon (abin da ya faru <20,000 km² haɗe tare da raguwa ko canjin yanayi, digiri / ingancin wurin zama ko girman yawan jama'a, da 'yan shafuka ko Rarraba mai tsanani). Yawan gaggafa gaggafa kusan mutane 40,000-60,000 ne. Ba a san yanayin yawan buhunan gaggafa masu hangen nesa ba, amma ba a yi imanin cewa yana raguwa da sauri don kusanci ƙofar alƙaluma (> 30% sun ƙi shekara goma ko ƙarni uku).
Girman yawan mutane na iya zuwa daga ƙarami zuwa babba zuwa matsakaici, amma ba a ɗauka yana kusa da mashigar don ƙididdigar girman yawan mutane ba (
Gangar Mikiya mai gani
Hoto: Mikiya mai haske daga littafin Red Book
Kodayake Babban tedagarin Mikiya yana da rarraba fiye da erananan Eagananan Mikiya, yana da ƙaramar yawan mutanen duniya kuma yana raguwa a ɓangarorin yamma na kewayonsa. Dalilan wannan yanayin su ne canje-canje a mazaunin da daji da dausayi suka haifar, ɓarkewar tsoffin wuraren da aka noma, take hakkin gurbi, harbi, ganganci da guba mai haɗari, musamman tare da zinc phosphide.
Abubuwan da suka biyo baya ga hadewar dabbobi tare da mikiya karami basu bayyana ba tukuna, amma yanayin halittar na karshen yana tafiya zuwa gabas ta hanyan mikiya mafi tabo. An tsara tsarin aiwatar da wannan nau'in don Turai. Babban Spot Eagle an rarraba shi a duk duniya azaman rauni. Amma har yanzu ya zama gama gari a Yammacin Siberian Lowland daga Urals zuwa Middle Ob da kuma zuwa Gabashin Siberia, kuma mai yiwuwa ne yawanta ya wuce 10,000, wanda shine ƙofar shiga cikin jerin masu rauni.
Yawancin ƙasashen Gabashin Turai, musamman Belarus sun karɓi matakan kariya daga gaggafar gaggafa. Dokar Belarusiya akan kariya ta yanayi ta kare Babban Mikiya mai haske, amma ana ɗaukar wannan dokar da wahalar aiwatarwa. Misali, dokar kasa ta ce kawai wadannan rukunin yanar gizon da suka ba da mafaka ga tsuntsayen da aka bincika su sosai kuma suka isa sosai kafin a amince da su daga dukkanin hukumomin jihar Belarus da kuma cibiyoyin da suka dace za a iya sauya su daga "yankunan gudanarwa" zuwa "yankuna na musamman masu kariya". Wannan aikin zai iya ɗaukar watanni tara don kammalawa.
A cikin Jamus, shirin Deutche Wildtier Stiftung yana ƙoƙari don haɓaka nasarar kiwo ta hanyar cire gaggafa da aka haifa ta biyu (galibi ɗan fari ke kashewa) daga cikin gida jim kaɗan bayan ƙyanƙyashe da ɗaga shi da hannu. Bayan 'yan makwanni, sai a mayar da tsuntsun cikin gida. A wannan lokacin, ɗan fari ba ya da rikici, kuma gaggafa biyu na iya zama tare. A cikin dogon lokaci, kiyaye matsugunin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar gaggafar gaggafa a cikin Jamus.
Mikiya mai hangowa Shine matsakaiciyar gaggafa wacce take sheƙatawa a yankunan dazuzzuka, galibi a filaye da kusa da dausayi, gami da filayen ciyawa, filayen kiwo da fadama. A lokacin kakar kiwo, ya faro daga Gabashin Turai zuwa China, kuma yawancin yawancin Turai ba su da yawa (ƙasa da nau'i-nau'i 1000), an rarraba a Rasha da Belarus.
Ranar bugawa: 01/18/2020
Ranar da aka sabunta: 04.10.2019 a 22:52
