Gadfly

Gadfly - babban tashin hankali, wanda zaku iya jin labarai masu ban al'ajabi da yawa, musamman game da mummunan cizonsu da tsutsa, waɗanda ba a saka su a jikin wanda aka azabtar. Akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa game da halaye, salon rayuwar waɗannan kwari, kuma babban shine cewa waɗannan manyan ƙudajen suna shan jini. A zahiri, manya ba sa shan jini - ba sa ciyarwa kwata-kwata a duk tsawon rayuwarsu, amma duk da haka za su iya yin lahani da yawa.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Gadfly

Gadflies na dangin dipterans ne, cututtukan cututtukan parasitic, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da mahalli tare da ƙauyukan mutane, ma'ana, su ne ƙudajen synanthropic. Dukansu suna kwan ƙwai cikin nama mai rai. A halin yanzu, akwai kusan nau'ikan kwari daban-daban guda 170, kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna iya cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam har ma da yin sanadin mutuwarsa. An samo dadaddun burbushin wadannan kudaje a Amurka a cikin kankara sama da shekaru miliyan 50, tun a zamanin Eocene.

Bidiyo: Gadfly

Mafi yawan nau'ikan kwari:

• Yankewar Amurka;
• equine ko na ciki;
• bovine subcutaneous gadfly;
• rami ko nasopharyngeal ovine gadfly.

Dukkaninsu sun banbanta a wurin cutar parasit, hanyar shigar da kwan su a jikin mai shayarwa, da kuma irin buda baki. Kowane jinsi ya fi son amfani da takamaiman dabba don ciyar da offspringa offspringanta. Mafi haɗari ga mutane shine rami da yanayin ciki.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Don kamuwa da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta, wani lokacin mutum yana buƙatar cin abinci ne kawai, wanda saman ƙwai ne na ƙwanƙolin kwari ya faɗi. A cikin jikin, larvae sun fara bunkasa sosai, suna ciyar da abincinsu, kuma an cire wa mutum kuzari mai mahimmanci. Hijirar tsutsa daga larva ta hanyar haifar da tsari na cuta wanda zai iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya, akwai lokuta da yawa na mutuwar mutum.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Hotuna: Yaya abin farauta yake

Duk da yawan jinsunan kwari, duk suna da sifofi iri daya a tsarin jikinsu da kamanninta:

• tsayin jikinsu ya fara daga 1.5 zuwa 3 cm, ya danganta da nau'in;
• na’urar baka ba ta nan ko kuma ta ragu, kuma idan aka zurfafa bincike, ana iya ganin hammata kamar coci a kai;
• wani akwati mai yawan villi;
• manyan idanu masu launuka iri-iri;
• jiki zagaye ne, yalwatacce;
• gadfly yana da ƙafa 6, ƙafafun gaba sun ɗan gajarta da na baya;
• fuka-fuki tare da babban raga mai haske ne, sun fi jiki tsayi tsayi.

Ya danganta da nau'ikan da mazaunin, kalar ƙudajen parasitic na iya zama daban. Ga yankunan latti na kudu, kasancewar ratsi mai launin ruwan lemu mai launin toka a jikin shaggy musamman halayya ce. A arewa, waɗannan kwari suna da natsuwa, maimakon launi mara wayewa: launin toka mai duhu, launin ruwan kasa, launuka daban-daban na shuɗi. Mafi yawan lokuta kwalliyar kwalliya tana rikicewa da dokin doki, amma idan kayi karatun ta natsu game da bayyanar wadannan kwari, to bambance-bambancen dake tsakanin wadannan kwari suna da matukar mahimmanci, haka kuma, na karshen suna shan jini.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Gadflies na iya tashi a gudun da ya kai kilomita 120 a awa guda, wanda yayi daidai da saurin mazari.

Tsutsa na gadfly vermiform ce, ta kai tsawon 2-3 cm Jikin ba fari-fari, an kasu kashi daban-daban. Yana motsawa tare da taimakon haɓakar ƙugiya ta musamman.

