Farin kifi - kifi daga yawan kifin kifi, wanda yafi zama cikin ruwan sabo - koguna da tabkuna. Yana son sanyi da ruwa mai tsafta, sabili da haka mafi yawan kifin kifi suna rayuwa a cikin rafin koguna masu gudana musamman ta yankin Rasha kuma suna kwarara zuwa cikin Tekun Arctic: Pechora, Northern Dvina, Ob. Naman wannan kifin yana da daraja sosai; ana gudanar da aikin kamun kifi akanta.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Sig
Whitefish yana cikin nau'in kifin mai rai wanda ya tashi a doron duniya a karshen zamanin Silurian. Da farko, sun bunkasa ne a hankali, kuma sai bayan shekaru miliyan 150 zuwa 170, a lokacin Triassic, wata dukiya mai tamani ta bayyana - wannan shine abin da farin kifi yake. Amma kafin bayyanar duka wannan nau'in da kuma tsari na salmonids, wanda suke ɓangare, har yanzu yana da nisa. Sai kawai a farkon zamanin Cretaceous wani tsari daban ya bayyana - masu kama da ganyayyaki. Sun kasance magabatan salmonids, kuma sun bayyana a tsakiyar Mel.
Amma game da na karshen, masana kimiyya suna da sigogi daban-daban: burbushin halittar kifin da ya samo asali tun wancan lokacin ba a gano shi ba, sabili da haka faruwar su har yanzu ya kasance ka'ida. Abubuwan da aka samo a baya sun samo asali ne daga Eocene, sun kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 55 - ƙaramin kifi ne da ke rayuwa cikin ruwa mai kyau.
Bidiyo: Sig
Da farko, a bayyane yake akwai kalilan daga cikin salmonids, tunda babu sauran burbushin halittu na wani dogon lokaci, kuma kawai a yadudduka na tsufa a cikin shekaru miliyan 20-25 sun bayyana, kuma nan da nan adadi mai yawa. Bambance-bambancen jinsi ya ƙaru yayin da muke tunkarar zamani - kuma tuni a cikin waɗannan matakan farkon farin kifi ya bayyana.
Sunan jinsi - Coregonus, ya fito ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Girkanci "kwana" da "ɗalibi" kuma yana da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa ɗalibin wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan farin kifi na bayyana a tsaye a gabanta. Bayanin kimiyya an yi shi ne ta Karl Linnaeus a cikin 1758. Gabaɗaya, jinsin ya haɗa da nau'in 68 - duk da haka, bisa ga rarrabuwa daban-daban, ƙila akwai adadinsu daban.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Yadda farin kifi ya yi kama
An rarrabe farin kifi da babban matsayi na bambancin: jinsin na iya banbanta da juna sosai, wani lokacin ana kama nau'ikan farin kifi 5-6 a jikin ruwa daya don haka basa jituwa da juna ta yadda za'a iya daukar su wakilan jinsi daban daban. Gabaɗaya, mutum na iya keɓewa kawai hanci, da kuma wasu siffofin tsarin bakin: ƙaramin ramin bakin, rashin haƙora akan ƙashi mai girma da gajartawa. Duk wani abu yana canzawa, wani lokacin kuma yana cika fuska. Misali, wasu kifin kifi suna da gill 15, yayin da wasu kuma har zuwa 60. Su da kansu suna da santsi da annashuwa, kuma jikin kifin gajere ne ko kuma a bayyane yake.
Girman farin kifin yana iya bambanta sosai, daga ƙarami zuwa babban kifi - har zuwa 90 cm a tsayi kuma kilogram 6 a nauyi. Akwai lacustrine, kogi da ƙananan kifin fari, masu farauta da ciyarwa kawai akan plankton: a takaice dai, bambancin shine babban halayen su. Koyaya, ga yawancin nau'ikan, alamomi masu zuwa halaye ne: jiki yayi tsayi, an matse shi a gefuna, ma'aunan suna da yawa, azurfa, da kuma dokin ƙarshen duhu. Baya na baya shima duhu ne, yana iya samun ɗan koren kore ko shunayya mai ɗanɗano. Ciki ya fi jiki sauki, launin toka-toka-toka-kiris.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Hanya mafi sauki ta kamun kifi don farin kifi shine a lokacin bazara, lokacin da kifin mai yunwa yayi sauri zuwa komai. Kama shi a lokacin bazara ya fi wuya, amma ba yawa, amma sakamakon ya fi girma - a lokacin bazara ya yi kiba, ya zama ya fi girma da kuma daɗi. A lokacin rani, fararen kifin ya fi kyau, a nan kuna buƙatar zaɓar ƙugiya a hankali, yi amfani da koto.
