Dayawa sunji wannan maganar tun suna yara: “Kowa sandpiper Ya yaba da fadamarsa ", amma shin da gaske sandpiper yana rayuwa a cikin fadamar, yadda kamanninta yake, abin da take ci, abin da al'adunsa da halayenta ba kowa ya sani ba. Bari muyi kokarin fahimtar dukkan mahimman halayen wannan halittar mai fuka fukai, bayan munyi cikakken bincike game da rayuwar rayuwar ta.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hoto: Kulik
Sandpipers suna cikin tsarin Charadriiformes, ana iya kiran shi mafi girma tsakanin sauran umarni, waɗanda suka haɗa da tsuntsaye na ruwa da na ruwa. Sun yadu a sassa daban-daban na duniyar tamu kuma a waje suna da banbanci sosai, suna da banbancin halaye da halaye.
Irin wannan rukunin ya hada da dangi da yawa a lokaci daya, daga cikinsu akwai:
- kayan aiki;
- waders-arba'in;
- maharbi
- snipe mai launi;
- shiloklyuvkovy;
- tirkushkovy;
- baka mai sikila;
- Jacanovs.
Yanzu masana kimiyyar halittar jiki sun fi karkata ga yin imani da cewa dukkan masu kade-kade sun kasu kashi biyu na tsuntsaye. Rukuni na farko ya haɗa da awl, plovers da oysterbirds, ana ɗaukar su dangin terns da gull. Rukuni na biyu sun hada da maharbi, yakan da snipe mai launi, waɗanda aka keɓance a matsayin reshe daban daban na masanan. Don cikakkiyar cikakkiyar fahimta game da waɗannan fukafukai, za mu taƙaita bayanin wasu nau'ikan ruwa na ruwa.
Abubuwan banƙiraren suna da matsakaiciyar girman, kawunansu ba ƙarami ba ne, kuma bakinsa gajere ne kuma madaidaici. Gaɓoɓin kuma gajere ne, amma fikafikan da wutsiya sun fi tsayi. Tsawon fikafikan ya kai cm 45, kuma nauyin tsuntsu ya bambanta daga gram 30 zuwa 70. Jilites mutane ne masu kafafu masu doguwar kafa tare da lanƙwasa baki baki sama. Wadannan tsuntsayen suna da girma da matsakaici. Matsakaicin nauyi kusan gram ɗari biyu.
Bidiyo: Kulik
Curlews suna da girma ƙwarai, nauyin waɗannan tsuntsayen da suka balaga daga 500 zuwa gram 1200. Suna da dogon lankwasa baki. Farin yadi daya ya bayyana karara akan wutsiyar wutsiyar su. Masu fika-fikai suna rayuwa a cikin dausayi da kuma cikin kogunan ruwa da suka cika ciyayi. Turukhtan shine mamallaki mai haske da almubazzaranci, a launukansa akwai zinariya, baƙi, shuɗi, launuka masu launin shuɗi waɗanda suke da haske da ƙarfe. Yana da wahala a sami samari masu kamanceceniya da juna, kowa ya bambanta.
Ananan sandunan suna da girma, nauyinsu zai iya kai gram 270. An rarrabe tsuntsayen da madaidaicin baki da kuma kara kafafuwa. Mafi yawan sautin plumage ja ne. Mafi yawanci ana samunsu a cikin ciyawar bakin teku, inda suke zama a cikin yankuna kaɗan. Snipes suna da matsakaiciyar girma, tsayin jikinsu daga 25 zuwa 27 cm, kuma nauyinsu daga 80 zuwa 170 gram. Sandpipers suna kama da gwara, suna da kyau kuma suna da kyau. Sun ɗauki abin sha'awa ga ƙananan tsuntsayen tundra, inda suke neman abinci a cikin ƙasa mai cike da ƙura. Tsuntsayen sun fi yin aiki da hantsi. An rarrabe launuka masu launin fata da gajeren baki da dogayen ƙafafu, waɗannan tsuntsayen matsakaici ne a cikin girman.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yadda sandpiper yake
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, girman waders ya banbanta, tsayin jikinsu na iya bambanta daga 14 zuwa 62 cm, kuma suna iya auna daga giram 30 zuwa 1200. Gaskiyar cewa mafiya yawa daga tsuntsayen tsuntsaye masu ruwa-ruwa shima yana shafar halayen su na waje. Sandpipers masu siriri ne, suna da fikafikai masu tsawo, an nuna zuwa karshen. Wasu tsuntsayen - ma'abota gajerun kafafuwa, wadannan sun hada da abun yanka, snipe da lapwings. Wasu kuma tsuntsaye ne masu dogon kafa (curlews and felds), kuma dogayen gabobin suna da tsayi. Equippedafafu sanye suke da yatsu uku ko huɗu, na huɗu wanda ba shi da ci gaba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Tsawon gabobin kafafu na stilt na iya zama kwatankwacin girman jiki. Limwanƙwanta sun kai 20 cm tsawo, kuma mafi girman girman jiki na iya zama 40 cm, kodayake yawancin samfuran sun fi yawa.
