Ywaro mai rawaya - ƙarami mazaunin ƙasarmu da Turai. Ba abu mai sauƙi ba a lura da wannan tsuntsu mai laushi da motsi a cikin kambin bishiya, saboda yana da ƙarami sosai. An ce ƙaramin ƙwaro yana maye gurbin tsuntsayen da ake kira hummingbird a arewacin arewacin duniya. Zamuyi bayani dalla-dalla kan bayyanar wannan tsuntsu mai kayatarwa, zamu bayyana halaye da dabi'unta, yawan cin abincin su, wuraren zama na dindindin, fasalin lokacin saduwa da halayyar avian.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Kinglet mai launin rawaya
An haɗu da ƙwaro mai launin rawaya mai ƙanshi tsakanin dangin sarki, da oda mai wucewa da halittar sarauta. Kamar yadda muka riga muka gani, wannan ɗan ƙaramin mazauni ne, galibi na gandun daji na spruce. Tsuntsun ya sami suna ne na sarauta saboda kasancewar wani yadi rawaya mai haske a kansa, wanda yayi kama da kambi na zinariya. A cikin Jamus, ana kiran sarki da "kyanwar zinariya ta hunturu", saboda ya zo wannan ƙasar ne kawai a lokacin sanyi. Tun da farko a Rasha ana kiran tsuntsun "layya", a bayyane saboda raguwarta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin mata, rawanin kambi yana da lemun tsami-mai launin rawaya, kuma a cikin maza launin rawaya-orange ne. A cikin maza, ya fi fadi.
Bidiyo: Kinglet mai launin rawaya
Duk da cewa sarki bai fito a tsayi ba, an kirkiro tatsuniyoyi game da shi. Ofayansu ya ba da shaida ga ƙwarewarsa da rashin iya maganarsa. Sun ce da zarar rikici ya tashi tsakanin tsuntsayen game da wanene daga cikinsu zai tashi kusa da rana. Da alama cewa gaggafa mai alfahari ce ke jagorantar wannan faɗa, amma a cikin sakan na ƙarshe ƙaramin ɗan sarki ya tashi daga ƙarƙashin fikafikan gaggafa, ya tashi sama da tsuntsu mai farauta. Girman ƙwayar ƙwarƙwara mai launin rawaya ƙanana ne. Tsawon jikin tsuntsayen daga 9 zuwa 10 cm, kuma yawan sa daga gram 4 zuwa 8.
Dangane da girmanta, ƙwaro mai launin rawaya mai ƙarancin ƙasa da:
- amya;
- korolkovaya chiffchaff;
- ƙwaro mai ja-kai.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun gano nau'ikan nau'ikan 14 na wannan tsuntsu, wadanda suka banbanta ba kawai a yankin da suke zaune ba, har ma da wasu nuances na launin fuka-fukan.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Don haka, mun riga mun gano cewa mafi mahimmancin fasalulluka na ƙwankwari mai rawaya shine taƙaitaccen yanayinsa da kuma "rawanin" rawaya mai wadata a saman. Dukkanin adadi na sarki mai kama da ball, a tsarin mulki yayi kama da warblers. Tsawon fikafikan sa a span ya bambanta daga 13 zuwa 17 cm.
Wutsiyar sarkin ba ta da tsawo, kuma bakin yana kama da almara, siriri sosai kuma kaifi, amma gajere kuma an zana shi a cikin inuwa kusan baki. Babu bambance-bambance bayyane tsakanin jinsi a cikin tsuntsaye. Kawai, kamar yadda aka ambata, inuwar “rawanin” a kan kai ya bambanta. Fuka-fukan rawaya a kan kai suna fita kamar ƙuƙumi lokacin da ƙwaro ya iso cikin farin ciki, kuma yana da bambancin launin baki. Babban sautin da ke jikin plumage yana da koren-zaitun, cikin tsuntsaye ya fi ɓangaren ɓangaren duwatsu haske. A fukafukai masu duhu, wasu launuka masu launin fari fari masu haske sosai.
