Vicuna

Vicuna - kyakkyawa dabba wanda a lokaci guda yayi kama da llamas da raƙuma (a cikin ƙananan girma kawai). Wannan dadadden jinsin dabbobi masu shayarwa ne. Sanannen ambaci game da shi, tun daga 1200. Dabbar ta kasance mai tsarki ga mutane da yawa na tsaunukan Andes. Anan vicunas sun sami taken girmamawa na "Zinariyar Zinare". A lokaci guda, ulursa tana da daraja sosai (kamar yadda yake faruwa a yau) kuma an yi niyyar ɗinki ne da tufafin sarauta. Amma an hana kashe dabbobi.

Asalin jinsin da bayanin

Hotuna: Vicuña

Vicuñas na cikin tsarin dabbobi masu shayarwa (artiodactyls). Wannan rukunin ya kunshi nau'ikan zamani kimanin dari biyu da ashirin, mafi yawansu suna da mahimmancin tattalin arziki ga dan adam. Iyalan da waɗannan dabbobin suka kasance ana kiran su rakumi (wannan ma ya haɗa da raƙuman kansu, da kuma lalamas). Yankin waɗannan dabbobi shine kira. Duk wakilan wannan rukuni suna da kayan adana kayan lambu. Vicuñas da kansu suna cikin jinsin halittu masu irin wannan sunan.

Bidiyo: Vicuña

Tun zamanin da, ana ɗaukar wannan dabba mai matukar mahimmanci, kuma a cikin wasu mutane har ma da tsarki. A cikin 1200s AD, an yi amfani da ulu na waɗannan raƙuman don ƙirƙirar sutura ga sarakuna, sarakuna da danginsu. Amfani da yaduwar gashin dabbobi ya ci gaba har zuwa 1960. A tsakiyar shekarun 60s, masanan ilimin dabbobi sun lura da tsoro cewa fiye da mutane dubu 50 ne suka rage vicunas. Wannan ya zama dalilin tsoma bakin gwamnatocin ƙasashe da yawa a cikin halin dabbobi. An sanya takunkumi mai tsauri kan kamawa da kashe dabbobi. Untatawa kuma ya faɗaɗa zuwa siyar da gashin vicuna na musamman. Wannan nau'in har ma an sanya shi cikin haɗari. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya kan kariyarsa a Chile, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina.

Irin waɗannan matakan masu ƙarfi suna da kyakkyawan sakamako ga ci gaban dabbobi. Shekaru 30 kawai bayan gabatarwar haramcin (a cikin 1995), yawan raƙuman wannan rukunin ya ƙaru zuwa dubu 98. Da isar wannan matakin, hukumomi suka cire haramcin sayar da fur. A yau ana iya sayan ulu Vicunia a cikin yankin jama'a. Dabbobi basa shan wahala daga wannan. Adadinsu na ainihi ya fi dubu 200.

Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali

Hotuna: Yaya vicuna yake

Mai taushi, mai sanyin jiki, kusan wakilan masu raƙumi suna soyayya da duk wanda ya taɓa ganinsu suna rayuwa.

Wataƙila wannan saboda yanayin su ne na musamman:

