Rariya tsuntsaye ne mai matukar wahala a Burtaniya amma yana da yawan jama'a da yawa waɗanda ke yin hunturu anan bayan doguwar tafiya daga Iceland. Yana da ƙarin rawaya a kan bakinsa mai launin rawaya-baƙi. Whooper swan yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman nau'ikan swan.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Whooper Swan
Whooper swans gida a cikin gandun daji-tundra da taiga a cikin Eurasia, kudu da kewayon kiwo na Buick, wanda ya faro daga Iceland da arewacin Scandinavia a yamma zuwa gabar tekun Pacific ta gabas a gabas.
An bayyana manyan adadin mutane biyar masu saurin juzu'i:
- yawan Iceland;
- yawan Arewa maso Yammacin Turai;
- yawan Bahar Maliya, Bahar Rum ta Gabas;
- yawan Yammaci da Tsakiyar Siberia, da Tekun Caspian;
- yawan gabashin Asiya.
Koyaya, akwai ƙaramin bayani game da yawan zirga-zirgar masu ɓoyayyiyar ruwa tsakanin Bahar Maliya / Gabashin Bahar Rum da Yammacin da Yankunan Siberia / Caspian, sabili da haka wasu lokuta ana ɗaukar waɗannan tsuntsayen a matsayin mazaunin Tsibirin Rasha ɗaya.
Iceasar Icelandic ta haɗu a cikin Iceland kuma mafi yawansu suna yin ƙaura daga 800-1400 a ƙetare Tekun Atlantika ta hunturu, galibi zuwa Birtaniyya da Ireland. Kimanin tsuntsaye 1,000-1,500 suka rage a Iceland a lokacin hunturu, kuma yawansu ya dogara da yanayin yanayi da kuma wadatar abinci.
Bidiyo: Whooper Swan
Yammacin Yammacin Yammacin Turai ya samo asali a cikin arewacin Scandinavia da arewa maso yamma na Rasha, tare da ƙarin nau'i-nau'i da ke kewaye kudu (musamman a cikin jihohin Baltic: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania da Poland). Swans suna ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa lokacin hunturu, galibi a cikin yankin Turai, amma wasu mutane sanannu sun isa kudu maso gabashin Ingila.
Seaungiyar Bahar Maliya / Gabas ta Tsakiya ta haɗu a Yammacin Siberia kuma wataƙila yamma da Urals, ƙila za a sami wasu matakan alaƙa da ƙetare Yammaci da Tsakiyar Siberia / Caspian. Yawan jama'ar Yammaci da Tsakiyar Siberia / Caspian. An ɗauka cewa ta haɗu a cikin Siberiya ta Tsakiya kuma ta lokacin sanyi tsakanin Tekun Caspian da Lake Balkhash.
Yawan mutanen Asiya ta Gabas suna da yawa yayin watannin bazara a duk arewacin China da gabashin Rasha taiga, kuma lokacin hunturu galibi a Japan, China, da Koriya. Ba a gama fahimtar hanyoyin ƙaura ba tukuna, amma ana ci gaba da shirye-shiryen kira da sa ido a gabashin Rasha, China, Mongolia da Japan.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Yaya swan siliki yake
Whooper swan babban swan ne wanda tsayinsa yakai mita 1.4 - 1.65. Namiji ya fi na mace girma, ya kai kimanin mita 1.65 kuma ya kai kimanin kilo 10.8, yayin da mace yawanta nauyinta ya kai kilogiram 8.1. Tsawon fikafikan su ya kai mita 2.1 - 2.8.
The Swano Swan yana da tsarkakakken farin farin, yadin yanar gizo da ƙafafun baƙar fata. Rabin baki mai launin ruwan lemo ne (a gindi), kuma tip ɗin baki ne. Waɗannan alamun a baki suna bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum. Alamun rawaya sun faɗo a cikin sifa daga tushe zuwa ko ma bayan hancin hancin. Whooper swans shima yana da dangi tsaye idan aka kwatanta shi da sauran swans, tare da dan lankwasa a gindin wuya da kuma doguwar wuya zuwa tsawon jiki. Legafafu da ƙafafu yawanci baƙi ne, amma na iya zama launin toka mai ruwan hoda ko tare da hoda mai ruwan hoda a ƙafafun.
