Ruwan teku Wani jellyfish ne na wurare masu zafi wanda ya shahara saboda abubuwan sa masu guba. Yana da matakai biyu na ci gaba - shawagi kyauta (jellyfish) da haɗe (polyp). Tana da hadaddun idanu da dogayen dogayen tebur, wadanda aka watsa su da kwayoyin rai masu guba. Masu wanka da hankali suna faɗo mata kowace shekara, kuma ana ɗaukarta ɗayan dabbobi mafi haɗari a duniya.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Ruwa
Jirgin ruwa, ko Chironex fleckeri a cikin Latin, yana cikin rukunin jellyfish na akwatin (Cubozoa). Abubuwan da aka kera akwatin jellyfish shine dome mai murabba'i a ɓangaren giciye, wanda kuma ake kiransa "akwatuna", da ingantattun gabobin gani. Sunan kimiyya na jinsi "Chironex" yana nufin fassara a hankali "hannun mai kisa", kuma ana bayar da jinsin "fleckeri" don girmama masanin ilmin likitancin nan dan kasar Australia Hugo Flecker, wanda ya gano wannan jellyfish a wurin da mutuwar wani yaro mai shekaru 5 a 1955.
Masanin ya jagoranci masu ceton kuma ya ba da umarnin kewaye wurin da yaron ya nitse da raga. Dukkanin kwayoyin da ke wurin an kama su, gami da wani nau'in jellyfish da ba a sani ba. Ya aike da shi ne ga masanin kimiyyar dabbobi Ronald Southcott na cikin gida, wanda ya bayyana jinsunan.
Bidiyo: Ruwan Teku
Wannan jinsin an daɗe ana ɗauka shi kaɗai a cikin jinsin halittar, amma a shekara ta 2009 an bayyana Yamagushi (Chironex yamaguchii) mai gadin teku, wanda ya kashe mutane da yawa a bakin tekun Japan, kuma a cikin 2017 a cikin Tekun Thailand a gefen tekun Thailand - gandun dajin Sarauniya Indrasaksaji (Chironex indrasaksajiae).
A cikin maganganun juyin halitta, jellyfish na kwalliya ƙarami ne kuma ƙwararren rukuni, wanda kakanninsu wakilai ne na jellyfish na scyphoid. Kodayake ana samun kwafin tsohuwar scyphoids a cikin dusar kankara na tsufa mai ban mamaki (sama da shekaru miliyan 500 da suka gabata), amintaccen alama na wakilin gwanayen na zamanin Carboniferous ne (kimanin shekaru miliyan 300 da suka gabata).
Gaskiya mai dadi: Mafi yawan nau'ikan jellyfish 4,000 suna da ƙwayoyin ƙwaya kuma suna iya kamuwa da mutane, suna haifar da ciwo ko rashin jin daɗi. Kawai jellyfish na kwalliya, wanda akwai kusan nau'in 50, suna da ikon yin kisa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya zancen teku yake kama
Yawancin lokaci manya, matakin medusoid na wannan dabba na jan hankali, wanda yake da haɗari. Ruwan teku shine mafi girma a cikin dangi. Karkatacciyar siffar ƙararrawa mai launin shuɗi mai launin shuɗi a cikin mafi yawan mutane yana da tsayi na 16 - 24 cm, amma zai iya kaiwa 35 cm. Nauyi ya kai kilo 2. A cikin ruwa, dome kusan ba a gani, wanda ke ba da nasarar farauta da kariya daga abokan gaba a lokaci guda. Kamar kowane jellyfish, danshin yana motsawa sosai, yana yin kwangila da murfin murfin dome da tura ruwa daga ciki. Idan dole ne a juya shi, ya rage alfarwa a gefe guda kawai.
Ta hanyar dome, an fi ganin fili da yawa a cikin fure mai fure guda 4 da jijiyoyin al'aura 8, wadanda ke rataye a karkashin dome kamar dunkulen dunkulen inabi, ana iya ganin su kadan. Tsakanin su akwai wata doguwar fitowa, kamar kutumar giwa. Akwai baki a karshen sa. A kusurwar dome akwai shinge, waɗanda aka tattara cikin rukuni guda 15.
Yayin motsi, jellyfish yana kwangilar tanti don kar ya tsoma baki, kuma ba su wuce 15 cm tare da kaurin 5 mm ba. Boyewa don farauta, tana narkar dasu kamar siradin dunƙulen zaren mitoci 3 wanda aka rufe miliyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta. A gindin tantin akwai ƙungiyoyi 4 na gabobi masu azanci, gami da idanu: Idanu 4 masu sauƙi da idanun hade biyu, kwatankwacin tsari da idanun dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Matsayin da ba ya motsi na kwantena, ko polyp, yana kama da ƙaramin kumfa 'yan milimita a girman. Idan muka ci gaba da kwatantawa, to wuyan kumfa bakin bakin polyp ne, kuma kogon ciki shine cikinsa. Corolla na tanti goma na kewaye bakin don kora ƙananan dabbobi can.
