Ba kowa ya taɓa jin labarin dabba mai ban mamaki kamar kaya... Ta hanyar ka'idoji na rodents, wanda fakitin yake, yana da girma masu girma. Bari mu bincika komai game da rayuwar rayuwar wannan wakilin na fauna, yana nuna halaye ba kawai daga waje ba, har ma ta hanyar nazarin ɗabi'unsa, wuraren sasantawa, abinci, yanayi da halayen haifuwa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Paka
Paca wani dan sanda ne na dangin fakiti, wanda ya hada da jinsi guda daya na wannan sunan. Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa waɗannan berayen sun wanzu tun lokacin zamanin Oligocene. Paca ana kiransa berayen daji. Wani yana tsammanin yana kama da alade, wasu suna kama da kurma, ƙosasshiyar zomo. Sunan dabbar ya fito ne daga yaren Indiyawan Tupi kuma yana nufin "siren ko ƙararrawa". A bayyane, dabbar ta sami irin wannan laƙabin saboda wani tsari na kwanyarsa da ikon samar da sautuka masu ƙarfi.
Bidiyo: Paka
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin yankin kwanyar, puck yana da wani abu kamar ɓacin rai, wanda aka kafa ta ɗakunan zygomatic. Saboda wannan, duk wani sautin da dabba ke furtawa (hakora hakora, ruri, cuwa-cuwa) suna da ikon karawa sau da yawa, suna da karfi sosai idan aka kwatanta da girman fakitin.
Gabaɗaya, don sandararre, fakitin yana da girma ƙwarai. An yi la'akari da shi na shida mafi girma a cikin duniyarmu. Idan sifa da bayyanar fakitin sun yi kama da alade, wanda ya ƙaru ƙwarai da gaske, to launin maƙarƙashiyar yana kama da na barewa. Idan mukayi magana game da banbanci tsakanin jinsi, to a cikin fakitin kusan ba sananne bane. Maza da mata sun yi kama daya, na ƙarshen ne kaɗan kaɗan, amma ba mahimmancin gaske, don haka ba za ku iya ganin wannan nan da nan ba. Masana kimiyya sun banbanta kananan jinsuna biyar na wadannan dabbobi. Sananne ne cewa lananan masu gabatarwa, waɗanda ke zaune a gabas da kudu maso gabashin yankin Kudancin Amurka, Carl Linnaeus ne ya fara bayyana shi a shekarar 1766.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya paka yake
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, paca don rodent yana da girma sosai. Tsawon jikinsa ya fara daga 70 zuwa 80 cm, kuma tsayin a bushewa daga 32 zuwa 34 cm. Bayan jikin puck yana da girma ƙwarai da gaske kuma yana kama da pear mai fasali, amma jelar ba ta da gajarta sosai, kusan ba a iya gani. Nauyin ƙwararrun samfuran sun bambanta daga 6 zuwa 14 kg. Namiji ya fi na mata girma, amma ba za ku iya ganin wannan da ido ba.
Kan dabbar yana da girma, kuma bakin bakin bakin ne, kamar alade. Paka yana da kunnuwa masu kyau, idanu masu duhu masu haske, kujerun kunci da kuma sananne sosai da faɗakarwar faifai wanda ke aiki azaman eriya mai mahimmanci don taɓawa. Gabobin puck din ba su da tsayi, na gaba sun fi na baya gajarta, wadanda suke da karfi sosai. Legsafafun kafa na baya na fakitin masu yatsu biyar ne (biyu daga cikin yatsun biyar ƙanana ne), kuma ƙafafun na gaba suna da yatsu huɗu. Wsafafun kafa suna da ƙafafu masu ƙarfi, masu kauri da ƙarfi waɗanda suke aiki a matsayin kayan aikin haƙa ramuka. Kuma kaifin haƙoran hakoran hakora suna taimakawa wajen yin labyrinth na motsawa cikin ƙasa.
Gashi na fakitin mai kauri ne, yana da launi ja ko launin ruwan kasa. A gefen gefen jikin akwai layuka da aka zana farare waɗanda suke cikin layuka da yawa layi daya, suna ba launi launi ɗaya da na fata. Cikin dabba da cincinsa suna da launi a cikin sautin launin rawaya mai haske.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A kan fatar dabbobi dabbobi akwai murfin jaraba mai ban tsoro (Sikeli na 2 mm a diamita), wanda yake a matsayin wani nau'i na kariya daga kananan dabbobi masu farautar dabbobi.
A ina paka yake rayuwa?
Hoto: Paka daga Kudancin Amurka
Kudancin Amurka ana ɗaukarta asalin mahaifar Pak. Da shigewar lokaci, dansandan ya sami nasarar zama a cikin yankuna masu zafi da na yankin tsakiyar Amurka. Mazaunin dabbar yana gudana daga gabashin jihar Mexico da arewacin Argentina zuwa kudu maso gabashin Brazil da arewacin Paraguay.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mutane sun kawo Paca zuwa yankin Kyuba, inda ya sami tushe sosai kuma ya ji daɗi.