A ina ne gadfly ke rayuwa?

Photo: Kwarin gadfly

Wadannan kwari kwari masu yaduwa sun yadu a duk duniya; suna rayuwa a kusan dukkanin nahiyoyi banda yankuna inda ake tsananin sanyi kuma ana samun ragi koyaushe. Suna da zafi sosai kuma suna hayayyafa cikin sauri a ƙasan kudu - a nan ana iya samun su da yawa. A cikin Rasha, ana samun wasu nau'in har ma a arewacin ƙasar, Urals, Siberia. Samfurori waɗanda suke da haɗari musamman ga rayuwa da lafiyar ɗan adam suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin zafi mai zafi, ba a samun su a ƙasarmu.

Tunda suna buƙatar ɗimbin yawa na dabbobi masu shayarwa don haifuwa, suna zama kusa da gonakin dabbobi da wuraren kiwo. Ana iya lura da yawan kwalliyar manya a kusa da koguna, fadama, tabkuna. Suna son dumi, rana da danshi. Sau da yawa, kwari suna yawo a cikin dazuzzuka, filaye da makiyaya, amma suna komawa wurin da suka saba zama kuma suna can duk rayuwarsu.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Cutar da tumaki, shanu, kwari na haifar da babbar illa ga dabbobi. Idan a fagen hango na baligi babu wadatattun abubuwa a jiki wadanda za a iya ajiye kwayaye a ciki, to duk wani babban yanki na tsutsa ya koma ga dabba daya, wacce daga baya mafi yawanci ta mutu a azaba. Amma koda wasu ƙananan parasites na cavitary ko subcutaneous na iya haifar da mummunan rikici a cikin aikin gabobin dabbobi.

Menene gadfly ci?

Hoto: gadfly tashi

Manya ba su taɓa ciyarwa ba, ba su ma da kayan haɓɓaka aiki na baki, kuma ƙyamar ƙwari suna kasancewa ne kawai saboda ajiyar da aka riga aka tara, wanda, a matsayin ɗan tsutsa, "ya ci" a cikin ƙwayoyin dabbobi masu shayarwa. A lokacin gajeriyar rayuwar ta sa, babban bala'i ya rasa kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin uku na nauyinsa kuma ya mutu saboda tsananin gajiya. Don adana kuzari da tsawan lokacin wanzuwarsu, a yanayin iska mai sanyi da sanyi, mata suna ƙoƙari su motsa kaɗan-kaɗan, suna zama a keɓaɓɓun wurare tsakanin ciyawa, a cikin bawon bishiyoyi.

Larvae suna girma a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa ta amfani da abubuwan gina jiki a cikin ƙyallen jikinsu. Zasu iya yin ƙaura ta hanyar mai masaukin su, suna zaɓar mafi kyawun yanayi mai gina jiki don kansu. Wasu nau'ikan ana samun su galibi a cikin hanji kuma idan sun balaga, sai su fita da najasar dabba, wasu kuma basa zurfafawa sosai, kasancewar suna kusa da fata.

Wasu lokuta larva suna kaiwa ga kwakwalwar mai gidan su, suna kwantar da hankalin su har a cikin kwayar ido, suna haifar da makanta gaba daya. A gaban kwayoyin parasites, kwayar da abin ya shafa cikin sauri ta rasa abinci mai gina jiki, nauyi ya ragu, fistulas na musamman sun bayyana a saman fata, kuma ayyukan gabobi sun rikice.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Gwajin ciki kwari ne masu rayarwa, suna haifar da tsutsarsu kuma a zahiri suna fesawa cikin ƙasan hancin, idanun mai nan gaba.

Yanzu kun san abin da ke faruwa yayin haɗuwa da iska. Bari muji yadda kwari ke rayuwa a cikin daji.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Photo: Gadfly a cikin yanayi

Samuwar abin da ake kira "maza kurege" halayyar kwari ne, lokacin da adadi mai yawa na maza suka taru a busassun filayen. Mata a lokacin saduwa da kansu suna tashi zuwa gare su, sannan kuma nan da nan su tafi dabbar da ta dace don kwan ƙwai. Dogaro da irin cutar, matan na yin wani abu na daban yayin kai hari: wasu suna kan hanyarsu zuwa ga wanda aka azabtar da ɗan gajeren jirgi kuma suna rarrafe ba tare da an lura da su ba, yayin da wasu, akasin haka, suna kewaya garken garken, suna yin babbar murya.