Idanun dutsen sun fi girma kuma suna kama da zagaye, masu haske, baƙaƙen fata. Kyakkyawan shaci ne sananne a kusa dasu. Iris na ido launin ruwan kasa ne mai duhu. Har ila yau, ana lura da farin goshi a goshinsa da kuncinsa. Gabobin jikin tsuntsaye suna da tsarin launin toka-mai zaituni. Theafafun yatsunsu huɗu ne, yatsun kafa uku suna sa ido, na huɗu ana fuskantar su da kishiyar hanya, wanda ke ba tsuntsayen damar zama masu natsuwa da nishaɗi, suna motsi daga reshe zuwa reshe. Yaran dabbobi a cikin korolki suna kama da dangin manya, kawai ba su da rawanin rawaya a kawunansu, wannan yana faruwa har zuwa kaka ta farko, wanda dole ne tsuntsaye su jimre, to fasalin rawaya mai haske ya fara bayyana kansa a hankali, ya zama sananne sosai.
Yanzu kun san yadda ƙwaro mai ƙwanƙolin rawaya ke kama. Bari muga inda aka sameshi.
A ina ne sarki yake da shuɗi-shuɗi?
Hotuna: Sarauta mai launin rawaya a Rasha
Sarakunan masu launin rawaya sun zabi kusan dukkanin Eurasia, Tsibirin Azores da Canary. Arewacin Yammacin Turai za a iya samun tsuntsayen da ke tsuguno kusan ko'ina inda halittu na halitta suka dace da ita. A kudanci, ana iya samun tsuntsu ne kawai a wasu wurare, ana raba zangonsa zuwa wasu yankuna daban. An samo ƙwaro mai ƙwanƙwasa a Tsibirin Iberian, Italiya, kudu maso yammacin Faransa, Romania, da kuma Balkans. A arewacin Scandinavia, ba za ku sami sarki ba, akwai wuraren da wannan tsuntsu ke bayyana ne kawai a lokacin hunturu yayin nomadism (Jamus).
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa yankin rarraba wannan karamin tsuntsu kusan yayi daidai da yankin girma na spruce gama gari, fir da wasu nau'o'in Asiatic spruce.
A cikin faɗin ƙasarmu, sarki ya zauna:
- Kogin Bahar Maliya;
- Kirimiya;
- Karelia;
- Dutse mai tsaunuka;
- Jerin tsaunukan Altai;
- Yankin Kola;
- Sakhalin;
- Tsibirin Kuril.
Yankin rabar da Rasha na tsuntsayen ya kai ga yankunan Nizhny Novgorod, Tambov da Penza. Bewaro mai kalar rawaya yana zaune a yankunan Yukren.
Kamar yadda kake gani, tsuntsayen sun daidaita daidai da filin dutsen, saboda haka zaka iya haduwa da shi:
- a cikin Urals;
- Tien Shan;
- a cikin Himalayas;
- akan Elburse na Iran;
- a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na Tibet;
- a kan yankin Armeniya Taurus;
- a cikin tsaunukan Alps
Sarki yakan zauna a tsawan kusan kilomita daya da rabi, kodayake a cikin Himalayas ana iya samun sa a tsawan kilomita huɗu; a cikin tsaunukan tsaunuka na Switzerland, tsuntsaye suna tashi zuwa tsaunukan da suka fi kilomita 2. A lokacin motsi na yanayi, ana iya samun sarki a cikin faɗin Masar, China da Taiwan.
Raƙuman rawaya masu kawunan rawaya suna ba da fifikonsu ga gandun daji masu tsirrai, inda a wasu lokuta a kan sami gutsun tsirin dutsen da fir. A cikin gandun daji da aka haɗu, tsuntsayen gida ba su da yawa sau da yawa, suna fifita masu girma da yawa da dazuzzuka masu tsayi. Amma sarki ba ya son gandun daji inda larch da pine na yau da kullun ke girma, saboda haka ba zai taɓa zama a wurin ba. A cikin Tsibirin Canary, tsuntsun yana zaune ne a cikin gandun daji na laurel da kuma a wuraren da itacen Canary ke tsiro. A yankin Azores, sarki ya daidaita don zama a wuraren da itacen al'ul na Japan ke tsiro da kuma bishiyoyi na juniper, saboda kusan duk gandun daji na laurel an sare su anan.
