Idan a baya furfura yana da kifi sosai, sannan daga tsakiyar karnin da ya gabata, saboda raguwar yawan su, kasashe da yawa sun fara sanya takunkumi. Greyling yana son zama cikin sauri da ruwan sanyi, saboda haka yawancinsu suna cikin Rasha, kuma galibi ana samun su a cikin ƙananan koguna. Ana kama su duk shekara, mafi kyau duka lokacin da zasu yi kitso bayan hunturu.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Grayling
Proto-fish ya bayyana a duniya tun da daɗewa - fiye da rabin biliyan biliyan da suka wuce, waɗanda aka ƙera rayukan, waɗanda suka haɗa da furfura, shekaru miliyan 420 da suka gabata. Amma waɗancan kifayen har yanzu kusan ba su da irin na zamani, kuma kifin na farko, wanda za a iya danganta shi ga kakannin kakanninsu na launin toka, ya tashi a farkon lokacin Cretaceous - waɗannan su ne wakilan farko na umarnin ciyawa.
Daga gare su ne, a tsakiyar wannan lokacin, salmonids ya bayyana, kuma launin toka tuni ya zama nasu. Kodayake har yanzu an bayyana lokacin bayyanar kawai bisa ka'ida (duk da haka, an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar binciken kwayar halitta) saboda tsofaffin abubuwan da aka samo daga kifin daga wannan tsari sun kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 55, ma'ana, sun riga suna cikin zamanin Eocene.
Bidiyo: Greyling
A wancan lokacin, bambancin halittu tsakanin salmonids yayi karanci; tsawon shekaru da dama, burbushinsu gaba daya ya shuɗe. Sannan lokacin canje-canje na yanayi ya zo, saboda abin da kwarewar salmonids ya tsananta - wannan ya faru shekaru miliyan 15-30 da suka gabata. Sannan nau'ikan zamani sun fara bayyana.
A zamanin yau, iyalai uku sun bambanta tsakanin salmonids, gami da furfura. Rabuwarsu ta faru ne kawai a lokacin aikin kwarewa, bayan haka launin toka ya riga ya canza dabam. Graywallon zamani ya bayyana da ɗan lokaci daga baya, ba a kafa ainihin lokacin ba. An bayyana shi a cikin 1829 ta J.L. de Cuvier, an laƙaba masa suna a cikin Latin Thymallus.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya launin launin toka ya yi kama
Girman da nauyin launin toka ya dogara da nau'ikansa. Don haka, na Turai shine ɗayan babba, yana girma har zuwa 40-50 cm, wasu mutane ma har zuwa 60. Nauyin na iya kaiwa 3-4 kg, ko ma 6-6.7 kg. Koyaya, yawanci yana da ɗan ƙarami kaɗan, har ma kifin da shekarunsa suka wuce 7-10 sau da yawa ba sa wuce kilogiram 2.5.
Da farko dai, yayin duban wannan kifin, hankali yana jawo hankalinsa ta babban ƙoshin dorsal, wanda zai iya miƙawa zuwa ga ƙarancin kaifin maza. Godiya ga wannan fin, yana da matukar wahala a rikitar da launin toka da wani kifi. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa cewa idan a cikin mata ko dai ya kasance tsayi ɗaya ne a tsawon tsawonsa, ko kuma ya zama ƙasa kaɗan zuwa wutsiya, to a cikin maza tsayinsa yana ƙaruwa sosai. Yawanci ana kawata wutsiya da aibobi ko ratsi: aibobi suna da ja, suna iya zama kanana ko kuma manya, zagaye ko mara iyaka. Raunuka sun zo da launuka daban-daban, yawanci duhu, lilac ko shuɗi. Wakilan jinsunan Turai suna da kyau fiye da wasu kuma basu da tabo.