Ana amfani da rodents koyaushe:
- a cikin dazuzzuka kusa da jikkunan ruwa;
- a cikin ciyawar mangrove;
- a cikin gandun daji na hotuna tare da tushen ruwa, kasancewar hakan ya zama tilas;
- a cikin tsaunuka.
Dabbobi suna jin daɗi a tsawan da suka isa, saboda haka suka saba da zama cikin tsaunuka, suna hawa a tsayi da kilomita biyu da rabi ko fiye. Packungiyoyin sun zaɓi ciyawar manyan tsaunuka, tsaunuka da tsaunuka waɗanda suke a cikin Andes. Sun zabi wurare masu arziki a cikin tabkuna na halitta, inda yake da danshi sosai. Aborigines suna kiran irin wadannan halittun halittu da "páramo", suna kan iyakar layin sama na sama a gefe daya (kusan kilomita 3 ne) da kuma dusar dusar kankara a dayan (tsayin kilomita 5).
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Pak, wanda yake zaune a tsaunika, yana da duhu fiye da dabbobin da suke rayuwa a filayen, wanda yake a tsawan kilomita 1.5 zuwa 2.5.
Beraye ba sa jin wata haɗari ta musamman a gaban mutane, don haka ana iya samun jakar a cikin yankunan wuraren shakatawa na gari. Babban yanayin rayuwar jin daɗi ta dabba anan shine kasancewar rafi, tafki ko wata hanyar ruwa. Dabbobi suna ba da fifiko ga kogin bakin teku da yankunan tafki, da yawa da ciyayi iri-iri.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo paca. Bari muga abin da wannan dabbar take ci.
Menene paca ke ci?
Hoto: Kayan dabbobi
Ana iya kiran paca a hankali mai shayarwa mai shayarwa, kuma tsarin cin ganyayyaki ya dogara da yanayi. Babban abin marmari ga waɗannan dabbobi shine itacen ɓaure, kamar yadda duk mun san shi kamar ɓaure.
Don haka, fakitin suna farin cikin samun abun ciye-ciye:
- 'ya'yan itatuwa daban-daban (ɓaure, avocado, mango);
- buds da ganyen shuke-shuke;
- tsaba da furanni;
- wani lokacin kwari;
- namomin kaza.
Paki suna samun 'ya'yan itacen marmarinsu a cikin gandun daji da ke bushewa. Additionari ga haka, suna tono ƙasa da ƙafafunsu don tsamo tushen da ke da daɗaɗa da ci daga zurfin ta. Falo na beraye yana ƙunshe da tsaba iri-iri na tsire-tsire iri-iri, don haka galibi suna aiki ne kamar kayan shuka.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Paca ba ya riƙe abinci tare da taimakon gaban goshin sa, amma tare da haƙoran sa masu kaifi da kayan aikin muƙamuƙi masu ƙarfi, yana buɗe har ma da bawo mai tauri na kowane irin 'ya'yan itace.
Wasu lokuta fakitin suna cin najasa don sake cika wadatar carbohydrates da sauƙin narkewar sunadarai. Kayan fakiti suna adana mai don amfaninsu a nan gaba, saboda haka ya fi sauƙi a gare su su rayu lokacin yunwa na gazawar amfanin gona, godiya ga wannan fasalin, ba su da dogaro da yawa kan girbi na seedsa ora ko fruitsa fruitsan itace (wannan ya bambanta su da agouti). Ya kamata a lura cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar suna ɗaukar Paka a matsayin ƙwarin ƙasar noma, wanda ke lalata raƙuman suga, dawa, rogo da sauran hatsi. Paka na iya ajiye abinci a cikin kumatunsa, sannan kuma ya ci abinci a keɓantaccen wuri kuma mai aminci.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Rodent Paka
A dabi'arsu, fakitoci suna da kyau, suna son wanzuwa baya, rayuwar dabbobi ba abin da suke so. Amma akwai wasu mutane da ke rayuwa a kananan kungiyoyin wadanda suka kunshi namiji da mace da zuriyarsu. Irin waɗannan iyalai suna da nasu filin ƙasa, inda gidan da suke ƙarƙashin ƙasa yake, wanda zai iya tsawaita zuwa mita tara a tsayi kuma yana da cikakkun labyrinth na hanyoyin, farfajiyoyi da hanyoyin fita. Scanshin dabbobi ya bunƙasa sosai, ma'aurata koyaushe suna yiwa juna alama da fitsari don ƙanshin su ɗaya ne. Anshi mai ban sha'awa daban-daban za a kai hari kuma a kore shi daga iyakokin shafin.
