Khrushch sananne ga mutane da yawa ba kawai a matsayin babban kwari ba, wanda ke da ban sha'awa sosai don kallo, amma kuma a matsayin mummunan kwaro na lambuna da lambuna. Irin ƙwaro ya samo sunanta ne saboda gaskiyar cewa mafi yawan ayyukanta na ayyukanta ya faɗi ne a watan Mayu. Duk da rashin dacewarsa, yana da ban sha'awa ƙwarai da halaye da salon rayuwarsa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Khrushch
Khrushchev ya fi girma - ya girma 18-38 mm a tsayi. Jikin ƙwayar ƙwaro yana da faɗi, mai tsayi-mai ɗari-ɗari da maƙarƙashiya, baƙar fata ko launin ja-launin ruwan kasa. Jikin ƙwaro ya ƙunshi kai, kirji, ciki kuma an rufe shi da harsashi mai ƙarfi na chitinous. Hakanan, kirjin ƙwaro ya kasu kashi uku, kuma ciki zuwa takwas.
Ana kiyaye fuka-fukan membranous membranous ta m elytra, wanda zai iya kewaya cikin launi daga launin rawaya zuwa rawaya zuwa ja ko launin ruwan kasa. Kan ƙwaro ƙanƙane karami ne, bai fi faɗi da tsawo ba, ya daidaita sosai, launi mai duhu idan aka kwatanta shi da elytra.
Bidiyo: Khrushch
Duk jikin kwaro yana da gashin gashi daban-daban tsayi, launi da yawa. Kayan lambu na iya zama mai tsananin gaske da wuya ya ga babban launi na ƙwaro a ƙasan. Ana tattara gashi mafi tsayi kuma mafi tsauri a cikin ƙananan ratsi mai tsayi akan kan ƙwaro. A elytra mutum yana iya lura da dogon gashi guda ɗaya, kuma akan kirji - gajere, amma ciyayi mai yalwa.
A gefen ciki na ƙwaro akwai ƙananan ramuka - spiracles. Ta hanyar su ne iska ke shiga cikin bututun numfashi na ƙwaro kuma ana ɗauke da shi cikin jikinshi.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi tsananin ban mamaki da ban mamaki ga kudan zuma shine ikon su na tashi, duk da cewa bisa ka'idar aerodynamics, su (kamar bumblebees) bai kamata su tashi kwata-kwata ba.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Yaya Khrushch yake?
Irin ƙwaro ɗin yana da gaɓoɓi uku masu gaɓoɓin gashin hannu. Pairafafun farko irin na ƙwaro sun samo asali ne daga nono na gaba, na biyu kuma daga meso-thorax, kuma na ukun daga metathorax. Haƙori uku masu kaifi a bayyane suke a kan shines na gaban goshi.
Idanun kwaroro suna da rikitarwa, masu rikitarwa a fasali, suna ba ka damar kallon duniyar da ke kewaye da kai ta kusurwa mai fadi. Eriya na ƙwaro yana da ɓangarori goma sha biyu (tara gajere ɗaya kuma tsayi ɗaya) kuma ya zama dole don ya ji wari. Antennal flagella da ɗan kama fan, kuma girman “fan” a cikin maza ya fi ban sha'awa fiye da na mata. A zahiri, maza sun bambanta da mata a cikin girman girman fanka da jiki.
Kayan bakin berayen Mayu nau'ine ne na cizon yatsa, wanda yake bashi damar cin abinci a kan ƙananan ganye da harbe-harbe ba tare da wata wahala ba.
Abubuwan haɗin baka (nau'i-nau'i uku) suna kusa da gefunan bakin:
- ma'auratan farko masu zafin nama ne;
- na biyu kuma shine ƙananan muƙamuƙi;
- na ukun kuma shine leben kasan.
Leben saman yana kama da ƙarami, amma faɗi mai faɗi, yana rufe duk wadatar nan daga sama. Yayin cin abinci, ƙwaro ya shagaltar da manya da ƙananan muƙamuƙai, kuma falmaran suna taimakawa wajen tura abinci cikin baki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Sau da yawa ƙwaro yana rikicewa da ƙwaro na tagulla, kodayake a zahiri sun kasance nau'uka daban-daban.
Ina kwaro yake?