A ina fararen kifin ke rayuwa?
Hoto: Fishi a Rasha
Tsarin sa ya hada da kusan dukkanin Turai, gami da yankin Turai na Rasha. Shima yana zaune a arewacin Asiya da Arewacin Amurka.
A cikin Turai, ya fi yawa a cikin arewacin da sassan tsakiya, gami da:
- Scandinavia;
- Burtaniya;
- Jamus;
- Switzerland;
- Kasashen Baltic;
- Belarus
A cikin Rasha, tana zaune a cikin tekun mafi yawan manyan koguna da ke kwarara zuwa cikin tekun Arctic, da kuma tabkuna masu yawa: daga Kogin Volkhov da ke yamma da dama har zuwa Chukotka kanta. A kudanci kuma yana faruwa, amma sau da yawa ƙasa. Misali, yana zaune a cikin Baikal da sauran tabkuna na Transbaikalia. Kodayake yawancin zangon kifi a yankin Asiya ya faɗi ne a yankin ƙasar Rasha, amma waɗannan kifaye suna rayuwa a wajen kan iyakokinta, misali, a cikin tabkunan Armeniya - alal misali, kifi mai kifi a cikin mafi yawansu, Sevan. A Arewacin Amurka, kifin yana zaune a cikin ruwan Kanada, Alaska, da jihohin Amurka kusa da iyakar arewa. A da, Manyan Tabkuna suna da farin kifi, gami da tabkuna masu tsayi a Turai - amma a nan da can yawancin jinsunan da suka gabata sun shuɗe, wasu sun zama ba safai ba.
Fashin kifin yana rayuwa galibi a cikin rafin arewacin da tafkuna saboda sun haɗu da duk halayen da suka fi so: ruwan da ke cikinsu a lokaci guda mai sanyi ne, mai tsabta kuma mai wadataccen oxygen. Fashin kifi yana neman duk abubuwan da ke sama, kuma idan ruwan ya zama gurɓace, da sauri suna barin tafkin ko kuma su mutu. Wannan kifin sabo ne, amma kuma akwai nau'ikan da suke amfani da lokacinsu a cikin ruwan gishiri, kamar su omul da Siberian siyarwa: suna iya hawa bakinsu na bakin kogi kuma su zauna lokaci a cikin ruwa, ko ma yin iyo a cikin teku - amma duk da haka dole ne su koma ruwa mai kyau. ...
Matasa fararen kifi suna iyo kusa da saman ruwa kuma galibi suna kusa da gabar, amma manya sukan fi zurfafawa, galibi a zurfin mita 5-7, kuma wani lokacin ma suna iya nutsewa cikin ramuka a ƙasan kogin kuma suyi iyo kusa da saman kawai don ciyarwa. Suna son zama kusa da raƙuman ruwa tare da maɓuɓɓugan maɓuɓɓugan ruwa.
Yanzu kun san inda aka sami farin kifin. Bari mu duba abin da kifi ke ci.
Menene kifin kifi?
Photo: Kayan kifi farin kifi
Farin kifi na iya zama ko dai farfajiyar ƙasa ko ta ƙasa - kuma wasu suna haɗuwa duka. Wato, zasu iya farautar ƙananan kifi, ko cinye plankton.
Mafi yawanci, kifin kifi yana cin:
- roach;
- rauni;
- kananun abubuwa;
- narke;
- kayan kwalliya;
- kifin kifi;
- kwari;
- tsutsa;
- caviar.