Kodayake, a mafi yawan lokuta, fakitoci suna son wanzuwa su kaɗai, suna zaune kusa da juna kuma suna zaune tare cikin aminci da maƙwabta. Kimanin dabbobi dubu zasu iya rayuwa a kilomita murabba'i daya. Kasancewar tafki shine babban ma'auni don zaɓar wurin zama na dindindin na fakitin. Gidajen koyaushe suna kusa da tushen ruwa, amma don haka ambaliyar ba ta faruwa, musamman yayin ambaliyar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa. Ruwa yana zama kariya ne daga masu nufin rashin lafiya. Da shi za ku iya ɓoye hanyoyinku ta yin iyo zuwa wancan gefen.
Fakitoci suna aiki a magariba, dare da rana. A lokacin hasken rana, sun gwammace su kwana a cikin inuwa masu sanyi, inda hasken rana mai zafi baya faduwa. Fakitoci ba koyaushe suke tona raminsu da kafafunsu ba, suna da ikon ɗaukar mafaka ta wasu mutane (misali, kusa da armadillo). Lokacin da sandar da kansa yake cikin aikin gina masa mafaka ta karkashin kasa, sai ya sauka zuwa zurfin mita uku, ya sanya hanyoyi da yawa idan akwai haɗari lokaci guda, wanda zai rufe shi da busassun ganyayen da ke da ikon yin rudani idan wani ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga ramin.
Ungiyoyin suna da ra'ayin mazan jiya kuma suna ƙoƙari su bi ingantacciyar hanyar da aka saba da su, lokaci-lokaci suna kashe hanyoyin da suka doke. Sabbin hanyoyi ana shimfidawa ne kawai lokacin da tsofaffi suka lalace saboda tsananin ruwa da tsawan lokaci ko zaftarewar ƙasa. Ana sanya iyakokin mallakar pak koyaushe da fitsari daga baƙin da ba a gayyata ba, wanda ɓoyayyen zai iya tsoratar da shi tare da ɗagawarsa da ƙarfi, wanda aka samar da shi ta hanyar ɗakunan gyara fuska.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Baby Pak
Paki ya balaga a cikin shekaru 6 zuwa 12 watanni. Masana kimiyya sunyi imanin cewa ƙananan beraye sun sami cikakken independenceancin kusanci da shekara ɗaya. Balagarsu ta fi dogara da nauyin jiki. A cikin maza, ya kamata ya kai kilogiram 7.5, a cikin mata - 6.5.
Lokacin da abinci ya wadatar, paki na iya yin kiwo shekara-shekara, amma, galibi, suna haifar da ɗiya sau ɗaya ko sau biyu a shekara. A lokacin bikin aure, ana ajiye dabbobi kusa da tushen ruwa. 'Yan uwan, bayan sun kula da kyakkyawar abokiyar aiki, suna tsalle kusa da ita, suna iya tashi gaba dayan mita a tsalle, a bayyane akan fikafikan soyayya.
Lokacin haihuwa shine daga 114 zuwa kwanaki 119. Dole ne tazarar tsakanin yara biyu su kasance aƙalla kwanaki 190. Jariri daya ne aka haifa, wanda nan take yake da murfin ulu kuma ana gani. Kafin fara ciyarwa, mai kula da mama-paka yana lasa da jaririnta sosai don motsa hanjin hanji da fara fitsari.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Bayan haihuwar jaririn, paca tana cin duk wata najasar data rage bayan haihuwa. Tana yin hakan ne don kada wani takamammen kamshi da zai iya jawo hankalin dabbobi masu farauta.
Yaron yana girma cikin sauri. Lokacin da lokacin fitowa daga ramin, nauyinsa yakan bambanta daga 650 zuwa 710 gram. Sau da yawa yana da matsaloli a kan hanyarsa ta fita daga mafakar, wanda ke rufe da ganye da rassa. Don faranta ran zuriya da motsa shi ya fita daga rami da wuri-wuri, mahaifiya tana yin kirari mara sauti daga wajen ƙofar gidan matsuguni, don haka ya rinjayi jaririn da ita.
Lura da paca, masana kimiyyar kimiyyar dabbobi sun gano cewa waɗannan dabbobin ban mamaki sun bambanta da sauran ƙananan beraye daidai dangane da kula da offspringan 'ya'yansu. Kodayake fakitin yana da cubayan guda ɗaya, yana kula da shi sosai da himma, yana mai da hankali sosai idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan beraye. Tsawon rayuwar da aka auna ta wannan ɗabi'ar dabba ta kai kimanin shekaru 13.
Abokan gaba na fakiti
Hoto: Yaya paka yake
Paka mai zaman lafiya ne ba dabba mai cin nama ba, saboda haka, yana da makiya da yawa a cikin yanayin yanayi.