Hotuna: Khrushch a Rasha
Mazaunin ƙwarjin ya fi yawa a Arewacin Hemisphere - Turai, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka (yanki mai zafi, wurare masu zafi). Yawan yawansu ba shi da yawa a wasu tsibirai na Oceania, Afirka, Kudancin Amurka, inda ba za a iya ganin ƙwaro a yankin arewacin babban yankin ba. A cikin yankuna masu sanyi na yankin mai yanayin, akwai ƙarancin ƙwairo, kuma babu wani jinsi da ke rayuwa a cikin yankin taiga.
Game da mazaunin, ƙwaro ya zaɓi yanki mai dazuzzuka da yashi mai yashi da ƙasa mai rashi-rashi. A lokaci guda, suna guje wa ƙasa laka, tunda a can akwai matsala matuka ga mata su yi ƙwai don yin ƙwai.
Zuwa yau, masana kimiyyar halittu sun rarrabe nau'ikan nau'ikan 63 na ƙwayoyin Mayu, ga bayanin mafi kyawun su:
- Gabashin May Khrushch (dikokastanovy Khrushch). A cikin wannan jinsin, galibi ana bayyana dimorphism: mata sunfi girma girma fiye da na maza (maza - har zuwa 29 mm, mata - har zuwa 15 mm). Launin wannan nau'in ya mamaye launuka masu launin ja da launin ruwan kasa. Hakanan, ƙwaro yana da eriya mai baƙar fata. Bewaro mafi ƙwarin gabas a Turai da Asiya.
- da ƙwaro mai ƙarancin Caucasian wani nau'in nau'in ƙwaro ne wanda ba kasafai yake rayuwa ba, ba daidai ba, a cikin Jamus da Austria (ɓangaren yamma). Bambanci da sauran nau'ikan ya ta'allaka ne a gajeriyar kuma mafi zagayayyen pygidium, da kuma kasancewar ma'auni akan elytra maimakon gashi.
- ƙwarin yamma yana da ɗan tsayi fiye da takwaransa na gabas kuma yana da jikin da ya fi dacewa. Wani bambanci shine halaye. Don haka, alal misali, yana son yanayi mai ɗumi, yana rayuwa a cikin filaye, ba a cikin dazuzzuka da lambuna ba, kuma yana bayyana a lokacin bazara kwanaki 10-12 daga baya, lokacin da ya ƙara ɗumi. Eriyarsa launin ruwan kasa mai haske ne, ba baƙi ba. Tana zaune galibi a kudancin Ukraine (yankunan Kherson da Odessa, ƙananan kogin Dniester).
Yanzu kun san inda ƙwaro yake. Bari mu ga abin da wannan ƙwaro yake ci.
Menene ƙwaro ya ci?
Hotuna: Khrushch irin ƙwaro
Babban abincin babban kwaro shine samarin bishiyun bishiyoyi, harbarsu, da ɓangaren litattafan furannin fure. An fi son ƙwaro da ganyen bishiyar bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi (plum, pear, ceri, ceri mai zaki, apple, apricot, rasberi, guzberi).
Larananan ƙwayoyin ƙwaro, waɗanda haɓakar haɓakar su ta kasance tsawon shekaru 3 kuma tana faruwa a cikin ƙasa a zurfin 10-20 cm, sun ninka sau da yawa fiye da manya. Suna cin tushen samari da tsire-tsire masu yawa, wanda ke kawo babbar illa ga amfanin gona da kayan lambu. Tabbas, tsire-tsire masu tushe waɗanda larvae ke cinyewa a mafi yawan lokuta ko dai ci gaba ya talauce ko kuma ya mutu gaba ɗaya.
Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, larvae na ƙwaro ba shi da lahani, tunda suna cin abinci ne kawai akan humus da tarkacen shuka. Iyakar ayyukansu, kuma, tabbas, yawan zuguwa ya faɗi ne a cikin shekaru 2 da 3 na rayuwa.
Larwararrun ƙwayoyin ƙwaro na iya cin tushen dukkan kayan lambu da kayan lambu, da furannin su. Matasa masu danshi da tubalin strawberry sune kyawawa musamman abubuwan more rayuwa a gare su. Don haka, za su iya cutar da tasirin dukkanin gonakin dankalin turawa da manyan gonakin shuki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yawancin larvae irin na shekaru uku na iya cin tushen bishiyar 'ya'yan itace mai shekaru biyu, kuma tsutsa guda a wannan lokacin tana iya cizon tushen bishiyoyin bishiyoyi 1-2.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Yammacin Khrushch
A lokacin bazara, a ƙarshen watan Afrilu ko farkon Mayu, lokacin da dukkan bishiyoyi ke lulluɓe da samarin ganyaye, maza suna rarrafe gaba ɗaya daga ƙasa. Mako guda bayan haka, mata suna haɗuwa da su, don kada a jinkirta abinci mai kyau tare da sabbin ganye mai daɗi kuma fara saduwa, sannan kuma ga sauran damuwar game da tsara mai zuwa.