Greyling yana dauke da kyakkyawan kifi. Launin jiki na iya bambanta sosai: akwai mutane masu launin toka mai launin shuɗi, ko tare da shuɗi, launin ruwan kasa, lilac, masu tabo sosai. Yayin da ake juyawa, launin kifin ya zama mai wadata. Abin da launin kifi zai samu ba a ƙayyade shi kawai da ƙwayoyin halitta ba, har ma da jikin ruwan da yake rayuwa a ciki. Wannan sananne ne sosai a cikin misalin jinsunan Siberia: mutanen da ke rayuwa a cikin manyan rafuka suna da launi mai haske, kuma waɗanda suka fi son ƙananan koguna sun fi su duhu.
Girman girman kifi ya dogara da yawan abincin da ke kusa da shi, musamman da sauri yana girma cikin manyan rafuka a cikin yanayi mai yanayi, yana samun kilogiram 2-3 ko ma fiye da haka a shekara ta takwas ko ta goma ta rayuwa. A cikin tsaunuka masu tsayi, basa girma sosai, kuma ɗaukar launin toka mai nauyin kilogiram 1.5 ya riga ya zama babban nasara, galibi suna da ƙarancin sanarwa. Girman launin toka kuma ya dogara da wasu sauran abubuwan. Misali, daga yawan haske da yake karba, menene yanayin zafin ruwa da iskar oxygen dinsa, da kuma wasu. Idan yanayin rayuwa ba shi da kyau, furfura na iya ɗaukar nauyin gram 500-700 da shekara 7-8.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin tabkunan tsaunin Siberia, an sami launin toka-toka, sun kasance launi ɗaya ne har zuwa ƙarshen rayuwarsu kamar yadda ake soya - da nasu da sauran jinsunan. Suna da haske sosai kuma suna da ratsiyoyi masu duhu a gefunan.
A ina ne launin toka yake zama?
Photo: Greyling a cikin ruwa
Ana samun launin toka-na-sani na Turai a cikin rafuka da yawa a kusurwoyi daban-daban na Turai, duk da cewa yawan jama'arta ya ragu sosai, kuma a wasu kogunan da yake rayuwa a da, babu su a yanzu. Iyakar yamma ta rarrabawa a cikin Faransa, da iyakar gabas a cikin Urals.
Yankin jinsunan Mongoliya karami ne, yana rayuwa ne kawai a tabkuna a cikin Mongolia kuma ba shi da nisa da kan iyakarsa a Rasha. A arewacin shi da kuma gabashin ɗayan Turai, launin ruwan Siberia yana rayuwa. Tsarin kewayon da yawa ya ninka kusan dukkanin ɓangaren Asiya na Rasha.
Don haka, wannan kifin ya yadu a arewacin yankin Eurasia, yana zaune kusan duk yankin da ke da yanayi mai kyau, kuma ana samun sa har a cikin Arctic Circle. Hakanan akwai launin toka na Amurkawa (wani yanki na Siberian): ana samun su a Arewacin Amurka, haka kuma a cikin rafuka a ƙarshen gabashin Eurasia.
Wannan kifin na iya rayuwa a cikin lebur da kuma cikin kogunan tsaunuka, kodayake ya fi son na biyun, galibi ana same shi hatta a cikin manyan rafuka - babban abu shi ne cewa tsaftataccen ruwan sanyi yana gudana a cikinsu. Kuma ya gudana da sauri: launin toka yana son wadataccen ruwa mai ƙarancin oxygen kuma galibi yana zama kusa da raƙuman ruwa.
Ba sa son ruwan dumi, saboda haka ana iya samun su da yawa sau da yawa a cikin tabkuna - amma ana samun su a cikin su. Zasu iya rayuwa har zuwa 2,300 m; suna iya rayuwa ba kawai a cikin sabo mai tsabta ba, har ma a cikin ruwa mai ƙyalli: ana kama su a cikin manyan kogunan Siberia, amma ana kiyaye su a saman, inda ruwan ya fi kusa da sabo.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo launin toka. Bari mu ga abin da wannan kifin yake ci.
Menene launin toka?
Photo: Grayling kifi
Abincin na launin toka-toka yayi kama da na sauran kifin da ke zaune a rafuka.
Ya hada da:
- kwari da tsutsarsu;
- tsutsotsi;
- kifin kifi;
- kifi da soya;
- caviar.