Yaran tsuntsaye galibi suna da farin fari, amma tsuntsaye masu launin toka suma ba sabon abu bane. Fluffy swans launuka masu launin toka mai launin shuɗi, tare da ɗan rawanin duhu kaɗan, nape, kafadu da wutsiya. Fitilar da ba ta girma ba launin toka-launin toka-ruwan kasa a farkon samartaka, ta fi duhu akan gangaren. Kowane mutum ya zama fari a hankali, a yanayi daban-daban, a lokacin hunturu na farko, kuma yana iya tsufa zuwa bazara.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awaWhooper swans suna da sautuka masu kyau, duka bazara da damuna, tare da kararrawa kwatankwacin na Buick's swans, amma tare da zurfin, mai daɗi, mai ban tsoro. Andarfi da kaɗa-kaɗa sun bambanta dangane da yanayin zamantakewar, daga murya mai ƙarfi, rubutu na yau da kullun yayin haɗuwa da tashin hankali da ihun nasara zuwa sautunan “tuntuɓar” tsakanin tsuntsaye da iyalai masu haɗe.
A lokacin sanyi, galibi ana amfani da kira don kafa mamaya a cikin garken garken a lokacin da suka isa shafin hunturu. Kiran kai-da-kai yana da mahimmanci wajen kiyaye haɗin kai tsakanin ma'aurata da dangi. Suna ƙara da ƙarfi kafin tashinsu, suna canzawa zuwa mafi sautin sautin bayan tashi. Yaran yara masu laushi suna yin amo mai nauyi lokacin da suke cikin matsala da laushi mai laushi a wasu lokuta.
Daga watan Yuli zuwa Agusta na kowace shekara, masu yin kwalliya sukan zubar da gashinsu a yankin kiwo. Haɗu da tsuntsaye suna da halin narkakkiyar iska. Ba kamar swin ɗin Buick ba, inda ake gano yara masu shekara ɗaya ta hanyar alamun fuka-fukai masu launin toka, ba za a iya rarrabe ganimar mafi yawan masu damfara a lokacin hunturu da na manya ba.
A ina ne swan whooper yake rayuwa?
Photo: Whooper yawo a cikin jirgin
Whooper swans yana da fadi da yawa kuma ana samun sa a cikin yankin boreal a cikin Eurasia da kuma kan tsibirai da yawa da ke kusa. Suna yin ƙaura ɗarurruwan mil ko dubbai zuwa filayen lokacin hunturu. Wadannan swans galibi suna yin ƙaura zuwa yankunan hunturu kusan Oktoba kuma suna komawa wuraren kiwo a watan Afrilu.
Whooper swans ya samo asali a Iceland, Arewacin Turai da Asiya. Suna yin ƙaura daga kudu don hunturu zuwa yamma da tsakiyar Turai - kewaye da Tekun Baƙi, Aral da Caspian, da kuma yankunan bakin teku na China da Japan. A Burtaniya, sun yi kiwo a arewacin Scotland, musamman a Orkney. Suna hunturu a arewaci da gabashin Ingila, da kuma Ireland.
Tsuntsaye daga hunturu na Siberia a cikin ƙananan lambobi a Tsibirin Aleutian, Alaska. Masu ƙaura lokaci-lokaci suna yin ƙaura zuwa wasu wurare a yammacin Alaska, kuma suna da wuya sosai a lokacin hunturu gaba kudu kudu da tekun Pacific zuwa California. Ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da ƙananan, waɗanda ba kasafai ake ganinsu a arewa maso gabas ba, ana iya samun waɗanda suka tsere daga bauta da waɗanda suka bar Iceland.
Whooper swan abokai kuma ya gina gida a gefen ruwayen ruwa mai kyau, tabkuna, koguna marasa zurfi da fadama. Sun fi son matsuguni tare da tsire-tsire masu tsiro, wanda zai iya ba da ƙarin kariya ga gidajensu da kuma sabbin biranen.
Yanzu kun san inda aka samo swanon sihiri daga littafin Ja. Bari muga menene kyakkyawan tsuntsu yake ci?
Menene swan swan zina yake ci?