Sau da yawa suna yin ƙaura don neman wadatattun wuraren abinci a cikin rafuka, suna iya zuwa ƙasan can don abinci, kuma a ƙarshen lokacin sun dawo zuwa saman kogunan, suna neman wuraren da soya ke taruwa. Sau da yawa suna ciyar da caviar, gami da nasu nau'in, kuma suma suna cin soyayyen nasu. Babban kifin farin kifi wanda ya fi son farauta sun fi son afkawa ba zato ba tsammani, kafin hakan za su iya lura da ganima daga kwanton bauna. Kifin yana da hankali, kuma ba zai ruga zuwa koto da sauri ba - da farko zai lura da halayensa. Galibi sukan kai hari kai tsaye cikin garken, don haka wadanda abin ya shafa ba su da damar tsira. Sau da yawa, babban farin kifi yana labewa ne kawai a cikin rami a ƙasa kuma ka haƙura har sai wasu kifayen sun yi iyo a gabansu, bayan haka kuma sai su yi ɗan gajeren abu su kama shi. Dukansu ƙaramin kifi da mafi ƙanƙanta zasu iya zama waɗanda aka azabtar, har ma suna iya cin mahaɗan. Whitearamin kifin farin kifi galibi ana ciyar da shi ne a kan tekun plankton, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙananan ɓawon burodi, molluscs, larvae da sauran ƙananan dabbobi. Kifayen da ke zaune a ƙasa suna cin benthos - ƙwayoyin da ke rayuwa a gindin kogin kamar tsutsotsi da molluscs.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A arewa, irin wannan farin kifin kamar su sugudai ya shahara sosai. Abu ne mai sauqi don shirya: dole ne a dafa sabon kifi da kayan kamshi kuma a cikin rubu'in sa'a zai yiwu a ci shi a cikin firiji.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Kifin farin kifi a ƙarƙashin ruwa
Ga kifin fari, ɓoyayyen ɓoye halaye ne: koyaushe suna nuna taka tsantsan kuma suna ƙoƙari su nisantar da kansu daga wasu kifin kama da irin wannan, har ma fiye da haka, fiye da girman girman su. A lokaci guda, suna da rikici kuma suna son kawar da ƙananan ƙarancin kansu daga jikin ruwa. Masunta galibi suna amfani da wannan: suna kama farin kifi a wuraren da ƙananan abubuwa suka taru a lokacin bazara, inda za a same su koyaushe, ba tare da tausayi ba suna lalata soya. Suna hibernate a cikin ramuka, galibi suna tarawa da yawa daga cikinsu. Yin kamun kifi na hunturu akan su mai yuwuwa ne, kawai kuna buƙatar neman irin wannan ramin.
Gabaɗaya, halayensu da tsarin rayuwarsu sun bambanta ƙwarai dangane da sigar. Lacustrine, kogi da farin kifi mara kyau sun bambanta, kuma halayyar wakilan kowane ɗayan waɗannan siffofin ya sha bamban. Bugu da kari, kifayen da ke rayuwa a cikin manyan tabkuna, bi da bi, sun kasu kashi biyu na bakin teku, mara dadi da kuma zurfin ruwa. Dangane da haka, kifin kifi na bakin teku yana kiyayewa kusa da bakin teku da kuma kusa da saman ruwa - galibi galibi wakilai ne na ƙananan nau'in ko kuma kifin kifi ne kawai; pelagic - a cikin yankin tsakanin farfajiya da ƙasa; zurfin-ruwa - a ƙasa sosai, yawanci a cikin rami, galibi waɗannan sune manyan kifin fari.
Wannan yana tabbatar da halayyar kifi, kuma farin kifi mai zurfin teku yayi kama da bakin kifi na bakin teku a cikin halayensu; ya kamata a dauke su daban. Rayuwa na farin kifi na iya zama shekaru 15-20, amma a matsakaita yana ƙasa, kuma galibi ana kama kifin da ke da shekaru 5-10. Fananan farin kifin farin kifi sun fi girma girma fiye da ɗakunan abubuwa masu yawa kuma sun daɗe.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Yaya kifin farin kifi yake
Whitefish maza sun balaga a cikin jima'i a shekara ta biyar ta rayuwa, kuma mata shekara ɗaya ko biyu daga baya. Lokacin haɓakawa yana farawa a cikin kaka, a rabi na biyu na Satumba, kuma zai iya wucewa har zuwa ƙarshen kaka ko farkon lokacin sanyi. A wannan lokacin, kifin farin kifi yana tafiya cikin manyan garken ko dai daga tabkuna zuwa rafuka, ko zuwa saman ko rafin manyan koguna.