Idan caddis ke tashi zaune a cikin matattarar ruwa, to launin toka zai dogara ne akansu: zasu iya yin kaso uku cikin uku na jerin abincin ta. Gabaɗaya, ana iya kiran wannan kifin da komai, yana da wuya a sami dabbobin da ba su da guba da ƙananan dabbobin da zai ƙi ci.
Grayling na iya ciyarwa a kan ƙaramin ɓawon burodi, kuma duka suya da manyan mutane suna cin su, da ɗan kifi ƙasa da su kansu. Waɗannan masu haɗari ne masu haɗari sosai, a inda ya kamata kowane kifi ya zama mai rauni a kan tsaronsa, kuma yana da kyau a hanzarta yin iyo - launin toka zai iya kai hari kwatsam.
Daga gefen launin toka, akwai kuma barazana ga berayen da ke ƙoƙarin iyo a ƙetaren ƙaramin kogi ko ma rafi, kuma a lokacin ƙaura sukan yi hakan. Sabili da haka, ana iya kama waɗannan kifin da linzamin kwamfuta: suna mannawa da beraye sosai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kamar sauran salmonids, suna yin ƙaura - a lokacin bazara suna hawan dutse, wani lokacin suna yin iyo zuwa raƙuman ruwa, inda suke kiba da haihuwa, a lokacin bazara suna zamewa ƙasa. Bambancin shine cewa a yayin irin wannan ƙaura, furfura baya rufe manyan tazara: yawanci suna iyo ba fiye da gomomin kilomita da yawa ba.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Greyling a lokacin rani
Sun fi so su zauna su kadai, kuma abin da yafi ba da hujja shi ne cewa idan kusan dukkanin kifi aƙalla a farko suna cikin garken tumaki, to ko da launin toka-riga sun riga sun daidaita ɗayan. Har yanzu akwai wasu keɓaɓɓu: wani lokacin ana kifar da waɗannan kifaye cikin rukuni na mutane 6-12, amma wannan yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin yayin da babu isassun wurare masu kyau a ɓoye ga kowa.
Sabili da haka, a cikin kogunan da ke da cunkoson launin toka, irin waɗannan garken na iya kaiwa dozin ko ma ɗaruruwan mutane: galibi ana lura da wannan, misali, a cikin Vishera. Koyaya, koda kuwa launin toka yana zama a cikin rukuni, babu wata dangantaka ta musamman da aka kulla a cikin ta, kawai suna zaune kusa da juna. Suna farauta da yamma da safe, suna son irin wannan lokacin na yau lokacin da babu rana mai zafi, amma ba duhu ba. Wannan lokaci ana ɗaukar shi mafi kyau ga kamun kifi, musamman da yamma, yayin da kifin ya hau saman don ciyar da ƙwarin da ke tashi sama zuwa ruwa da yamma.
A ƙarshen bazara, suna iyo don su sami haihuwa, kuma samari suna haura kogin nan da nan don ciyarwa. Bayan haihuwa, kowa ya fara yin kitso da kitse, don haka lokaci mai kyau ya zo don kamun kifi don launin toka, kuma ya kasance har zuwa tsakiyar kaka: a cikin 'yan watannin nan, kifin yana da daɗi musamman, a shirye don hunturu. Lokacin da sanyi na kaka ya fara, sai ya kan dawo da kansa, yana zamewa zuwa ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, inda yake hibernates. A cikin yanayin sanyi yana motsa kadan, amma yana ci gaba da ciyarwa, don a kama shi a lokacin sanyi. Wannan kifin yana da hankali, yana da kyau gani da kuma aiki, saboda haka ba shi da sauƙi a kama shi.
Amma akwai ƙari a cikin wannan: ba kwa buƙatar tsayawa a wuri ɗaya na dogon lokaci kuma jira abin da za a yi. Idan launin toka yana kusa, za su ga abincinsu da kyau kuma, idan babu abin da ya ruɗe su, cizon ya kamata ya bi da sauri. Idan baya nan, to ko babu kifi, ko kuma ba ta son wani abu. Grayling yana kiyayewa, sabili da haka, yayin amfani da ƙirar wucin gadi, yana da mahimmanci a saita waɗanda suke kwaikwayon kwari masu tashi a wannan lokacin na shekara da waɗannan awanni, ko soyayyen da ke zaune kusa. In ba haka ba, ba za ku iya dogaro da nasarar kamun kifi ba, kifayen da ake tuhuma kawai ba za su ɗauki tarko ba.