Girman ƙwaro a lokacin ƙarancin rayuwarsa (makonni 4-7) ya bambanta kuma zai iya kaiwa 38 mm. Siffar jikin ƙwaro ƙyama ce, kuma nauyinta ya kai g 10. Launin dukkan sassan jikinsu ya dogara da jinsi da wurin zama. Don haka, ƙwaro tare da launi mai duhu suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa, kuma tare da launi mai haske - a cikin bishiyoyi, a gefuna da filayen.
Duk da girman girma, ƙwaro yana da ƙawa sosai a cikin tashi kuma yana iya rufe nesa har zuwa kilomita 20, cikin saurin kusan 30 m a cikin minti 1. Yayin jirgin, yawanci sukan yi raha da yawa.
Khrushchev yakan zama mai yawan aiki da yamma, lokacin da rana ta riga ta faɗi, amma har yanzu bai gama duhu ba. Wasu mutane na iya tashi tsawon dare, har zuwa wayewar gari, yanzu sannan kuma su yi karo zuwa cikin hasken haske na wucin gadi. Da rana, musamman bayan cin abinci mai ƙoshin lafiya, ƙwaro ya zama mai gajiya da yin barci har zuwa duhu. Da farawar yamma, komai ya maimaita kansa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai tatsuniyoyi game da ma'anar ƙwarin Mayu. Bayan haka, idan ƙwaro ya tsara wata manufa don kanta, za ta himmatu gare shi duk da komai.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Mayu Khrushch
Iswaro yana da yanayin zagayawa tare da canje-canje da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da matakai masu zuwa:
- kwai (tsawon watanni 1-1.5);
- pupa (tsawon watanni 1-2);
- tsutsa (tsawon shekaru 3-4);
- baligi ne imago (tsawon watanni 1-2).
Lokacin saduwa na May beetles yawanci yakan faru ne a ƙarshen Mayu. Bayan saduwa da namiji, sai macen ta burga a cikin ƙasa ta yi ƙwai (20-30 inji.), Kuma ana iya maimaita wannan jerin ayyukan sau da yawa a kowane yanayi. Wato, a lokacin rayuwar ta ta ƙuruciya, mace ɗaya za ta iya yin aure tare da maza da yawa kuma ta yi kama 3-4, ko ma fiye da haka.
Qwai irin ƙwaro yawanci farare ne marasa faɗi, diamita 1.5-2.5. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau, bayan wata daya da rabi, ƙyanƙyashe ƙyanƙyashe tare da lanƙwasar jiki mai kauri, babban kai da gajerun gabobi da ba su ci gaba ba da rarrafe a wurare daban-daban. Shekaru 3-4, tsutsa suna rayuwa, girma, ciyarwa a cikin ƙasa a zurfin 10-20 cm A lokacin lokacin sanyi na hunturu, suna huɗa ɗan zurfi - har zuwa 1-1.5 m.
A cikin shekarar farko ta rayuwa, larvae suna cin humus, humus da tushen ƙananan ciyawa. A cikin shekara ta biyu ta rayuwa, suna fara canza abincin su kuma a hankali suna motsawa zuwa asalin manyan shuke-shuke. Don neman abinci, ƙwayoyin ƙwaro na iya ma rarrafewa daga ƙasa zuwa farfajiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci, suna rufe tazarar 30-50 cm.
Bayan hunturu na uku ko na huɗu, a watan Satumba ko Oktoba, ƙwarin tsutsa da ƙwaro ya zurfafa cikin ƙasa da upawa, wato, ya zama pupa. Matsayin ɗalibi yakan ɗauki kwanaki 30-45, kuma a ƙarshen wannan lokacin babban ƙwaro irin ƙwaro yana fitowa daga pupa. Irin ƙwaro yana amfani da yanayin kaka da damuna a ɓoye a cikin ƙwarjin ƙugu, kuma a ƙarshen watan Afrilu ko farkon Mayu na jan ciki zuwa saman. A wannan yanayin, ana zaɓar maza na ƙwaro a baya, kuma matan na ɗan lokaci kaɗan.