• ƙananan (idan aka kwatanta da sauran dangin) girma. Manya vicuñas sun kai tsayin tsayi na mita ɗaya da rabi, kuma mafi girman faɗi na santimita 110 (a kafaɗun). Matsakaicin nauyin wadannan dabbobi kilogram 50 ne. Amince, ga wakilan raƙuman raƙumi wannan abu kaɗan ne (matsakaicin nauyin rakumi mai raɗaɗi kilogram 500 ne, na llama kuma kilogram 150);
• karamar kyakkyawa. Idanun waɗannan mutane suna da duhu sosai, suna kama da manyan maɓallai biyu. Kusan ba zai yiwu a yi la'akari da su dalla-dalla ba. An ɓoye su a bayan bangs masu kauri. Kunnuwan dabbobi kaifi ne, madaidaici, dogaye;
• dogayen gaɓoɓin sirara. Godiya ga irin waɗannan halaye, an sami alherin musamman na raƙumi (musamman ma mutane). Wutsiyar dabbobi ba ta wuce milimita 250 a tsayi ba;
• lokacin farin ciki, suturar toka. Yana da taushi sosai ga taɓawa har ma da siliki. Launi na halitta ja ne. Rarraba inuwar launin ruwan kasa a jiki yana yiwuwa (galibi, ƙafafu da kumatun dabbobi suna duhu). A lokaci guda, cikin cikin dabbobi kusan koyaushe farare ne. Ruwan ulu yana tseratar da dabbobi daga dukkan masifun yanayi;
• tsoka mai wuya. Yana bawa vicuñas damar shimfiɗa kawunansu sama don gano abokan gaba. A wuyan dabbobi, ana yin wani dogon gashi musamman, wanda ake kira pendants. Tsawonsa ya kai kimanin santimita 30;
• kaifi hakora. Wannan shine ɗayan mahimmancin halaye na vicunas. Godiya ga kaifin incisors, dabbobi babu abin da zasu ci shuke-shuke da asalinsu. A sauƙaƙe suna tara ciyawar kuma su niƙa shi a baki.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Saboda mazaunin su (galibi a tsaunuka masu tsayi), vicuñas sun inganta ci gaban ji da gani. Saboda iskar dutsen da ke cikin jininsu, akwai ƙarin haɓakar haemoglobin, da oxygen.

Godiya ga irin waɗannan bayanan, vicuñas (musamman a lokacin ƙuruciya) suna kama da babban kwafin kayan wasan yara. Ana kiyaye wannan kamannin ta maɓallan idanu masu kama da laushi, gashi mai kauri.

Ina vicuña ke zaune?

Hotuna: Vicuña a yanayi

Daga fitowar su har zuwa yau, vicuñas suna rayuwa a cikin yanki ɗaya - Andes. Yankin tsaunuka shine mafi kyawun dacewa da cikakkiyar rayuwar waɗannan kyawawan dabbobi.

Kuna iya saduwa da dabbobi masu alaƙa a yankuna da yawa na Kudancin Amurka a lokaci ɗaya:

• Chile ƙasa ce da ke yankin kudu maso yamma na Kudancin Amurka. Tana zaune a kunkuntar tsiri tsakanin Andes da Tekun Fasifik. A nan, don girmama dabbobin raƙumi na ƙari, an ba da dukkanin Gundumar Gudanarwa, wanda ke cikin lardin Elqui;
• Ajantina tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan jamhuriya dake Kudancin Amurka. Kasar Ajantina tana iyaka da yankin Andes a bangaren yamma. An lura da nau'ikan tsarin ilimin kasa a iyakar;
• Bolivia babbar ƙasa ce da ke tsakiyar yankin Kudancin Amurka. Tana da iyaka da Chile da Peru (a yamma), Argentina (a kudu), Paraguay (a gabas) da Brazil (a arewa). Manyan tsaunukan yammacin jamhuriya suna cikin Andes;
• Peru jamhuriya ce ta Kudancin Amurka da ke iyaka da Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, Bolivia da Chile. Gangaren Andes, wanda yake a wannan yankin, a wasu yankuna ya kusan kusa da bakin teku. Mafi girman yankin dutse shine jihar Huascaran (tsayi - kusan mita dubu 7);
• Ecuador jiha ce a arewa maso yamma na Kudancin Amurka. Wankin Tekun Pacific ya wanketa. Tana da iyaka da Peru da Colombia. Tsaun tsaunukan Andes sun shimfida gefen bakin teku a yammacin ƙasar. A tsakiyar yankin akwai jeri biyu na tsauni guda a lokaci ɗaya: Gabashin Cordillera da Yammacin Cordillera;

Ba shi yiwuwa a hadu da vicunas a kan matakin ƙasa. Dabbobi sun fi son zama a kan duwatsu. Tsayin "mazauninsu" yana farawa daga mita 3500. Matsakaicin tsaunin da vicunas ke rayuwa shine mita 5500.