Mafi yawan lokuta, zaku iya haɗuwa da furfura a wurare masu zuwa:
- a cikin hanzari da hanzari;
- a kan maras zurfin ruwa;
- kusa da shingen yanayi;
- a ƙasan, mai wadata a ramuka;
- a wani matattarar gudu kusa da babban jirgin.
Mafi fifikon su shine raƙuman ruwa tare da hanzarin hanzari, saboda ruwan can akwai mafi kyau da tsafta. Bai kamata ku nemi wannan kifin a cikin rafi mai zurfin ruwa a cikin yanayi mai ɗumi ba, ban da lokacin sanyi. A cikin kananan wuraren ajiyar ruwa, ana samun ruwan toka kusa da gabar, a manyan su kuma suna yin iyo dashi ne kawai lokacin farautar.
Dole ne a sami mafaka a kusa da sansanin furfura: zai iya zama itacen busasshe ko duwatsu a ƙasan kogin, shuke-shuke, da makamantansu. Amma ana buƙatar shimfiɗa a kusa da masaukin: sarari da ke bayyane inda launin toka zai nemi ganima.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: pairaura masu launin toka-toka
Ban da a lokacin ɓatancin, babu sadarwa tsakanin kifin, suna rayuwa da farauta daban. Mata na yin balaga ta hanyar shekaru biyu, kuma maza sai sun cika shekaru uku.
Kifi zai fara ba da fata lokacin da ruwan ya dumama har zuwa aƙalla digiri 7-8 a arewacin kuma har zuwa digiri 9-11 a kudu. Wannan yawanci yakan faru ne a ƙarshen Afrilu ko Mayu a cikin tsaunukan kudu, kuma a cikin Yuni ne kawai a arewacin latitude. Ana yin ɓatancin ruwa a cikin ruwa mara zurfi: zurfin ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin 30-70 cm, yayin da kifin yake ƙoƙarin nemo ƙasa mai yashi.
Mace tana yin ƙwai ba sosai ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran kifaye: a cikin zangon daga ƙwai dubu 3 zuwa 35. Idan aka ba da menene ƙaramin kaso daga cikinsu da ke rayuwa, launin toka ba ya haifar da inganci sosai, saboda haka ya kamata a sarrafa abin kamawa sosai.
A cewar masu binciken, ana bukatar babban fin din na namiji ba wai kawai don jan hankalin mata ba, duk da cewa shi ma yana aiwatar da wannan aikin: yana kuma taimaka wa kifin ya samar da rafin ruwa, godiya ga abin da ke gudana a yanzu ba ya daukar madara na tsawon lokaci kuma ana samun karin kwai.
Lokacin da mace ta gama haihuwa, sai kwanyen su zube kasa, sai namijin ya yayyafa shi da yashi, wanda a karkashinta idan ta yi sa'a, ya rage kwanaki 15-20 na gaba. Irin wannan matsuguni yana ba da damar tare da babban dalili don fatan cewa a wannan lokacin babu wanda zai taɓa ta fiye da idan ta yi iyo cikin yardar kaina, amma duk da haka kusan sau da yawa wasu kifayen suna samun sa kuma suna ci.
Abokan gaba na launin toka
Hotuna: Yaya launin launin launin toka
Grayling babban kifi ne, sabili da haka babu wasu mafarauta a cikin kogunan da zasu farautar shi da tsari, amma, yana iya zama cikin haɗari daga wasu manyan dabbobin. Da farko dai, waɗannan sune pike da taimen - waɗannan kifin suna iya kawar da ko da baligi baligi kuma su cinye shi.