Gaskiya mai dadi: Ba a san yadda zanzaro yake ganin duniyar waje ba, amma tabbas yana iya rarrabe launuka. Kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin gwajin, dodo yana ganin farare da launuka ja, kuma ja yana ba ta tsoro. Sanya jan raga a bakin rairayin bakin teku na iya zama matakin kariya mai tasiri. Ya zuwa yanzu, an yi amfani da ikon wasp don rarrabe rayayye daga wanda ba mai rai ba don kariya: masu ceton rayuka a bakin rairayin bakin teku suna sanya tufafi matsattsiya da aka yi da nailan ko lemun zaki.
A ina ne gandun dajin yake rayuwa?
Hoto: Tsibirin Australiya
Mai kama-karya wanda yake zaune a gabar ruwa daga gabar arewacin Ostiraliya (daga Gladstone ta gabas zuwa Exmouth a yamma), New Guinea da tsibirin Indonesia, suna yada arewa zuwa gabar Vietnam da Philippines.
Yawancin lokaci waɗannan jellyfish basa yin iyo a cikin ruwan da ke cikin teku kuma sun fi son sararin samaniya, kodayake suna da zurfin - a cikin ruwa mai zurfin da ya kai mita 5 kuma ba da nisa da bakin teku ba. Suna zaɓar yankuna masu tsabta, yawanci yashi mai yashi kuma suna guje wa ci gaban algae inda kayan kamun kifinsu zasu iya makalewa.
Irin waɗannan wuraren daidai suke da kyau ga masu wanka, masu surfe da masu bazuwar ruwa, wanda hakan ke haifar da haɗuwa da rauni a ɓangarorin biyu. Sai kawai a lokacin hadari ne jellyfish ke motsawa daga bakin teku zuwa wurare masu zurfi da nutsuwa don kar a kama su cikin igiyar ruwa.
Don haifuwa, gandun daji suna shiga cikin ɗakunan kogin da suka fi sabo kuma suna samun bishiyoyi tare da bishiyoyin mangrove. Anan suke rayuwarsu a cikin matakin polyp, suna lika kansu ga duwatsun da ke karkashin ruwa. Amma da ya isa matakin jellyfish, samarin wasps sun sake rugawa zuwa cikin teku.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A gefen gabar Yammacin Ostiraliya, ba da daɗewa ba an gano raƙuman ruwa a zurfin mita 50 a kan raƙuman bakin teku. Sun kasance sun kasance a ƙasan ƙasa lokacin da igiyar ruwa ta kasance mafi rauni.
Yanzu kun san inda bakin teku yake zaune. Bari mu ga abin da kifin jellyf mai guba ya ci.
Menene zangon teku ya ci?
Photo: Jellyfish teku zanzaro
Polyp yana cin plankton. Babban mai farauta, kodayake yana iya kashe mutane, baya cin su. Yana ciyar da ƙananan halittun da ke iyo a cikin ruwa.
Yana:
- jatan lande - tushen abincin;
- sauran kayan kwalliya irin su amphipods;
- polychaetes (annelids);
- karamin kifi.
Kwayoyin da ke harbawa suna cike da dafi, sun isa su kashe mutane 60 cikin justan mintuna kaɗan. Dangane da kididdiga, dansandan yana da alhakin akalla mutane 63 da suka rasa rayukansu a Ostiraliya tsakanin 1884 da 1996. Akwai karin wadanda abin ya shafa. Misali, a ɗayan wuraren shakatawa don lokacin 1991 - 2004. na rikice-rikice guda 225, 8% ya ƙare a asibiti, a cikin 5% na sharuɗɗan rigakafin da ake buƙata. Lamarin da ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwa kawai - yaro ɗan shekara 3 ya mutu. Gabaɗaya, yara suna shan wahala daga jellyfish saboda ƙarancin nauyin jikinsu.
Amma a gaba ɗaya, sakamakon taron an iyakance shi ne kawai ga ciwo: 26% na waɗanda abin ya shafa sun sami ciwo mai raɗaɗi, sauran - matsakaici. Wadanda abin ya shafa sun kwatanta shi da taɓa baƙin ƙarfe mai zafi-ja. Ciwon yana da ban sha'awa, bugun zuciya yana farawa kuma yana damun mutum har tsawon kwanaki, tare da amai. Scars na iya kasancewa akan fata kamar daga ƙonawa ne.