Photo: Whooper swan daga littafin Red
Whooper swans suna ciyarwa ne da farko akan tsirrai na ruwa, amma kuma suna cin hatsi, ciyawa, da kayan gona kamar su alkama, dankali, da karas - musamman a lokacin hunturu lokacin da ba sauran wadatar abinci.
Matasa da samari da yawa wadanda ba su balaga ba suna ciyar da kwari da kwandon ruwa, saboda suna da ƙarancin furotin fiye da na manya. Yayin da suka fara tsufa, abincinsu yana canzawa zuwa tsarin abinci na tsire-tsire wanda ya haɗa da ciyayi da tushen ruwa.
A cikin ruwa mara zurfin ruwa, masu yin amfani da ƙafafunsu masu ƙarfi don haƙa cikin laka da ke nutsewa, kuma kamar mallards, suna yin sama, suna dulluɓe kansu da wuya a ƙarƙashin ruwa don fallasa tushen, harbe, da tubers.
Whooper swans suna ciyar da bishiyoyi masu juyawa da ciyayi na cikin ruwa. Dogayen wuyansu suna basu kwarin gwiwa akan agwagwa masu gajerun wuya saboda zasu iya ciyarwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi fiye da geese ko agwagwa. Wadannan swans din suna iya ciyarwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfin zurfin mita 1.2 ta hanyar tumbuke tsirrai da kuma datse ganye da kuma bishiyoyin shuke-shuke da suke girma a karkashin ruwa. Swans kuma suna cin abinci ta hanyar tattara kayan shuka daga saman ruwa ko a gefen ruwa. A kan ƙasa, suna ciyar da hatsi da ciyawa. Farawa a tsakiyar 1900s, halayensu na hunturu ya canza ya haɗa da ƙarin ciyar da ƙasa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Whooper swan tsuntsu
Lokacin shakatawa na Swan lokaci ne don amfani da wadatattun kayan abinci. Gida sau da yawa yakan faru daga Afrilu zuwa Yuli. Sun yi gida-gida a yankunan da wadataccen abinci, ruwa mara gurɓatacce da gurɓataccen gurɓatacce. Yawanci sau biyu ne keɓaɓɓun gida biyu a ruwa ɗaya. Wadannan yankuna nest suna daga 24,000 km² zuwa 607,000 km² kuma galibi suna kusa da inda mace tayi ƙyanƙyashe.
Mace zata zabi gida kuma Namiji ya kiyaye ta. Ungiyoyin Swan sun fi yuwuwar komawa gida ɗaya idan sun sami nasarar haɓaka samari a can a baya. Ma'auratan za su iya gina sabon gida ko kuma gyara gidan da suka yi amfani da shi a shekarun da suka gabata.
Shafukan yanar gizo sau da yawa galibi suna cikin wurare kaɗan da aka kewaye da ruwa, misali:
- a saman tsofaffin gidajen beaver, dams ko mounds;
- akan tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire waɗanda ko dai suke shawagi ko kuma aka daidaita su a ƙasan ruwan;
- akan kananan tsibirai.
Ginin gida yana farawa a tsakiyar watan Afrilu kuma yana iya ɗaukar makonni biyu don kammalawa. Namiji yana tattara ciyawar ruwa, ciyawa da ciyawa kuma yana canjawa zuwa mace. Ta fara narkar da kayan shuka a saman sannan ta yi amfani da jikinta don samar da damuwa da yin kwai.
Gida ita ce babban kwano a buɗe. Cikin gida an rufe shi da fuka-fukai da kayan tsire-tsire masu laushi waɗanda aka samo a cikin kewayensa. Gida na iya zama mita 1 zuwa 3.5 a diamita kuma galibi ana zagaye da rami daga mita 6 zuwa 9. Galibi ana cika wannan dusar kankara da ruwa don sanya wuya dabbobi masu shayarwa su isa gida.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Whooper swan kajin
Whooper swans ya samo asali a cikin gulbin ruwa, kududdufai, tabkuna da kuma raƙuman raƙuman ruwa. Yawancin swans suna samun abokan aurensu kafin shekara 2 - galibi a lokacin hunturu. Kodayake wasu na iya yin gida na farko tun suna shekara biyu, yawancinsu ba sa farawa har sai sun kai shekaru 3 zuwa 7.