An rarrabe Gadflies ta hanyar kutsawarsu, basa barin dabba ita kadai na dogon lokaci har sai sun cimma burinsu. Shanu suna jin gabatowar waɗannan ƙudaje kuma galibi suna ɓacewa zuwa manyan rukuni, suna daina amfani da ruwa da abinci. Suna nuna haushi sosai kuma, a gaban babban tafki a kusa, sukan sanya shi har hancinsu, amma koda a wannan yanayin, kwari suna da dabaru masu kyau.

Farkon tashiwar kwari, tsawon lokacinsa kai tsaye ya dogara da yanayin yanki na ci gaban su. Ya fi tsayi sosai a tsaunuka, yankuna masu tsaunuka, yankin tsakiya da kuma gajarta a yankunan kudanci, a kan iyakar arewacin mazauninsu. Dogaro da yanayin zafin jiki, iska da kasancewar hazo, ana iya sauya lokacin tashin ta makonni 2-3.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Photo: Kwarin gadfly

Gagfly yana wucewa cike da canzawa: kwai, tsutsa, jariri, imago - baligi. Tsammani na rayuwa bai wuce shekara guda ba, duk da cewa imago ya wanzu daga mako zuwa wata ɗaya, tunda ba ya samun abinci daga waje kwata-kwata. Bayan sun hadu da kwayayen, macen na neman sanya su akan fatar dabbobi masu shayarwa da wuri-wuri.

Wasu nau'ikan kwari suna amfani da sauro don gabatar da kwayayensu a jikin dabba: saboda wannan sai su sanya kwai a kafafun wadannan dabbobi masu shan jini, kuma idan sauro ya sadu da saman jikin wanda aka azabtar, sai tsutsa ta shigo, ta ratsa ta wurin hujin. Gadwaron kwari na iya sanya ƙwai a kan tsire-tsire, abinci, wanda dabbobin gida ke ci.

Tsuntsayen suna ci gaba da ci gaba a cikin hanjinsu, sannan kuma suna fita tare da dusar da su a cikin fasalin. Haka kuma kudaje na iya hada kwayayensu a yankin hancin hancinsu, leben dabbobi, ta yadda idan suka lasa dabbobi za su hadiye su. Mace a wani lokaci tana bayyana kusan ƙwayaye 700, waɗanda take buƙatar haɗawa da sauri zuwa wuri mai aminci, dumi. Mafi yawan lokuta, gadfly yana manne da gashin dabbar, inda tsutsar ciki ke shiga cikin ƙwai a ƙarƙashin tasirin zafin rana - kashi biyar cikin ɗari ne na kamawar ke tsira.

Sannan larvae din sun ratsa epidermis suka kutsa cikin kyallen takarda:

• a matakin farko, tsayin jikin tsutsa yana da mm 1.5-2.5, amma yana rayarwa sosai akan jinin mai gida kuma yana ƙaruwa sau da yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci;
• a mataki na biyu na ci gabanta, tsutsa mai girma da ƙarfi tana fuskantar kusa da saman fatar kuma tana sakin ƙwaya biyu don samun iskar oxygen. Manyan yoyon fitsari suna samuwa a jikin dabbobi a wannan lokacin;
• murfin kariya na kyallen takarda mai hadewa yana fara samuwa a cikin cutar yoyon fitsari, anan tsutsa ta balaga zuwa matakin dalibi sannan ta fita;
• canzawar jan launi zuwa cikin imago yana ɗaukar daga kwana 20 zuwa 40.