A cikin tafkunan da babu su, furfura da kansu sun zama saman jerin kayan abinci, kuma kawai mahautan da ke rayuwa a wajen ruwa suna iya yi musu barazana. Da farko dai, wannan mutum ne, saboda launin toka yana da matukar daraja, kuma ana kishin su sosai a yankin da aka yarda dashi - kuma inda aka hana shi, akwai kuma mafarauta masu yawa.
Mutane sun fi haɗari ga launin toka, yawancin kifayen da suka fi girma suna shan wahala daidai saboda su. Amma kuma tsuntsaye suna farautarta, misali, masu nitsarwa da masu kamun kifi, manyan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar beavers ko otter - dukkansu galibi suna kama kifin ƙuruciya, baligi yakan zama babba a garesu.
Lynxes, dawakai na arctic, bears suna iya kama launin toka mai nauyi, amma suna yin hakan ba safai ba, galibi suna ciyar da wasu dabbobin maimakon kifi. Sabili da haka, ga manya a cikin yanayi, akwai ƙananan haɗari, ga ƙananan dabbobi akwai barazanar da yawa, amma mafi munin abu shine soya.
Da yawa har ma da ƙananan kifi da tsuntsaye suna farautar su, kuma ba za su iya kare kansu ba. Bugu da kari, a farkon makonni biyu, zasu iya cin juna. A sakamakon haka, dan kadan daga cikin soya ke rayuwa har zuwa watanni 3, bayan haka a hankali barazanar da ake yi musu tana raguwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wasu lokuta furfura ba ta jiran abin farauta ya fada cikin ruwa da kanta, amma ya yi tsalle bayanta zuwa tsayi har zuwa 50 cm - yawanci wannan shine yadda suke kama sauro mai tashi sama akan ruwan. Sabili da haka, da maraice yana da sauƙin ganin inda akwai mafi yawansu kuma kuna iya fara kamun kifi cikin aminci.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Grayling kifi
Centuryarnin da ya gabata ya ga raguwar yawan jama'a. Duk da yake har yanzu ya wadatar, kuma ba a ɗaukar furfura a matsayin haɗarin haɗari, amma wasu nau'ikan ana kiyaye su a wasu ƙasashe. Don haka, launin toka na Turai shine kifi mai kariya a cikin Jamus, Ukraine, Belarus da wasu yankuna na Rasha.
Adadin wannan kifin a Turai ya ragu sosai a cikin karnin da ya gabata, musamman saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Kamawa kai tsaye laifi ne ga wannan, kuma ma ƙari shine gurɓatar ruwan kogin. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, yawan launin fata a kogunan Turai ya fara daidaita, kuma matakan kare shi sun yi tasiri.
Yawan mutanen Siberia launin toka suma sun ragu sosai a cikin karnin da ya gabata. Dalilai iri ɗaya ne, duk da cewa ba a faɗi su sosai ba. Domin hana karuwar raguwar yawan kifayen a kasashen da ake kai su cikin kariya, ana daukar matakai daban-daban. Misali, a cikin Rasha akwai wurare masu kariya inda kifin ke da kariya musamman - misali, akwai wurin ajiyar yanayi a Vishera, inda akwai launin toka da yawa. Kuma duk da haka yana da matukar wahala a kare kifi a cikin wannan yanki mai fadi, saboda haka mafarauta ke ci gaba da haifar da mummunar illa ga yawan jama'a.
Don kiyaye shi, haifuwa ta wucin gadi yana da mahimmanci, wanda aka kafa a yawancin ƙasashen Turai. A cikin Rasha, ana yin launin Baikal, Sayan, Mongolian ta wannan hanyar, kuma a yankin Turai na ƙasar, ana yin kiwo a Tafkin Ladoga.
Grey ya riga ya kusan lalacewa a cikin kogunan Turai, irin wannan yanayin ya sami wasu yankuna na Rasha. Don dakatar da wannan aikin, ya zama dole a ɗauki matakan kiyaye yawan jama'arta da kiwo na wucin gadi - yana taimakawa kiyayewa da haɓaka yawan soya da yawa fiye da yanayin yanayi.
Ranar da aka buga: 09/21/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 11.11.2019 a 12:17