Bayan isowarsu filayen kiwo, ma'auratan sun shiga halaye na aure, wanda ya haɗa da girgiza kawunansu da gwatso da fikafikan juna.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Ma'aurata masu saurin motsa jiki galibi suna haɗuwa ne ga rayuwa, kuma suna kasancewa tare a cikin shekara, gami da ƙaura tare a cikin yawan ƙaura. Koyaya, an lura cewa wasu daga cikinsu suna canza abokai yayin rayuwarsu, musamman ma bayan dangantakar da ba ta yi nasara ba, wasu kuma da suka rasa abokan zama ba sa yin aure.
Idan namiji ya sadu da wata ƙaramar yarinya, yawanci tana zuwa wurinsa a yankinsa. Idan ya auri wata babbar mace, zai je wajenta. Idan mace ta rasa abokiyar zama, to tana saurin saduwa da sauri, ta zaɓi ƙaramin saurayi.
Ma'aurata masu alaƙa suna kasancewa tare shekara ɗaya; Koyaya, banda lokacin kiwo, suna da ma'amala sosai kuma galibi suna tarawa tare da sauran swans da yawa. Koyaya, a lokacin kiwo, ma'aurata zasu kare yankunansu da karfi.
Kwai galibi ana sanya shi ne daga ƙarshen Afrilu zuwa Yuni, wani lokacin ma kafin a gama gida. Mace na yin kwai daya kowace rana. Yawancin lokaci akwai ƙwayayen farin ƙwai guda 5-6 a cikin kama. Koyaya, a wasu lokuta an gano har zuwa 12. Idan wannan shine kamawar mace ta farko, akwai yiwuwar ƙwai ya ragu kuma da yawa daga waɗannan ƙwai na iya zama marasa haihuwa. Kwan kwan yana da faɗi kusan mm 73 kuma tsawon 113.5 mm kuma nauyinsa yakai 320 g.
Da zaran an gama kamawa, mace zata fara yin kwayayen, wanda yakan dauki kwanaki 31. A wannan lokacin, namijin yakan tsaya kusa da gidan sheƙarsa kuma ya kare mace daga masu farauta. A cikin mawuyacin yanayi, namiji na iya taimakawa cikin ƙwai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A lokacin shiryawa, mace kawai tana barin gida ne na ɗan gajeren lokaci don ciyar da ciyayi na kusa, wanka ko preen. Koyaya, kafin barin gidan, zata rufe qwai da kayan gida don boye su. Namiji kuma zai zauna kusa don kare gida.
Abokan gaba na ɓoye
Photo: Whooper swans
Duk wanda yayi saurin fuskantar barazanar mutane.
Irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da:
- farauta;
- lalata gida;
- farauta;
- asarar muhalli da lalacewa, gami da sake sake fadada yankunan bakin ruwa da bakin ruwa, musamman a Asiya.
Barazana ga mazaunin gidan sihiri ya hada da:
- fadada aikin noma;
- wuce gona da iri (misali tumaki);
- magudanar ruwa mai dausayi domin ban ruwa;
- sare ciyayi don ciyar da dabbobi don hunturu;
- bunkasa hanya da gurbatar mai daga binciken mai;
- aiki da sufuri;
- damuwa daga yawon shakatawa.
Har yanzu ana ci gaba da farautar haramtacciyar hanya, kuma karo-karo da layukan wutar lantarki sune musababbin sanadiyyar mutuwar masu saurin hunturu a arewa maso yammacin Turai. Gubar gubar da ke haɗuwa da shayarwar harbin gubar a cikin kamun kifi ya kasance matsala, tare da adadi mai yawa na samfuran da aka bincika wanda ya haɓaka matakan gubar jini. An san nau'ikan sun kamu da cutar murar tsuntsaye, wanda kuma yake cutar da tsuntsaye.