Gaskiya mai Nishaɗi: Maganin da ke ba da kariya sosai daga dafin dafin har yanzu yana ci gaba. Zuwa yanzu, ya kasance an iya hada wani abu wanda yake hana lalata kwayoyin halitta da bayyanar konewa akan fatar. Wajibi ne ayi amfani da samfurin ba daɗewa ba bayan mintuna 15 bayan jellyfish ya buge shi. Ciwon zuciya, wanda guba ta haifar, ya kasance matsala. A matsayin taimakon farko, ana bada shawarar magani tare da vinegar, wanda ke tsayar da ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya hana ci gaba da guba. Daga magungunan gargajiya da ake kira fitsari, borin acid, lemon tsami, steroid cream, giya, kankara da gwanda. Bayan aiki, yana da mahimmanci a tsabtace ragowar jellyfish daga fata.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Guba mai dafi teku
Ruwa na ruwa, kamar sauran kifin jellyfish, ba su da sha'awar nuna hanyar rayuwarsu ga masu bincike. A gaban mai nutsewa, suna ɓoyewa da sauri kusan 6 m / min. Amma mun sami nasarar gano wani abu game da su. An yi imanin cewa suna aiki a duk rana, kodayake ba shi yiwuwa a fahimci ko jellyfish na bacci ko a'a. Da rana suna zama a ƙasan, amma ba zurfin ba, kuma da yamma sukan tashi sama. Iyo a saurin 0.1 - 0.5 m / min. ko jiran ganima, shimfida tanti cike da ɗimbin miliyoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyi. Akwai sigar da wasps zasu iya farauta sosai, bin farauta.
Da zaran wani mai rai ya taba alamar tarko na kwayar halitta mai daskarewa, sai a fara amfani da wani sinadarin, matsin da ke cikin kwayar ta tashi kuma a cikin kananan sakannin sai wani fili na dunƙule da bakin zaren ya bayyana, wanda ke makale a cikin wanda aka azabtar. Guba tana gudana daga ramin kwayar halitta tare da zaren. Mutuwa tana faruwa a cikin minti 1 - 5, ya danganta da girma da ɓangaren dafin. Bayan kashe wanda aka azabtar, jellyfish din ya juye da jujjuya abincinsa cikin dome tare da tanti.
Ba a yi nazarin ƙaura na lokaci-lokaci na bakin teku ba. Abin sani kawai an sani cewa a cikin Darwin (yamma da gabar arewacin) lokacin jellyfish yana kusan shekara guda: daga farkon watan Agusta zuwa ƙarshen Yuni na shekara mai zuwa, kuma a cikin Cairns - yankin Townsville (gabar gabas) - daga Nuwamba zuwa Yuni. Inda suka tsaya sauran lokaci ba'a sani ba. Hakanan abokin aikinsu na yau da kullun - Irukandji jellyfish (Carukia barnesi), wanda shima yana da guba sosai kuma bashi da ganuwa, amma saboda ƙarancin girmansa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: motsi na jellyfish an tsara shi ta hangen nesa. Wani sashi na idanunta suna da tsari kwatankwacin tsarin idanun dabbobi masu shayarwa: suna da tabarau, cornea, retina, diaphragm. Irin wannan ido yana ganin manyan abubuwa da kyau, amma a ina ake sarrafa wannan bayanin idan jellyfish bashi da kwakwalwa? Ya juya cewa ana watsa bayanai ta cikin ƙwayoyin jijiyoyin dome kuma kai tsaye yana haifar da tasirin motsa jiki. Ya rage kawai don gano yadda jellyfish ke yanke shawara: don kai hari ko gudu?
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Ruwa a teku a Thailand
Duk da mahimmin rawar da jellyfish ya taka a rayuwar ɗan adam, an bayyana yanayin rayuwarsu ne kawai a cikin 1971 daga masanin kimiyyar Jamusanci B. Werner. Ya zama daidai yake da yawancin yawancin rukunin jellyfish.
Yana bi sau biyun matakai:
- kwai;
- tsutsa - planula;
- polyp - sedentary mataki;
- jellyfish babban matakin wayo ne.
Manya suna kiyaye ruwa mai ƙanƙan kusa da gaɓar teku kuma suna iyo a wuraren da suke kiwo - tsibirin kogin gishiri da kuma bishiyoyin da suka cika da mangroves. Anan, maza da mata suna sakin maniyyi da kwai a cikin ruwa, bi da bi, suna barin tsarin hadi sa'a. Koyaya, ba su da zaɓi, tunda ba da daɗewa ba za su mutu.