Sun haihu a wuraren da aka haifesu da kansu. Yawancin lokaci yana da zurfin ruwa, mafi kyawun yanayin zafin jiki shine digiri 2-5. Mace tana yin ƙwai dubu 15-35, yawanci don wannan tana zaɓar kwanciyar baya mai wadataccen ciyayi. Bayan farar farin kifi, maza ko mata ba sa mutuwa - za su iya haihuwa a kowace shekara.
Amma iyaye ba sa shiga cikin kariya daga ƙwai - bayan ƙarshen haihuwa, kawai suna iyo ne. Laryan tsutsar da aka ƙyanƙyashe ne kaɗan ƙanana - ƙasa da santimita a tsayi Matakin kiba yana wata daya da rabi. Da farko, tsutsar tsutsar tana kasancewa kusa da wurin haihuwa a cikin garken kuma suna cin abinci akan plankton, idan tabki ne ko kuma kwanciyar baya. Idan sun bayyana a cikin kogin, to halin yanzu yana ɗauke da su, har sai ya faɗi wani wuri mara hayaniya.
Lokacin da suka girma zuwa 3-4 cm, sun zama soya, sun fara cin ƙwayoyin kwari da ƙananan ɓawon burodi. A shekarar da fararen kifin ya fara tafiya cikin rafi tare da kogin, sun fara farautar farauta mafi girma - daga wannan lokacin suna da manyan halayen manya, kodayake sun balaga da jimawa.
Abokan gaba na farin kifin
Hotuna: Sig
Adadin maƙiyan farin farin kifin na iya bambanta dangane da girman sa da kuma tafkin da yake zaune. Wasu lokuta wannan kifin yana fitar da duk sauran manyan maharan, sannan kuma yana rayuwa cikin 'yanci. A wasu halaye, ba su da yawa, kuma su kansu ba su da girma, saboda haka manyan kifaye masu farauta, kamar pikes, catfish, burbots suke farautar su.
Har yanzu, 'yan barazanar da ke fitowa daga ruwa don farin farin kifin. Mutane sun fi haɗari a gare su, saboda waɗannan kifaye suna da kamun kifi sosai, wani lokacin ana zaɓar ƙugiya musamman a gare su, musamman ma sau da yawa - a lokacin sanyi, lokacin da farin kifi yana daga cikin kifayen da ke da ƙarfi. Akwai haɗari da yawa a cikin tafkin don soya har ma fiye da haka don ƙwai. Kwogin ninkaya suna son cin su, har ma da tsutsarsu suna cin caviar. Wannan kwaron yakan zama babban shingen da ke hana farin kifi daga kiwo a cikin tafkin da kuma raba wasu nau'in kifin daga gare shi. Hakanan abokan hamayya don soya sune matatun ruwa, kunamai na ruwa, kwari. Thearshen na iya kashe ba kawai waɗanda aka haifa kawai ba, har ma da ƙarancin farin farin kifi - cizonsu yana da dafi ga kifi. Har ila yau, larvae na Dragonfly shima yana ciyar da soya ne da aka kyankyashe.
Amphibians, kamar kwadi, sababbi, suma suna da haɗari - suna cin abinci biyu da ƙananan kifi, har ma tadodinsu suna son ƙwai. Hakanan akwai tsuntsaye masu haɗari: agwagi suna farautar soya, kuma loons da gulls na iya kai hari har ma da manya, idan ƙananan jinsuna ne. Wani harin shine helminth. Whitefish yana fama da cutar helminthiasis fiye da yawancin sauran kifaye, yawanci parasites sukan zauna a cikin hanjinsu da gill. Don kar a kamu da cuta, ya kamata a sarrafa nama sosai.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Kogin farin kifi
Jinsin ya hada da adadi mai yawa na jinsi, kuma matsayinsu na iya zama daban-daban: wasu ba a yi musu barazana ba kuma babu takurawa kan kamawarsu, wasu kuwa suna gab da bacewa. A cikin ruwayen Rasha, inda farin kifi ya fi yawa, yanayin gabaɗaya ya fito: lambobinsa suna faɗuwa kusan ko'ina. A wasu koguna da tabkuna, inda a da akwai kifin da yawa, yanzu yawan jama'a kwata kwata kwatankwacin na baya suna rayuwa. Don haka kamun kifi mai aiki ya shafi farin kifi, har ma fiye da - gurbatar muhalli, saboda tsarkin ruwa yana da matukar muhimmanci a gare su.