Wasu membobin ƙungiyar wader suna da membran da ke bayyane tsakanin yatsun ƙafafun; wannan ya haɗa da snipe mai launi da takalmin yashi mai yatsan yanar gizo. A cikin tsuntsayen ruwa, sikanin fata na fata suna fitowa daga gefen yatsun. Tashin wadannan tsuntsayen ba a rufe shi da leda ba.
Theashin hannu na waders na iya zama na launuka masu zuwa:
- launin toka;
- rawaya;
- baƙi;
- koren launi;
- ja.
Bakunan bakake daban-daban kuma sun banbanta, duk ya dogara da abincin da tsuntsayen suke samu. Tsuntsaye suna da bakin bakin ciki da elongated, madaidaiciya kuma mai lanƙwasa, duka ƙasa da sama. Akwai samfuran da bakunansu ba su da tsawo, a zahiri kama da na tattabarai. Hakanan akwai bakake a cikin wannan nau'in tsuntsayen, wadanda suke fadada zuwa karshen (spatula, tirkusha, plover). Saboda yawan masu karɓa, bakunan suna da matukar damuwa, amma kuma suna da ƙarfi sosai, sabili da haka, suna iya fasa maƙogwaron maƙogwaron ɓawon burodi, motsa duwatsu da ke tsangwama ga cire abinci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wader mai hancin-hancin yana da ɗan baki na asali, wanda aka lanƙwasa a gefe.
A cikin labulen mafi yawan masu tsalle-tsalle, da kyar za ku ga launuka masu haske da ruwan ɗumi, sautunan sanyi sun yi nasara: launin toka, fari, ja. A launi, maza da mata suna kama da juna.
Amma kuma akwai samfuran ɓarna tare da ruwan lemo mai banbanci, daga cikinsu akwai:
- turukhtanov;
- wasu lapwings;
- waders-arba'in;
- awlbuck;
- ɗamara.
Sandpipers suna da saurin narkewa sau biyu a shekara. Tsarin rani na cikakken narkar da shi yana da tsayi, yana dawwama har zuwa hunturu. A ƙarshen lokacin hunturu, akwai zubi wanda bai cika ba (kafin aure). A cikin wasu nau'ikan ruwa, akwai bambanci mai mahimmanci tsakanin launuka na damuna da na lokacin bazara.
A ina sandpiper yake zaune?
Hotuna: Bird Sandpiper
Sandpipers sun zauna a duk duniya, suna tsallake Arctic kawai, amma ana iya samun su a tsibirin dake cikin Tekun Arctic, a cikin yankunan hamada na Asiya ta Tsakiya, a tsaunukan Pamir. Da farko dai, masu shiga cikin ruwa suna yin ni'ima zuwa yankunan bakin ruwa na tabkuna da rafuka, suna zama a cikin yankuna na fadama. Akwai tsuntsayen tsuntsaye zalla na waɗannan tsuntsayen, daga cikinsu zamu iya ambaton katako da baƙi. Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsayen da tushen ruwa a wurin zama ba shi da mahimmanci, suna jin dadi a cikin hamada. Irin wadannan tsuntsayen na kwana a Indiya, a nahiyoyin Australiya da na Afirka, a Kudancin Asiya.
Don tsara gidajensu na sheƙatawa, masu yawo za su iya zaɓar wani yanki daban tare da shimfidar shimfidar ƙasa gaba ɗaya, yana iya zama tundra mara iyaka, sararin buɗe ido na steppes, filayen hatsi, bankunan bankunan ruwa daban-daban da bankunan yashi.
Game da ƙasarmu, ana iya samun wadatattun ruwa a kusan dukkanin yankuna da yankuna. Sandpipers sun zauna daga gefen kudu zuwa yankunan arewa masu iyaka da Arctic. A cikin yankuna na Gabas ta Tsakiya, zaku iya ganin ƙaramar plovers, lapwings, woodcocks. Yan damfara, masu tsaron gida ne suka zabi Yankin Primorsky. Ussuriysk yan plovers suna zaune kusa da kogunan dutse. Yankunan bakin teku suna shahararrun masarufin Jafananci da makirci. A cikin tekun Amur, raunin rai, raunin maƙalar gama gari, fifi, manyan tarkacen yashi mai yatsu. Ba za ku yi mamakin mahalli iri-iri na tsuntsaye ba, saboda a cikin yankin waders akwai nau'ikan adadi mai yawa.