Akwai hanyoyi da yawa ga wadannan kwayoyin cutar don shiga jikin dabbobi masu shayarwa. Tsarin fitowar manya daga pupae kanta yana ɗaukar onlyan daƙiƙoƙi kaɗan, kuma kusan nan da nan ƙurar da aka haifa a cikin duniya na iya tashi da kuma yin aure.

Abokan gaba na kwari

Hoto: gadfly tashi

Abokan gaba na ɗabi'a a cikin yanayin kwalliya ba su da yawa saboda dalilin cewa baligi yana rayuwa kaɗan kuma ya fi so ya ɓuya a cikin keɓaɓɓun wurare. Idan mata sun tashi, to maza wani lokacin basa tashi daga saman ciyawar kwata-kwata. Asali, tsuntsaye ne kawai ke iya farautar kwari, yayin da manya da kwarkwatarsu, wasu lokuta mata da 'yan mata masu yin addu'a tare da su. Sau da yawa ana amfani da waɗannan kwari azaman makamin ƙirar halittar yaƙi da ƙwari.

Saboda mummunar lalacewar da waɗannan kwari suke yiwa dabbobi, ana ta gwagwarmaya akai-akai game da ƙudajen. Ana amfani da abubuwan hada sinadarai daban-daban don feshin wuraren su, don dalilai na kariya, ana kula da fatar dabbobin - tare da magani kan lokaci, ana iya kiyaye dabbobi daga shiga larvae cikin jiki. An lura cewa a lokacin bazara mai aiki na waɗannan ƙudajen masu saurin, ƙimar kiba ta dabbobi tana raguwa da kashi ɗaya bisa uku, kuma yawan nono yana ba da kashi 15 cikin ɗari.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Funƙurulen sun fi son zama tare da ciyayi masu yawa, inda za su ɓoye, don haka wani lokacin ya isa cire ciyawa da sare ciyawa don su ɓace daga wani yanki na ƙasar.

Jirgin haɗarin ɗan adam mai haɗari ba zai iya rayuwa a yanayinmu ba, amma a yanayin Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka yana jin daɗi sosai.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hotuna: Yaya abin farauta yake

Abun ban sha'awa na haihuwa, daidaitawa na kwari da ƙananan maƙiyan makiya suna ba su damar yawaita zuwa adadi mai yawa, don haka haifar da asara mai yawa ga gonakin dabbobi. Duk da matakan da mutane ke amfani da su game da yaduwar kwari, yawan su cikin sauri ya murmure cikin kankanin lokaci. Matsayin jinsin yana da karko kuma kusan ba ya shafar ko da canje-canje a cikin yanayin muhalli a mazauninsu.

Fan kwando masu girma ba sa shan jini, amma wani lokacin suna iya ɓacin rai sau da yawa fiye da dawakai na yau da kullun kuma suna haifar da matsalolin lafiya, har ma da mutuwa. A saboda wannan dalili, mutane kuma suna buƙatar kare kansu daga hare-harensu yayin da suke a waje tare da taimakon waɗanda aka tunatar, don kiyaye wasu ƙa'idojin tsaro.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Idan ana samun larvae na gadfly a cikin mutum a cikin lokaci, to ana cire su ne kawai ta hanyar tiyata kuma da alama ba a ɗauke da cutar ta jiki ba. Idan tsutsa ta sami latti, to tare da babban mataki na yiwuwar ba za a kauce masa ba - sepsis yana tasowa. Wani rikitarwa na aikin tsutsa a cikin jikin ɗan adam na iya zama rashin lafiyan jiki: daga urticaria ta yau da kullun zuwa mummunan tashin anaphylactic.

Gadfly ba kawai babban tashin hankali bane wanda zaku iya haduwa dashi a yawon kamun kifi, a wurin shakatawar ko dacha - kwaro ne mai hatsarin gaske, zuriyarsa na iya haifar da lahani mai yawa ga dabbobin da mutane, amma, duk da haka, ƙirar kwalliya ta musamman ce. halitta mai ban sha'awa don nazari.

Ranar bugawa: 07/31/2019

Ranar da aka sabunta: 07/31/2019 da 21:06