Abokan gaba na dabbar
Hotuna: Yaya Khrushch yake?
Ba asiri ba ne cewa ƙwaro da ƙwayayensu kwari ne masu haɗari na gandun daji, gonaki, filaye da lambunan kayan lambu. A lokacin gajeriyar rayuwarsu, manyan ƙwaro (manya) suna cin adadin ganye da yawa na ganye da furannin bishiyoyi na 'ya'yan itace, wanda hakan ke shafar yawan amfanin su. Larananan tsaran sun fi manya haɗari, saboda sun fi shekaru da yawa - shekaru 4-5, kuma a wannan lokacin, suna ciyarwa ne kawai a kan tushen ciyawa da ƙananan bishiyoyi, suna kawo babbar illa ga dazuzzuka da aikin gona.
Koyaya, akwai adalci a cikin yanayi kuma hakan ya kasance cewa ƙwaro, bi da bi, suma suna hidimar abinci ga tsuntsaye da dabbobi da yawa. Don haka, kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar bishiyoyi, badgers, moles, bera, jemage da manyan tsuntsaye: taurari, hankaka, magpies, hoopoes, rooks har ma da mujiya ba sa kyamar cin naman ƙwari.
Tsuntsayen ƙwaro, mai wadataccen furotin da ruwa, abinci ne da aka fi so ga ƙananan tsuntsayen gandun daji. Wannan yanayin yana taimakawa duka don hana yawan ƙwaro da ciyar da tsuntsaye da theira offspringan su.
Sauran abokan gaba na larvae na ƙwaro na Mayu sune ƙwayoyin ƙasan da kowa ya sani. Dayawa suna daukar su a matsayin kwari, amma suna cin larvae irin na ƙwaro (galibi na shekarar farko ta rayuwa), don haka suna ba da sabis mai ƙima ga duk masu lambu da masu lambu.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Khrushch
Zuwa yau, yawan ƙwaro a cikin mazauninsa a Turai, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka ba su da girma sosai kuma, tare da ƙananan canje-canje a wata hanya ko wata, koyaushe yana kiyaye cikin ƙa'idar al'ada. Wannan sakamakon ya samu ba ko kadan ba godiya ga amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. Amma ga ƙwaro da ke rayuwa a wasu tsibirai na Oceania, babu bayanai kan wannan.
Yana da kyau a lura cewa fiye da rabin karni da suka gabata, halin da beraye ke ciki a Turai da Asiya ya sha bamban. A cikin wasu shekaru na tsakiyar karni na ashirin, yawan ƙwaro ya zama bala'i ne kawai. Kwarin sun tashi a cikin manyan garken dabbobi, sun karu da sauri, wanda ya haifar da lalacewar da ba za a iya gyarawa ba ga manoma da masu gonar, wanda hakan ya hana su yawan girbi kuma, sakamakon hakan, ya samu rayuwarsu. Hakanan ya faru cewa beetles a zahiri sun “yankakke” dukkan lambuna da gonaki, suna barin rassan da basu da ganye ba da ganye da bawo, da kuma baki dayan yankuna ƙanƙara ba tare da ciyayi.
Kafin zamanin magungunan kwari, hanya daya tilo da za'a iya sarrafa wadannan kwari ita ce ta hanyar girgiza bishiyun da sassafe, bayan haka kuma sai a taru aka tara beet din da hannu. Irin wannan tsohuwar hanyar ma'amala da ƙwaro ba ta da wahala sosai kuma ba ta da tasiri, tunda har yanzu wasu kwari ba su sami damar aiwatar da su ba.
Khrushchev mutane da yawa, idan ba a gan su ba, to tabbas an ji su. Tabbas, tare da farkon lokacin bazara da dumi, gizagizai na May beetles da yamma suna tashi tare da babbar kara akan lambunan lambuna masu furanni. Ka tuna, mawaƙi Taras Shevchenko yana da baiti a kan wannan batun: "Akwai lambun ceri, akwai wata kara da ke fashewa a kan cherries ..."?
Lokacin beetles ko beetles shine Afrilu da Mayu. Ya kasance a wannan lokacin ƙwaro yana cin abinci sosai, yana cin ganye da furanni, sannan kuma yana hayayyafa sosai, wanda wani lokacin baya amfani gonaki, dazuzzuka, gonaki da lambunan kayan lambu.
Ranar bugawa: 09/01/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 22.08.2019 a 22:56