Yanzu kun san inda vicuña take zaune. Bari muga me zata ci.

Menene vicuña ke ci?

Hotuna: Vicuña na dabbobi

Wakilan raƙuman raƙumi (kamar duk 'yan uwansu a cikin dangi) suna da ciyawar ciyawa. Suna ciyarwa ne kawai akan abincin tsirrai. Saboda haka, a cikin Andes, vicuñas suna da mawuyacin lokaci. Floananan filayen tsaunuka ba za su iya ba dabbobi isasshen abinci ba. Saboda haka, dabbobi suna wadatuwa da kowane irin ciyayi da yake kama idanunsu.

Vicuñas suna ciyarwa akan ganye, ciyawa, ƙananan rassa. Abincin da aka fi so daga waɗannan dabbobin shine harbewar hatsin hatsi. Irin waɗannan tsire-tsire suna da wuya a hanyar dabbobi. Amma vicunas suna cin su da farin ciki, suna ƙosar da yunwa.

Godiya ga kaifin haƙoran, vicuñas a sauƙaƙe "yanke" ganye da rassa da nika tsire a bakinsu. Suna cin abinci kamar sauran dabbobi. Yunkurin muƙamuƙan suna a hankali amma a hankali. Vicuñas basa amfani da tushen shuke-shuke azaman abinci, amma suna wadatuwa da 'ya'yansu. A lokaci guda, waɗannan raƙuman rakumi suna amfani da duwatsu masu lemun tsami (mai wadataccen gishiri) a matsayin "bitamin". Dabbobi ma suna amfani da ruwan gishiri.

Haka ake ciyar da dabbobin gida (koren ciyayi). Hakanan ana ciyar da dabbobin da abinci wanda aka kirkiresu, wanda aka basu dukkan bitamin da kuma ma'adanai masu mahimmanci don vicunas.

Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa

Hotuna: Vicuña

Vicuñas sun fi son zama cikin dangi. Yana da matukar wahalar haduwa da raƙuman rakumi. Yawancin lokaci dabbobi suna haɗuwa cikin rukuni na mutane 6-15 kuma suna zaɓar shugabansu - namiji. A kan kafadunsa ne aka ɗora babban nauyin kula da iyali.

Jagoran yana lura da kowane memba na ƙungiyar. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da gargaɗi ga iyali game da barazanar da ke tafe. Yana yin wannan tare da taimakon wani takamaiman siginar kawai ta wannan yanayin. Idan ya lura da bako a yankin, nan take zai gudu zuwa wurinsa ya fara tofar da ciyawar rabin narkar da dabbar. Irin waɗannan tarurruka kusan koyaushe suna ƙare cikin faɗa. Dabbobin suna matsawa juna suna faɗa da ƙafafunsu.

Duk dangi suna nuna biyayyarsu ga shugaba ta hanyar ɗora kawunansu a bayansu. Akwai mata 5 zuwa 15 ga kowane namiji a cikin ƙungiyar vicuñas. Girman yankin da vicuñas ke zaune ya dogara da girman iyali da kuma ciyayi. A matsakaici, ƙungiyoyi suna cikin yankunan kilomita murabba'in 15-20. A wannan yanayin, an raba dukkan sararin zuwa manyan sassa biyu: "ɗakin kwana" da makiyaya (akwai gidan wanka tare da yanki na mita 2, an tsara shi don tsara yankin dangin).

Vicuñas dabbobi ne masu natsuwa da kwanciyar hankali. Suna jagorancin rayuwa mai mahimmanci galibi a rana. Da dare, dabbobi suna hutawa daga ciyarwar rana da yawo a yankunan tsaunuka. Waɗannan mutane an rarrabe su ta hanyar ƙara tsoro da mai da hankali. Daga fargaba, da sauri suka nufi mafaka - kan tsauni. A lokaci guda, yayin hawa tsaunuka, vicuñas tana saurin gudu zuwa kilomita 47 a awa daya.

Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa

Hotuna: Vicuna Cub

Vicuñas ya samo asali a cikin bazara (galibi a cikin Maris). Mace mai ciki ta ɗauki ɗa mai zuwa a cikin kanta na tsawon watanni 11. A ƙarshen wannan lokacin, an haifi ƙwarya ɗaya. Nauyin yaron ya kasance daga kilo 4 zuwa 6.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Vicunas na yara na iya motsawa kai tsaye tsakanin mintuna 15 bayan haifuwarsu! An bambanta foals ta hanyar wasa, son sani, taushi.

Tuni 3-4 suka rage bayan sun haihu, matan suna fara sabbin wasannin mating. Ana samar da zuriyar Vicuna kowace shekara. Kubiyoni suna kusa da uwa har zuwa watanni 10 da haihuwa. Duk wannan lokacin, tushen abincin shine madarar nono. Daidai da wannan, shanu suna kiwo kusa da mahaifiyarsu, wanda ke shirya yara don girma. Bayan sun kai watanni 10, ana fitar da farin cikin mace daga garken.

Ana sanya mata ga sababbin ƙungiyoyi. Wannan baya faruwa kai tsaye, amma sai bayan balaga (a shekaru 2). An kori Maza wata guda a baya. Nan da nan suka tafi rayuwa kyauta. Tsawon rayuwar vicunas ya dogara da abubuwan waje (ciyayi, ayyukan mutane). A cikin yanayin su na asali, dabbobi suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 15-20.

Abokan gaba na vicunas

Hotuna: Vicuña a cikin Chile

A cikin daji, vicunas suna da abokan gaba biyu kawai:

• kerkeci mai maned (daga Girkanci "gajeren ɗan gajeren kare na zinariya"). Wannan mai farautar shine mafi girman jinsunan canine da ke zaune a Kudancin Amurka. A waje, dabba tana kama da babban fox. Ya bambanta a kafafu masu tsayi da gajere. Yana farautar ƙananan dabbobi. A cikin Andes, waɗanda ke cutar da wannan ɗan farautar yara ne na vicunas, da kuma tsofaffi (majiyya) wakilan jinsin;
• puma (wakilin ajin feline). An rarrabe waɗannan masu farautar da girman girman su kuma sune manyan wakilai na jinsin cougar. Yankinsu ya banbanta. Da gaba gaɗi suna hawan duwatsu har tsawon mita 4700. Anan ne suke farautar vicunas. Saboda tsananin saurinsu da saurinsu, cougars da sauri sukan riski ganima su buge ta.

Amma ba puma ko kerkecin da ke manda ba sa irin wannan barazanar ga vicunas, kamar yadda shi kansa mutumin. A yau, aiwatar da kisan gilla yana gudana, da kuma gidan wannan nau'in raƙumi. Wannan yana faruwa saboda dalili ɗaya - sha'awar samun ulu mai tsada na dabbobin Andean. Saboda wannan, gwamnatin jihohin da vicuñas ke zaune, ta gabatar da dokoki na musamman don kare wannan nau'in. A lokaci guda, ba a hana sausaya dabbobi ba.

Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Vicuñas na iya korar shugaba daga "ofishi". A lokaci guda, ba a yarda da korarren namiji ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin iyali ba. An yanke wa dabbar hukuncin cire rai. Yana gama sauran rayuwarsa cikin kadaici.

Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin

Hoto: Yaya vicuñas yayi kama

Yawan vicunas ya canza sosai yayin rayuwarsu. Idan a lokacin Incas wannan jinsin ya kai kusan mutane miliyan 1.5, to a ƙarshen karnin da ya gabata wannan adadi ya kai mawuyacin hali - 6 dubu. Sakamakon raguwar yawan gwamnatoci a kasashen Ecuador, Chile, Ajantina da sauran kasashe sun bullo da tsaurara dokar hana kama wadannan dabbobi, ana kashe su da kuma sayar da ulu vicuña mai taushi. Irin waɗannan matakan sun tabbatar suna da tasiri. Yawan dabbobi ya karu zuwa 2000 dubu.