Sannan komai ya faru kamar yadda ake tsammani, kwayar halitta mai haske (planula) tana fitowa daga kwai mai haduwa, wanda, yatsu tare da cilia, yayi iyo har zuwa daskararren wuri mafi kusa kuma ya manne tare da bude bakin. Wurin sulhu na iya zama duwatsu, bawo, bawo na ɓawon burodi. Tsarin dabarar ya zama polyp - karamar halitta mai kama da mazubi mai tsawon 1 - 2 mm tare da tanti 2. Polyp din suna ciyarwa akan plankton, wanda yakawo shi yanzu.
Daga baya ya girma, yana samun kimanin tanti 10 kuma shima yana sake haifuwa, amma ta hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna. Sababbin polyps suna samuwa a gindinta kamar tsagin bishiyar, rarrabu da rarrafe na wani lokaci dan neman wurin hadewa. Rabawa isa, polyp din ya rikida ya zama jellyfish, ya karya kafa ya yi iyo a cikin tekun, ya kammala cikakken zagayen cigaban ruwa.
Abokan gaba na gabar teku
Hotuna: Yaya zancen teku yake kama
Ko ta yaya kake kallo, wannan jellyfish yana da kusan makiyi ɗaya - kunkuru a teku. Saboda wasu dalilai, kunkuru ba su da tasirin guba.
Abin mamaki game da ilimin halittar ruwa shine ikon dafin sa. Me yasa, mutum yayi mamaki, shin wannan halittar tana da ikon kashe kwayoyin halittar da ba zata iya ci ba? An yi imanin cewa guba mai ƙarfi da saurin aiki don ramawa ga rauni na jikin jelly-kamar jellyfish.
Ko da ciyawar shrimp na iya lalata dome dinta idan ta fara bugawa a ciki. Sabili da haka, dole ne guba ta tabbatar da saurin hana wanda aka azabtar. Wataƙila mutane sun fi damuwa da dafin gubar fiye da jatan lande da kifi, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yake cutar da su sosai.
Ba a fassara abin da ke cikin dafin dafin ba. An gano yana dauke da wasu sinadarai masu hade jiki wadanda suke haifar da lalata kwayoyin halittar jiki, tsananin zub da jini. Daga cikinsu akwai neuro- da cardiotoxins da ke haifar da inna da numfashin zuciya. Mutuwa na faruwa ne sakamakon bugun zuciya ko nutsar da wanda aka yiwa rauni wanda ya rasa ikon yin motsi. Rabin rabi na mutuwa shine 0.04 mg / kg, mafi guba mai guba da aka sani a cikin jellyfish.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Jirgin ruwa mai hadari
Babu wanda ya kirga yawan tsumman teku a duniya. Zamaninsu gajere ne, zagaye na ci gaba yana da rikitarwa, yayin da suke haifuwa ta duk hanyoyin da ake dasu. Ba shi yiwuwa a yi musu alama, yana da wahala ko da ganin su a cikin ruwa. Yawan lambobi, gami da haramtawa wanka da kanun labarai masu jan hankali game da mamayewar kifin jellyfish, ya samo asali ne daga kasancewar ƙarni na gaba sun balaga kuma ana tsattsage su zuwa bakin kogi don cika aikinsu na ilimin halitta.
Rage yawan lambobi na faruwa bayan mutuwar jellyfish da aka share. Abu daya za'a iya cewa: bazai yuwu a daidaita adadin munanan kwalaye ba, kuma a lalata su, suma.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Da dodo ya zama mai hatsarin gaske ga kashin baya tare da shekaru, idan ya kai wani dome tsawon 8-10 cm Masana kimiyya sun danganta wannan da canjin abinci. Matasa suna kama da jatan lande, yayin da manya suka koma menu na kifi. Ana buƙatar ƙarin dafin don kama ƙwayoyin vertebrates masu rikitarwa.
Yana faruwa cewa mutane suma sun zama waɗanda ke fama da yanayi. Ya zama abin firgita lokacin da kuka koya game da dabbobi masu dafi masu haɗari na ƙasashen ƙetare. Waɗannan ba kifin jellyfish ne kawai ba, har ma da dorinar ruwa mai launin shuɗi, kifin dutse, mollusc mazugi, tururuwa na wuta kuma ba shakka bakin teku... Sauro namu daban ne. Duk da komai, miliyoyin masu yawon bude ido suna tafiya zuwa rairayin bakin teku na wurare masu zafi, suna haɗarin ƙarshensu anan. Me za ku iya yi game da shi? Kawai neman maganin guba.
Ranar bugawa: 08.10.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 08/29/2019 da 20:02