Menene ƙwaro mai ƙwanƙolin rawaya ke ci?
Hotuna: Sarauniya mai launin shudi-shuɗi
Tsarin menu na irin ƙwaro mai launin rawaya yana da bambancin gaske, ya ƙunshi duka abincin dabbobi da jita-jita na asalin shuka. Latterarshen sun fi rinjaye a cikin abinci a lokutan sanyi, lokacin da ya zama da wuya a sami ƙananan dabbobi.
Don haka, ƙaramin sarki ba ya son cin abincin:
- kwari;
- aphids;
- ruwan bazara;
- gizo-gizo;
- ƙananan kwari;
- cicada;
- freckles;
- caddis tashi;
- diptera;
- hymenoptera;
- haushi beetles;
- sauro mai kafafu;
- masu cin hay;
- tsaba na bishiyun coniferous;
- 'ya'yan itace da sauran' ya'yan itatuwa.
Wannan ƙaramin tsuntsu ba zai iya kamo manyan ganima ba, sarki ba zai iya yayyaga shi da bakinsa ba, kamar yadda gwarare da 'yan kwaya suke yawan yi, koyaushe yakan haɗiye abin da aka kama. Ainihin, ana samun abincin ƙwaro a cikin rassan coniferous, ana bincika allurai a hankali, fasa a cikin bazu, da kuma ma'aunin cones. Tsuntsun ya kamo fikafikan masu fuka-fuka dama a cikin tashi, yana shawagi a sama kamar tsuntsun birkin. Da wuya sosai, ƙaramin sarki ya sauko ƙasa don neman abun ciye-ciye; ya fi so ya ɓoye kansa a cikin kambin itace. Lokacin da jariran fuka-fukai ke ƙishirwa, sukan sha raɓar kuma su yi amfani da ruwan sama don yin maye.
Yananan matakan dutsen ado suna ƙayyade abubuwan da ke tattare da abinci, wanda kusan ba a katse shi. Sarauta tana ci gaba da cinye abinci yayin da take waƙar abubuwan da take yi da kuma shirya gidanta. Wannan shi ne saboda gaskiyar cewa yana da saurin narkewa da ƙananan ciki. Abincin da ake sanyawa a cikin ƙaramin ciki ba zai iya shayar da tsuntsu mai yawan aiki ba, don haka sarki yana ciyarwa koyaushe don ya kasance mai kuzari da kuzari. Da rana, yana cin irin wannan adadin abincin, wanda yake ninka nauyinsa sau biyu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan sarki ya yi azumi na mintina 12, to nauyin jikinsa a wannan lokacin yana ragu da kashi na uku. Kuma azumin awa daya na iya haifar da mutuwar tsuntsu.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Jaridar-yellow-headlet daga littafin Red Book
Yana da wahala ga kananan halittu su rayu su kadai, don haka ana iya kiran manyan sarauta tsuntsaye gama gari. Sau da yawa, yayin bacci, sukan yi laushi tare don dumi. Gabaɗaya, waɗannan tsuntsaye ne masu jujjuyawa da kuzari waɗanda ke kan ci gaba koyaushe, suna cin abinci tare da shauki da hanzari a cikin kambin bishiyar.
Kamar yadda aka riga aka gano, korolki ya fi son gandun dajin spruce, inda yana da matukar wuya a lura da su a cikin rassan spruce, saboda sake kamannin wadannan tsuntsaye yana kan tsayi. Legsafafun tsuntsu masu ɗoki suna ba su damar ratayewa a kan rassan har ma juye, a waɗannan lokutan sarautun suna kama da ƙwallan Kirsimeti. Idan yana da matukar wahalar ganin sarki, to ana iya gano shi ta hanyar waka, wanda kewayon nasa yana da girma sosai kuma yana kama da sautunan "qi-qi-qi".