Makiyan wadannan beraye sun hada da:
- magudanan ruwa;
- pum;
- karnukan daji;
- jaguars;
- caimans;
- margaev;
- jaguarundi;
- boas;
- kuyo.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa a cikin arewacin mazaunin pak sau da yawa zakanya na kawo musu hari, a kudanci da karnukan daji. Boas da caimans suna kwanto don dabbobin da ke rayuwa a yankuna masu dausayi. Tabbas, dabbobin da basu da kwarewa basu da rauni.
Abokan gaba na fakitin na iya haɗawa da mutanen da ke hallaka waɗannan berayen saboda dalilai daban-daban. Manoma suna farautar pacas saboda beraye na lalata amfanin gona. Mafarauta suna kama beraye don su sami ɗanɗano mai daɗi da ƙoshin ciki, wanda Indiyan Indiyawan ke amfani da shi don buƙatun gida daban-daban. Yawancin lokaci ana kama dabbobi da dare, suna ɗauke da fitilu da karnuka tare da su don farauta. Ana samun Pak ta haske, wanda idanuwansa ke nunawa, yana cin wuta tare da jan kyalli, kamar dabbobi da yawa na dare. Karnuka suna fitar da beraye daga mafaka ta karkashin kasa. Mafarauta tuni suna jiran dabbobin da ke gudu zuwa cikin ruwa cikin kwale-kwale. Paka koyaushe yana yaƙi da ƙarfin zuciya da rashin son kai, yana tsalle a kan mutum don ya ji masa rauni da kaifin rauni.
Packungiyar tana da nata hanyoyin kariya, waɗanda take amfani da su don guje wa haɗari. Da yake yana da ikon yin iyo sosai, paka yana neman ceto a cikin ruwa; yana iya ɓoyewa cikin kaurin sa'o'i da yawa har sai barazanar ta wuce. Rikitar da waƙoƙin sa, Paka yayi iyo zuwa ƙetaren wancan, inda yake ɓoyewa. A mawuyacin lokaci, masu barazanar rai, beraye suna fitar da babbar murya kuma suna cacan haƙoransu don tsoratar da abokan gaba. Sau da yawa irin waɗannan hanyoyin ruwa da ɗabi'a a cikin mawuyacin yanayi suna ceton beraye rayukansu ne kawai idan abokan gaba makiya ne na daji, ba mutum ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Paka
Yawancin abubuwa marasa kyau suna tasiri girman yawan fakitin. Da farko dai, ya kamata a danganta farautar dabbobi a nan saboda naman su, wanda mutane ke ci. Abu na biyu, manoma ne ke kashe pacas waɗanda ke ɗaukar bera a matsayin maƙiyin girbinsu. Abu na uku, mutum yana tsoma baki tare da tsarin halittu, ya lalata mazaunin dabbobi, dazuzzuka, ya huce gona don amfanin gona, ya kafa manyan hanyoyi, yashe magudanan ruwa, ya gurɓata sassan ruwa da muhalli gaba ɗaya.
Baya ga abin da ke sama, korau, abubuwan anthropogenic, beraye kuma suna mutuwa saboda rashin abinci. Abubuwan da masana kimiyya suka lura sun nuna cewa yawancin dabbobi suna mutuwa a tsakanin lokacin daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, wannan lokacin ne ake ɗaukar mafi tsananin da yunwa ga fakitin. Masana ilimin halittu sun kiyasta yawan rayuwar wannan jinsin beraye, ya kasance kashi 80 cikin dari.
Duk da duk abubuwan da ke cutar da rayuwar fakitin, abin farin ciki, yawan wadannan dabbobin suna nan daram kuma ba su fuskantar barazanar bacewa, wanda ba zai iya farin ciki ba. Kamar yadda aka ruwaito a baya, akwai ragi biyar na fakitin, kuma ba ɗayansu, a cewar yawancin ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli, baya buƙatar matakan kariya na musamman. IUCN ta rarraba wannan sandar azaman dabbar da ba ta damu sosai. Tabbas, a wasu yankuna, an samu raguwar yawan wadannan mazaunan gandun daji na musamman, amma bashi da mahimmanci kuma baya shafar yanayin al'amuran gaba daya game da yawan wadannan beraye.
A ƙarshe, ya rage a faɗi hakan kodayake kaya da kuma sanda, amma baƙon abu. Na farko, ana rarrabe shi ta manyan girma. Abu na biyu, kulawa da gaske da kulawa ga zuriyar. Abu na uku, karfin haifuwa da sautuka masu karfi da firgitarwa. Kuma na huɗu, ta ƙarfin zuciya da ƙarfin zuciya, saboda yana yaƙi don rayuwarsa har zuwa ƙarshe kuma yana da matuƙar tsananin wahala, har ma da irin wannan abokin hamayya kamar mutum.
Ranar bugawa: 15.10.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 12.09.2019 a 17:33