Kamar yadda irin wannan, barazanar da ake fuskanta a yanzu haka ta bambanta da wuri, tare da dalilan lalacewar muhalli da asara, gami da wuce gona da iri, haɓaka ababen more rayuwa, ci gaban gabar ruwa da kuma cikin ruwa don shirye-shiryen faɗaɗa gonaki, ci gaban wutar lantarki, damuwar yawon shakatawa. da malalar mai.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hoto: Yaya swan siliki yake
A cewar kididdiga, yawan mutanen da ke da ruwa a duniya tsuntsaye ne dubu 180, yayin da yawan mutanen Rasha ya kai kimanin 10,000-100,000 na ma'aurata masu aure da kuma kusan mutane 1,000,000,000 masu hunturu. Yawan mutanen Turai an kiyasta su a ma'aurata 25,300-32,800, wanda yayi daidai da mutanen da suka manyanta 50,600-65,500. Gabaɗaya, a halin yanzu ana rarraba swoi a cikin littafin Red a matsayin mafi ƙarancin haɗari. Yawan wannan nau'in yana da alamar daidaito a wannan lokacin, amma kewayon sa yana da wahalar tantancewa.
Whooper swan ya nuna mahimmancin ci gaban jama'a da faɗaɗa kewayo a Arewacin Turai a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. An ba da rahoton kiwo na farko a cikin 1999 kuma an ba da rahoton kiwo a 2003 a wuri na biyu. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, yawan wuraren kiwo ya karu da sauri kuma a yanzu an bayar da rahoton cewa nau'ikan suna kiwo a jimillar wurare 20. Koyaya, aƙalla shafuka bakwai aka watsar bayan shekara ɗaya ko fiye da kiwo, wanda hakan ya haifar da raguwar ɗan lokaci na ɗan lokaci bayan 'yan shekaru.
Expansionarin fadada yawan masu sihiri da yawa zai iya haifar da haɓaka gasa tare da sauran swans, amma akwai sauran wasu wurare masu yuwuwar kiwo ba tare da kasancewar swans ba. Whooper swans suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shafar tsarin al'umman tsirrai saboda yawan kwayar halittar da akayi asara lokacin da suke cin abincin da suke so a cikin kwayar macrophyte, fennel, wanda ke karfafa ci gaban kandami a matsakaiciyar zurfin.
Tsare Swan Tsaro
Photo: Whooper swan daga littafin Red
An gabatar da kariya ta doka daga masu farautar farauta daga farauta a cikin sassan ta ƙasashe masu isa (misali, a cikin 1885 a Iceland, a 1925 a Japan, a 1927 a Sweden, a 1954 a Burtaniya, a 1964 a Rasha).
Har zuwa yadda ake aiwatar da dokar ya kasance mai canzawa, musamman a cikin yankuna masu nisa.Hakanan ana kiyaye jinsin bisa ga yarjeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, kamar Umurnin Europeanungiyar Turai kan tsuntsaye (nau'ikan dake cikin Shafi na 1) da kuma Yarjejeniyar Berne (nau'in a cikin Shafi II). Hakanan an haɗa yawan mutanen Iceland, Bahar Maliya da Yammacin Asiya a cikin rukuni na A (2) a cikin Yarjejeniyar kan Adana Afirka da Eurasian Waterfowl (AEWA), wanda aka haɓaka ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar kan Dabbobin Gudun Hijira.
Aikin da akeyi yanzu don kare kogin waye kamar haka:
- yawancin manyan wuraren zama na wannan nau'in an gano su a matsayin yankuna masu sha'awar kimiyya na musamman da kuma wuraren kariya na musamman;
- Tsarin Gudanar da Karkara na Ma’aikatar Aikin Gona da Raya Karkara da Tsarin Muhalli mai Raunin Yanayi sun hada da matakai don karewa da inganta mazaunin wadanda suka waye;
- lura da manyan shafuka a kowace shekara bisa ga tsarin binciken Tsuntsayen Wetland;
- kidayar jama'a akai-akai.
Rariya - babban farin sikila, bakin baki wanda yake da halayyar babban rawaya mai kusurwa uku-uku. Dabbobi ne masu ban mamaki, suna yin aure sau ɗaya a rayuwarsu, kuma kajinsu suna tare da su duk lokacin hunturu. Whooper swans ya samo asali a Arewacin Turai da Asiya kuma yayi ƙaura zuwa Burtaniya, Ireland, Kudancin Turai da Asiya don hunturu.
Ranar bugawa: 08/07/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/28/2019 da 22:54