Daga cikin korolkov akwai tsuntsayen da ke zaune a ƙasa da tsuntsayen ƙaura (masu ƙaura). Tsoffin suna da alaƙa koyaushe zuwa wuri ɗaya na turawa kuma ba sa barin sa, na biyun suna yin ƙaura a kan dogaye masu nisa ko kuma ba su da nisa sosai daga mazaunin su na dindindin. A ƙa'ida, tsuntsayen da ke zaune a kudu ba su da nutsuwa, kuma tsuntsayen arewa ƙaura ne. Matsayin mai mulkin, blobs ba su barin ci gaban dazuzzuka spruce.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsuntsayen ƙaura suna iya rufewa daga kilomita 200 zuwa 800 a cikin kwana ɗaya, kawai idan akwai iska mai kyau.
Sau da yawa yayin ƙaura, suna tsayawa cikin iyakokin ƙauyukan mutane, inda suke hutawa da shakatawa. Ya kamata a san cewa ƙananan tsuntsayen ba sa jin tsoron mutane kuma suna da aminci ga mutane, ba sa guje wa ko tsoran ɓoye.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: bewaro mai kama da rawaya a yanayi
Lokacin bikin aure don sarauta masu kawunan rawaya yana farawa daga Afrilu, yana ɗaukar farkon bazara. Tsuntsayen suna jawo hankalin kishiyar jinsi zuwa ga kansu, suna taƙasa abin da suke da shi mai haske, wanda a wannan lokacin ma ya fi kama da kambi. Yunkurin fuka-fuki, rera wakoki, buɗe gajeren wutsiyoyi alamu ne na jawo hankali.
Bayan sun sami abokin tarayya kansu, mazan suka mallaki nasu makircin, wanda suke kiyayewa da kyau daga duk wasu nau'ikan cin amana. Idan har yanzu wani dan takara yana nan, to namiji yana yi masa barazana, yana ragargaza jininsa, yana yada fikafikansa, yana lankwasawa gaba da dukkan jikinsa. Idan tursasawar tsoro ba ta taimaka ba, to abokan hamayyar sun shiga cikin rikici.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kasashen ma'aurata guda biyu suna da yawa a kan bishiyoyi 18, matsakaicin yankinsu ya kai hekta 0.25. Wannan yankin ya isa ciyar da ba kawai ma'aurata ba, har da zuriyarsu.
Cavalier yana cikin aikin ginin gida. Yankin nest yawanci ana samunsa a ƙarƙashin inuwar yatsun spruce masu kauri, wanda ke kare kariya daga mummunan yanayi. Don gini, namiji yana amfani da gansakuka, lichens, kananan bishiyoyi, sanduna, wadanda aka sanya su da yanar gizo na kwari da koko na kowane irin gizo-gizo, daga cikin gadon an lullubeshi da kasa, fuka-fukai da gashin dabbobi.
Gida yana ɗaukar nau'i na ƙoƙon zagaye, wanda yake da zurfin gaske kuma mai yawa a cikin zane, wanda ke tsayin mita 4 zuwa 12. Diamita daga cikin gida kusan cm 10 ne, kuma yana ɗaukar aƙalla makonni uku don gina ta. Idan yanayi ya yi kyau, to mace na iya jinkirta wasu kama, na farko ya faɗi a watan Afrilu, na biyu kuma a tsakiyar Yuni. Kamawa ya kunshi kwai 8 zuwa 10, wadanda suke da kirim kuma an rufe su da ruwan toka masu launin kasa wadanda ke samar da tsari a gefen mara kyau.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Qwai na ƙwaro suna da faɗi 10 mm kuma 12 mm tsawo. Jimlar duka ɗaurin ya wuce na mata da kusan kashi 20.