Amma saboda nau'ikan nau'ikan halittu daban-daban, dole ne a binciki yanayin daban-daban ga kowanne daga cikinsu. Misali, kayan cinikin Turai sun yadu, kuma har zuwa yanzu babu abin da ke barazana ga yawan jama'arta a cikin kogunan Turai. Hakanan yake tare da omul, wanda ke rayuwa galibi cikin kogunan Siberia da Arewacin Amurka. Suna ci gaba da kama pyzhyan a cikin kogunan arewacin Rasha - har yanzu babu wata matsala game da lambarta da ta bayyana; zuwa gabas - a Siberia, Chukotka, Kamchatka, kazalika a Kanada, suna ci gaba da kamun kifi sosai don farin kifi, kuma babu abin da ke barazanar shi.
Amma fararen kifin Atlantika nau'ikan halittu ne masu rauni, tunda yawan su ya ragu sosai saboda kamun kifi mai aiki, don haka aka gabatar da ƙuntatawa. Kifin farin kifi na yau da kullun, wanda aka yarda dashi azaman wakilin kwastomomi, shima na masu rauni ne. Har ila yau akwai farin kifi mara kyau, wasu nau'in har sun ƙare a cikin Littafin Ja.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Whitefish kifi ne mai lalacewa, mai laushi, sabili da haka yana da matukar mahimmanci a tabbatar sabo ne: farin kifin fari wanda ya tsufa ko aka ajiye shi a cikin yanayi mara kyau na iya zama guba.
Kariyar kifin
Hoto: Farin Kifi daga Littafin Ja
Anan yanayin ya kasance daidai da yawan mutane: an ba da izinin wasu nau'ikan kamawa kyauta, wasu kuma doka na kiyaye su. Hakanan an sanya shi a kan yanayin iyakokin jihohi: ko da jinsi iri ɗaya ana iya ba da izinin kamawa a cikin ƙasa ɗaya, kuma a hana shi a wata, kodayake suna raba kogi ɗaya.
Akwai nau'ikan da yawa a karkashin kariya a cikin Rasha. Don haka, yawan kifin farin kifin Volkhov ya lalace sosai saboda gina cibiyoyin samar da wutar lantarki a kogin da yake a shekarar 1926 - an toshe hanyoyin samar da kifayen don kifi, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin dole ne a kiyaye yawan su tare da taimakon kiwo na wucin gadi. Hakanan ana kiyaye kifin farin kifi da ke zaune a Transbaikalia: kafin, a da akwai kamun kifi, kuma an kama daruruwan tan na wannan kifin, amma irin wannan cin zarafin ya lalata yawan jama'arta. Hakanan ana kiyaye kifin farin kifi a wasu yankuna na Rasha.
A jikin ruwa na Koryak Autonomous Okrug, nau'ikan halittu guda biyar suna rayuwa lokaci guda, wanda baza'a iya samunsu a wani waje ba, kuma dukkansu ana basu kariya ta hanyar doka: an kama su sosai a baya, sakamakon haka sai yawan kowane nau'in ya ragu sosai. Idan a da an kare su ne kawai a yankin da aka tanada, yanzu ana karfafa ikon a kan filayen samar da kifin a wajensa.
Wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan farin kifi suma suna da kariya a wasu ƙasashe: akwai nau'ikan da yawa da jihohi a cikin yankin da suke zaune don lissafa komai. Matakan kula da yawan jama'a na iya zama daban: taƙaitawa ko hana kamawa, ƙirƙirar wuraren da aka kiyaye, sarrafa hayaki mai lahani, naman kifi na roba
Farin kifi - kifin yana da dadi sosai, yayin da yake zaune a arewacin latitude, inda babu wasu ganima da yawa, saboda haka yana da mahimmanci. Saboda kamun kifi mai aiki, wasu nau'ikan farin kifi sun zama ba safai ba, saboda haka, ana buƙatar matakan don kiyayewa da dawo da yawan jama'a. Ba za a iya yarda da raguwar sa ba, in ba haka ba madatsun ruwa na arewa za su rasa mahimman mazauna.
Ranar bugawa: 28.07.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/30/2019 da karfe 21:10