Yanzu kun san inda aka sami sandpiper. Bari muga me zata ci.
Menene sandpiper ya ci?
Hotuna: Black Sandpiper
Abincin yan ruwa ya banbanta, kamar yadda yake da nau'ikan jinsinsu. Kar ka manta cewa, galibi, suna rayuwa kusa da jikin ruwa, saboda haka abincin su yana da alaƙa da dabbobin da ke zaune a wurin.
Sandpipers suna jin daɗin ciye-ciye:
- kifin kifi;
- daban-daban crustaceans;
- tsutsotsi;
- kowane irin kwari;
- tsutsa;
- karamin kifi.
Sandpiper na iya samun abincinsa duka daga farfajiyar ƙasa da kuma daga ciki, saboda wannan yawancin jinsunan suna da dogon baka wanda zai iya jimre wa bawo da bawo. Yawancin nau'ikan wadatar ruwa suna jin daɗin cin kwadi, kadangaru, har ma da ɓeraye cikin farin ciki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Fari ne abincin da aka fi so akan menu na yawancin waders, yana sha daidai lokacin tashi da kuma adadi mai yawa.
Daga cikin masu yawo, zaku iya haɗuwa da masu cin ganyayyaki, irin waɗannan nau'ikan biyar ne kawai. Tsuntsaye masu fuka-fukai suna ciyar da hatsi, tsaba iri-iri na ganye, 'ya'yan itace, suna da matukar farin ciki tare da shuɗi, waɗanda suke kauna. Masu narkar da ruwa a cikin ruwa suna da kwarewar kamun kifi, kuma suna nutsewa sosai don kamun kifi mai dadi, wanda suka fi so duk sauran nau'ikan abinci. Akwai jita-jita daban-daban a cikin menu na mai shigowa, amma a lokacin yunwa da wahala, hatta wader mai farauta zai yi farin ciki ƙwarai da hatsin da ya samo.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Kulik a cikin jirgin
Waders tsuntsaye ne masu tsari na zamantakewar al'umma wadanda ke samar da dukkanin yankuna. Kafin su tashi zuwa yankuna masu dumi, suna taruwa cikin garken tumaki, wanda zai iya zama tsuntsaye da yawa. Daga cikin su akwai tsuntsaye masu zaman kansu da makiyaya, amma yawancin yakamata a danganta su da na ƙaura. Duk ya dogara da yankin da wannan ko wancan nau'in ke rayuwa. Sandpipers suna yin ƙaura zuwa nesa mai ban sha'awa, suna hawa sama da tsayi fiye da kilomita 6. Tsuntsayen Siberia suna rugawa zuwa lokacin sanyi a yankin Australiya da New Zealand. Daga Alaska, masu jirgin ruwa sun tashi zuwa Ajantina. Sandpipers sun yi nasara a wuraren buɗe ido na Afirka, a cikin Asiya da Indiya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masu yawo a yayin tashin suna iya shawo kan kimanin kilomita dubu 11 ba tare da tsayawa ba, ba sa jin tsoron kowane hamada, ko tsaunukan tsaunuka, ba manyan wuraren bude ruwa ba.
Akwai wadatattun ruwa masu aiki a rana, kuma akwai tsuntsayen da suka fi son rayuwar maraice. Kusan dukkan masu shiga jirgin ruwa suna da kyau masu gudu, masu juyi da masu iyo. Wasu nau'ikan suna da baiwa ta ruwa. Sandpipers suna da kyaun gani da ji sosai. Masoyan tsuntsaye suna ba da tabbacin cewa masu nitsar da jiki suna da cikakkiyar lafiya, suna saurin daidaitawa da wani sabon yanayi, cikin sauƙi suna iya yin ma'amala da mutane kuma suna karɓar abincin gida.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin muhallin ɗan adam, masu yawon buda ido sun sami girmamawa saboda gaskiyar cewa suna cin fara da ke cutar da amfanin gona mai girma, kuma suna son cin abinci tare da sauro mai raɗa jini.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Kulik a cikin ruwa
Sandpipers sun balaga da kusanci da shekaru biyu. Lokacin bikin aure galibi yakan faɗi ne a cikin Afrilu. Wasu tsuntsayen sun fi son wanzuwar garken dabbobi, wasu kuma suna rayuwa daban-daban. Ana iya jin magana, na haɗin gwiwa da na marasa aure. Hanyoyin motsa jiki don burge kishiyar jinsi sun banbanta daga jinsuna zuwa jinsi.