Lokacin shiryawa yana ɗaukar kwanaki 16, uwar da ke zuwa a gaba tana cikin shiryawa, kuma abokin aikinta yana ciyar da ita koyaushe. Ana haihuwar jarirai ba tare da fuka-fukai ba kuma basu da komai. A cikin makon farko, mahaifiya ba zata iya barin su ba, don haka uba mai kulawa yakan yi hanzari kamar mahaukaci don ciyar da kowa, yana kawo abinci sau 300 a rana. Mako guda bayan haka, fitowar farko ta bayyana a cikin kajin, don haka ita kanta mace take tashi don neman abinci, ita da kuma ga zuriyarta, don sauƙaƙa makomar mahaifin mai fuka-fukai. Yara suna girma cikin hanzari kuma tuni suna da shekara ashirin suna yin faratis ɗinsu na farko daga mazaunin su, kuma a cikin wata ɗaya suna iya yin jiragen sama masu zaman kansu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Don kiyaye lafiyar jarirai, iyaye suna tsabtace su a hankali, suna kwashe bawo daga ƙwai da ƙwarjin jarirai.
Dole ne a ƙara cewa rayuwar da aka auna ta yanayi don sarakuna gajere ne, a matsakaita, waɗannan ƙananan tsuntsaye suna raye na shekaru biyu ko uku. Kodayake an san masu dogon rai da suka rayu har zuwa shekaru biyar.
Abokan gaba na sarki mai shuɗi
Hotuna: Sarauta mai launin rawaya a Rasha
Kingsananan sarakuna suna da wahala, kuma suna da isassun makiya a cikin daji.
Daga cikin su, zaku iya lissafin tsuntsayen masu farauta kamar:
- sparrowhawk;
- merlin;
- mujiya mai dogon kunne;
- mujiya
Mafi mashahuri da sanannen mai ɓoye-ɓoye shine sparrowhawk. Tabbas, da farko dai, kananan kajin da kananan dabbobin da basu da kwarewa basu wahala daga masu farauta. Korolkov yawanci ana adana shi ta hanyar azancinsu, dabarun su da yawan motsi, don haka zasu iya zamewa daga barazanar da ke tafe su ɓadda kansu a manyan rassa. Tsuntsayen ƙaura da suka tsaya don hutawa a cikin mazaunin mutum na iya fuskantar kyanwa mai ƙima, wanda ba ya son tsuntsayen farauta.
Sau da yawa, tsananin sanyi da mummunan yanayi suna cutar da sarakuna. Tsuntsayen suna samun kubuta ta hanyar dunkulewa da rungumar juna a hankali, karfin jikinsu yana raguwa, kuma zafin jikinsu yana sauka domin kiyaye makamashi. Irin waɗannan fasalulluka suna taimakawa wajen rayuwa cikin tsananin sanyi mai digiri ashirin da biyar.
Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar maƙiyan korolkov a matsayin mutumin da ke tsoma baki a koyaushe tare da abubuwan da ke tattare da yanayin halittu, wanda hakan ke lalata rayuwar tsuntsaye. Yanke gandun daji, shimfida tituna, faɗaɗa yankunan birane, ƙara lamuran muhalli gaba ɗaya, mutane suna yin mummunan tasiri ga mahimmin aikin tsuntsaye, waɗanda ba za su iya damuwa ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Yaya sarki mai kalar rawaya ke kama
Kodayake yankin rarrabawar beetles masu kawunan kai suna da fadi sosai, a wasu yankuna babu da yawa daga cikin waɗannan tsuntsayen da suka rage, amma yanzu alumominsu sun sami raguwa sosai. Wannan shi ne sanannen sanadin ɗan adam, wanda, galibi, shine babbar barazana ga yawancin wakilan fauna, gami da sarki mai launin rawaya.