A ƙarshen 90s (ƙarni na ƙarshe), an ɗaga haramcin yanke vicunas. A yau, Arewacin Amurkawa, waɗanda ke yin arziki a kan laushi mai laushi na waɗannan dabbobin masu ban mamaki, suna aikatawa ta hanyoyi biyu:

• dukkanin garkunan vicunas suna cikin gida (hanya mai hatsari ga dabbobi, dabbobi masu son 'yanci ne kuma basu saba da zama cikin kamuwa ba);
• suna kora garken daji a cikin shinge, suna yi wa dabbobi aski kuma suna 'yanta su (hanya mafi sauki ta samun fur, wanda aka yarda da shi "mai doka").

Ko da kuwa maido da yawan waɗannan dabbobi, furun vicunas suna da daraja ƙwarai. An kwatanta shi da siliki kuma a shirye yake don bayar da kuɗi don abubuwa na musamman. Koyaya, don samun damar kasuwanci a cikin fur, dole ne a sami izini na musamman.

Darajar ulu Vicunia ta samo asali ne saboda zarenta, waɗanda sune sanannu a duniya. Girman su shine kawai microns 12 (a kwatanta, gashin mutum ya ninka sau 8 girma). Abubuwan da aka yi da ulu vicunas (galibi rigunan sanyi, juzu'i, kayan kwalliya, safa) ana rarrabe su ta hanyar ƙaruwar riƙe yanayin zafi da haske na musamman.

Kariyar Vicunas

Hotuna: Vicuña daga littafin Red

Duk da ci gaban da aka samu a cikin yawan vicuna, gabatarwar izini don yankan su, kiwo da kiwonsu na yau da kullun, an jera dabbobin a cikin littafin Red Book na Unionungiyar forasashen Duniya na Kula da Yanayi. Matakan kariya don adana wannan nau'in suna aiki har yanzu. A wannan yanayin, galibi sun fi damuwa ne da kisan dabbobi gaba ɗaya. Mazaunan Andes suna farautar rayuwar waɗannan dabbobi masu alaƙa da nufin gabatar da ganima a matsayin hadaya ga gumakan. Ba a yaba da naman dabbobi. Saboda haka, ba a yin kisan kai a yau (yana da fa'ida sosai don kare halittun da ke ba da ulu na musamman da tsada).

A yau, ana iya samun vicunas a cikin gidan zoo daban-daban a cikin Turai. Akwai dabbobi a cikin yankin Moscow. Anan raƙuman raƙumi sun sami tushe sosai kuma suna haihuwar zuriya kowace shekara. Yawan yaran da aka haifa yanzu a yankin gidan zoo kusan mutane 20 ne. Yawancinsu sun bar yankin Moscow kuma sun ci gaba da zama a sassa daban-daban na duniya.

Ba duk mazajen cin gindi bane zai iya samar da yanayin da ake buƙata na waɗannan dabbobi. Vicuñas suna buƙatar babban yanki don jagorantar salon rayuwa. Gidajen zoo guda ɗaya na iya samar da irin wannan yankin. Sabili da haka, a lokacin kiwo (lokacin da nesa ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ga dabbobi), ana tura iyalai vicunas zuwa keɓaɓɓun wuraren kula da zoo tare da gangaren hawa.

Inarami a cikin girma, vicuñas suna kama da juna a lokaci guda don kyawawan kayan wasan yara waɗanda kuke so ku rungume a hannuwanku, da ƙananan yara waɗanda ke cikin tsananin buƙatar kariya da kulawa daga manya. Saboda gaskiyar cewa hukumomin Kudancin Amurka sun fahimci makomar waɗannan raƙumi a cikin lokaci, wannan dangin bai mutu ba gaba ɗaya.Don hana wannan daga faruwa kwata-kwata, mutane suna buƙatar yin tunani yanzu ko ya cancanci kashe waɗannan dabbobin. Vicuna baya kawo wata barazana ga mutane, yana ba da kyakkyawan fur kuma koyaushe yana da abokantaka. Ba za ku iya halakar da su ba kuma babu wata bukata!

Ranar bugawa: 30.07.2019

Ranar sabuntawa: 07/30/2019 da 22:22