Ga masu neman ruwa, saurin jirgi tare da kayan aiki halaye ne, sa'annan su matsa zuwa biye mata, suna buɗe jelarsu kamar fan. Lapwings na jan hankalin mata lokacin da suka hau sama sosai, sa'annan suka nutse ƙasa, suna jujjuyawa a cikin tafiya ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Pananan yan kaɗe-kaɗe suna yin da'irori masu faɗi a cikin jirgin, kuma, suna saukowa ƙasa, suna rugawa don bin matan mata masu fuka-fuka. Hanyoyi masu nisa na Gabas suna jan hankali ta hanyar hawa sama zuwa tsayin mita arba'in, inda suke tashi cikin zagaye-zagaye, suna rera waƙoƙi da karin waƙoƙi.
Masu wanki suna da nau'ikan alaƙar aure:
- auren mata fiye da daya - namiji yana da dangantaka da mata da yawa lokaci guda kuma bayan saduwa ba ya shiga cikin rayuwarsu ta gaba;
- Yin auren mata daya ana daukar shi mafi yawan alaƙar da ke tsakanin masu ruwa, lokacin da aka sami ma'aurata masu ƙarfi, kuma iyayen duka suna kula da zuriyar;
- nesting sau biyu ya banbanta da cewa mace tana yin ƙwanƙolin haɗi a lokaci ɗaya a cikin gida biyu, a ɗayan ɗayan kuma abokin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance cikin shiryawa. Kowane ɗayan iyayen yana kula da tsintsiya daga gidansu;
- polyandry tana da halin cewa mace tana da abokan zama da yawa lokaci guda, tana yin ƙwai a wurare daban-daban na gida, inda maza ke nuna musu;
- sandpipers suna zabar depressions na kasa, wadanda basu jeru da komai ba, a matsayin wurin da suke gida. Ga wasu, abu ne na musamman don mamaye baƙi, wofi, bishiyoyin bishiyoyi. Yawancin lokaci a cikin kama akwai ƙwai huɗu masu kamannin pear tare da sautin koren tare da ɗakuna. Kaji an haife su da ruɓaɓɓen fata, nan da nan suna gani daidai kuma suna iya samo wa kansu abinci, amma har yanzu iyaye suna kulawa, suna ɗumama jariran, suna kare su daga masu baƙar fata, suna bincika wurare masu wadataccen abinci tare da su. A cikin waders-arba'in, iyaye suna ciyar da kajinsu, suna kawo musu abinci kai tsaye zuwa gidan nest. Ya kamata a lura cewa a cikin yanayin yanayi waders na iya rayuwa na kimanin shekaru 20.
Abokan gaba na sandpiper
Hoto: Tsuntsaye masu yashin sanding
Masu sandar sandp suna da isassun makiya a cikin mawuyacin yanayi. Babban barazanar tana faruwa ne ta hanun dabbobin fuka-fukai daban-daban, alal misali, falcons. Masu raɗaɗɗu sun fara firgita lokacin da suka hango fallon da ke gabatowa. Suna yawan kokarin buya a cikin ruwa ta hanyar zurfafawa. Wannan dabarar na iya yin tasiri sosai. Inda ba shi da zurfin zurfin gaske, a zahiri ba za su iya ɓoyewa daga falwar ba, tsuntsayen suna ci gaba da guduwa, suna ihu, amma mai martaba mai daraja, galibi, yana cin nasara.
Abokan gaba na masu yawo sun hada da martens, wolverines, polar fox, hankaka, da ungulu. Mafi yawancin lokuta, sukan kai hari ga dabbobin da basu da kwarewa da ƙananan kajin. Tsuntsaye kamar su skuas suna son ƙwai wader, waɗanda sukan sata daga gidajen su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Waders suna da ƙarfin zuciya kuma koyaushe suna kare kajin su. Yayin da suke kiwo da tumakin, an lura cewa masu sa kai sun afka musu lokacin da suka zo kusa da wurin da abin ya faru. Hare-haren tsuntsayen suna da kishi da kuzari sosai har tumakin suka firgita suka gudu daga fushin tsuntsayen.
Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar abokan gaban tsuntsaye mutane ne da suka mamaye yankunan da tsuntsaye suka mamaye suka fatattake su daga sanannun sanannun wuraren zama. Sandpipers suna da nama mai ɗanɗano, kwatankwacin kaza, saboda haka ana farautar wasu nau'in (misali, itacecock). Mutum yakan haifar da lalacewa ga yawancin wakilan fauna, gami da wadatattu, lokacin da ya ƙazantar da mahalli kuma ya gudanar da ayyukan sa na tattalin arziki mai wahala.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Yadda sandpiper yake
Akwai bayanai daban-daban dangane da yawan nau'ikan halittun charadriiformes. A cewar wasu tushe, akwai nau'ikan 181, a cewar wasu - nau'ikan 214. Saboda irin wannan adadi mai yawa na bambancin jinsi, masu narkar da sandp sun bazu ko'ina cikin duniya, suna zaune a ƙauyuka da yawa. A cikin kasarmu kadai, masana kimiyya sun kirga nau'ikan ruwa guda 94.
Duk da cewa akwai nau'ikan da yawa, yawanci kusan dukkanin jinsuna suna raguwa a hankali, kuma wasu maɓallan galibi suna cikin haɗari. Komai tsananin dacin fahimtar wannan, mutane sune babban dalilin wannan yanayin tare da raguwar yawan tsuntsaye a koda yaushe. Mutum yana gudanar da aikinsa na gajiyar tattalin arziki, wanda ke lalata tsarin halittu na rayuwa inda tsuntsaye ke rayuwa koyaushe
Yankunan tekun bakin teku na Asiya suna da haɗari ga tsuntsayen ƙaura. Anan mutane suna zubar da yankuna masu yawa don bukatunsu, inda tsuntsaye suka saba zama, wannan yana kai su ga mutuwa, saboda ya sa ba zai yiwu a sake hayayyafa ba. Kawar dazuzzukan, gurbatar ruwa daban-daban da kuma mahalli baki daya yana cutar da yawan tsuntsayen, ba tare da gajiyawa ba yana rage yawansu. Duk wannan yana nuna cewa masu walda suna buƙatar matakan kariya na musamman, wanda mutum yayi ƙoƙarin ɗauka.
Kariyar Sandpiper
Hoto: Kulik daga littafin Ja
Kamar yadda muka riga muka gani, yawan masu yin ruwa a hankali yana raguwa a hankali, kuma wasu nau'ikan suna cikin hatsarin bacewa baki daya.Birdananan tsuntsun da ke jujjuya kwanon ruɓaɓɓen ɗan siriri da ɗan ƙarami mai ɗanɗano na iya ɓacewa gaba ɗaya daga fuskar duniyar tamu, wanda ba zai iya ta da hankali ba, saboda haka yawancin jiga-jigan ruwa suna cikin jerin Littattafan Bayanai na Ja. Masana kimiyya sun lura cewa a cikin recentan shekarun nan, yawan sandpipp sanders da masu tsalle steppe sun ragu ƙwarai.
A cikin jerin jeri na Unionungiyar forasashen Duniya don Kula da Yanayi, akwai nau'ikan crustaceans guda bakwai, waɗanda suka haɗa da:
- shebur;
- launin ruwan toka;
- Okhotsk katantanwa;
- Makircin Ussuri;
- Asiatic snipe gusset;
- Snipe na Japan;
- Hanyoyin Gabas na Gabas.
Game da kasarmu, tuni akwai jinsuna goma sha daya a cikin littafin Red Book. Ga waɗanda aka lissafa a sama, an haɗa stilts, oysterbirds, shiloklyuv, da yellow-tootheds. Littafin Ja na Primorsky Krai ya qunshi nau'uka goma sha huɗu, watau wasu ukun suna cikin jinsuna goma sha daya na Tarayyar Rasha a cikin Littafin Bayanai na Red: mai warbler, jaririn curlew, da dutsen maharbi.
An riga an ambata cewa ayyukan ɗan adam na son kai, wanda ke jagorantar mutane kawai ba tare da damuwa da wakilan masarautar dabbobi ba, ya haifar da duk waɗannan mummunan sakamakon game da yawan tsuntsayen. Masana kimiyyar halittu sun yi amannar cewa masu neman ruwa suna bukatar kiwonsu a cikin yanayin wucin gadi, sannan sai a sake su. Amma masana da yawa a wannan fannin suna ɗaukar wannan a matsayin mai matukar wahala da rashin tasiri.
Sandpiper Tsuntsu ne mai ban mamaki. Ba abin mamaki ba ne akwai magana game da su, da aka ambata a farkon farawa, waɗannan tsuntsayen da ba a saba gani ba, hakika, galibi suna ɗaukar fanko zuwa marshlands. Babban bambancin jinsin ba zai baka damar gundura ba yayin karatun wadatattu, kuma salon rayuwarsu da al'adunsu suna ban mamaki kuma suna haifar da sha'awa ta gaske.
Ranar bugawa: 08/05/2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 28.09.2019 a 21:42