A cikin karni na goma sha tara, an gudanar da sare bishiyun gandun daji marasa dadi, wanda ya matukar rage yawan wadannan kananan tsuntsayen. Ba haka batun yake ba a duk wuraren da ake tura dindindin tsuntsaye ba; a yankuna da yawa, akasin haka, adadin tsutsar jinin ya ci gaba da yawa. Dangane da ƙididdiga daban-daban, ya fara daga nau'i-nau'i nau'in kiwo 19 zuwa 30.
Don haka, matsayin yawan ƙwaro mai launin shuɗi a yankuna daban-daban yana da jiha daban. A wasu wuraren zama, ƙaramin tsuntsu mai-shuɗi yana buƙatar wasu matakan kariya.
Inda ƙananan tsuntsaye suka rage, babban tasirin tasirin shine:
- raguwa a yankin dazuzzuka saboda yawan sare itace;
- sa hannun mutum a cikin halittu masu rai da lalata su;
- hadari, tattalin arziki, ayyukan ɗan adam;
- gurbatar muhalli gaba daya.
Kare sarki mai-shuɗi
Hotuna: Jaridar-yellow-headlet daga littafin Red Book
Kamar yadda ya juya, yawan beetles masu kalar rawaya ba su da yawa ko'ina; a wasu yankuna ya ragu sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan saboda tasirin mutane da yawa ga yanayin. Wannan yana damun kungiyoyin kare muhalli da yawa tare da tilasta musu daukar matakan kare wadannan kananan tsuntsayen.
Bangaren kasa da kasa, an jera irin ƙwaro irin wannan mai rawaya a cikin Rataye na biyu na Yarjejeniyar Berne, wanda aka haɗa a cikin Rataye II na Yarjejeniyar Bonn. Hakanan an lissafa sarki a cikin Littattafan Red bayanai daban-daban na yanki An jera ƙwayar ƙwaro mai kalar rawaya a cikin Littafin Ja na Jamhuriyar Crimea a matsayin nau'ikan nau'ikan da ba safai ba. Babban abin da ke iyakance anan shine raguwa a yankunan dazuzzuka na spruce. Sarki shine tsuntsaye na Littafin Red a cikin faɗin Buryatia, inda aka zaba shi azaman nau'ikan jinsunan da basu da yawa. An dauki tsuntsun a karkashin kariya a yankunan Barguzinsky da Baikalsky, kuma ana kiyaye shi a wuraren shakatawa na Zabaikalsky da Tunkinsky.
Bewaro mai kalar rawaya ba shi da yawa a yankin Lipetsk, inda kuma aka jera shi a cikin Red Book na gida tun 2003. A nan tsuntsun ya fi kowa a lokacin tashiwar hunturu, kuma a lokacin nest ana daukarta ba safai ba. Wannan shi ne saboda rashin dace wuraren nesting (dogayen gandun daji spruce).
Babban matakan tsaro a yankuna daban-daban sune:
- gano wuraren zama na dindindin da shigar da su cikin jerin wuraren kariya;
- rashin tsangwama ga mutum a cikin biotopes na halitta;
- nazarin rarrabuwa da yalwar tsuntsaye a wani yanki;
- sa ido akai-akai game da yanayin tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire a wuraren da ke cikin gida;
- dasa sabbin bishiyoyi.
Takaitawa, kuna buƙatar ƙara wannan ƙaramin kuma, a wasu lokuta, ba mai tsaro ƙwaro mai shuɗi, ya cika ruhun ɗan adam da himma, saboda ƙarfinsa na ban mamaki, yawan motsi, motsawar da ba a misalta shi, caji da kuzari da jin daɗi kawai. Karamin tsuntsu sau da yawa dole ne ya jimre wa matsalolin rayuwa daban-daban, wanda take jurewa da karfin gwiwa. Yana da mahimmanci mutane su kula da wannan jaririn da kulawa da kulawa ta musamman, to duniyar da ke kewaye da ita za ta zama mai kirki da daɗi!
Ranar bugawa: 01/05/2020
Ranar sabuntawa: 07/05/2020 da karfe 11:06
