Ozone wani nau'in oxygen ne wanda aka samu a cikin sararin samaniya, kimanin kilomita 12-50 daga duniya. Mafi girman girman wannan abu yana nesa da kusan kilomita 23 daga farfajiyar. Ozone an gano shi a cikin 1873 ta masanin kimiyyar Jamusanci Schönbein. Bayan haka, an sami wannan gyaran oxygen a saman da matakan sama na yanayin. Gabaɗaya, ozone ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin oxygen masu haɗari. A karkashin yanayi na yau da kullun shine iska mai shuɗi tare da ƙamshin halayya. A karkashin wasu dalilai, ozone ya zama ruwan indigo. Lokacin da ya zama da wuya, yakan ɗauki launin shuɗi mai zurfi.
Darajar lemar ozone ya ta'allaka ne da cewa yana aiki azaman nau'in tacewa, yana ɗaukar wasu adadin haskoki na ultraviolet. Yana kare yanayin rayuwa da mutane daga hasken rana kai tsaye.
Dalilin lalacewar ozone
Shekaru da yawa mutane ba su san da kasancewar ozone ba, amma ayyukansu sun yi mummunan tasiri ga yanayin yanayi. A halin yanzu, masana kimiyya suna magana game da irin wannan matsala kamar ramuka na ozone. Arancin gyaran Oxygen na faruwa ne saboda dalilai daban-daban:
- harba roket da tauraron dan adam zuwa sararin samaniya;
- aiki na sufurin iska a tsawan kilomita 12-16;
- watsi da 'yanci cikin iska.
Manyan lemar ozone
Babban abokan gaba na layin gyaran oxygen sune hydrogen da chlorine mahadi. Wannan ya faru ne saboda bazuwar freons, wanda ake amfani dashi azaman feshi. A wani zazzabi, suna iya tafasa da ƙara ƙarfi, wanda ke da mahimmanci don ƙera abubuwa daban-daban. Freons galibi ana amfani dasu don daskarewa kayan aiki, firiji da kuma sassan sanyi. Lokacin da freons suka hau cikin iska, ana kawar da sinadarin chlorine a ƙarƙashin yanayin sararin samaniya, wanda hakan ke sauya ozone zuwa oxygen.
An gano matsalar karancin ozone tun da dadewa, amma a shekarun 1980, masana kimiyya sun yi kara. Idan ozone ya ragu sosai a sararin samaniya, duniya zata rasa zafin jiki na yau da kullun kuma zata daina sanyaya. A sakamakon haka, an sanya hannu kan takardu da yarjejeniyoyi da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban don rage samar da 'yanci. Bugu da kari, an kirkiri madadin freons - propane-butane. Dangane da matakan fasaha, wannan abu yana da babban aiki, ana iya amfani dashi inda ake amfani da freons.
A yau, matsalar lalacewar lemar ozone yana da gaggawa. Duk da wannan, amfani da fasaha tare da amfani da freons yana ci gaba. A halin yanzu, mutane suna tunanin yadda za su rage yawan fitowar hayaki, suna neman masu maye gurbin don adanawa da dawo da lemar ozone.
Hanyoyin sarrafawa
Tun daga shekara ta 1985, an fara ɗaukar matakan kiyaye tsarin ozone. Mataki na farko shi ne gabatar da ƙuntatawa kan fitowar freons. Bugu da ari, gwamnati ta amince da Yarjejeniyar Vienna, wanda aka tanadar da shi don kare tsarin ozone kuma ya kunshi maki kamar haka:
- wakilan ƙasashe daban-daban sun amince da yarjejeniya kan haɗin gwiwa game da nazarin matakai da abubuwan da ke shafar tsarin ozone da haifar da canje-canjersa;
- Kulawa cikin tsari na yanayin ozone;
- ƙirƙirar fasahohi da abubuwa na musamman waɗanda ke taimakawa rage lalacewar da aka haifar;
- haɗin kai a fannoni daban-daban na ci gaban matakan da aikace-aikacen su, da kuma kula da ayyukan da ke haifar da bayyanar ramuka na ozone;
- canja fasahar da ilimin da aka samu.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, an sanya hannu kan ladabi, bisa ga abin da ya kamata a rage samar da fluorochlorocarbons, kuma a wasu lokuta a dakatar da shi gaba ɗaya.
Babban matsala shine amfani da samfuran da ke da ƙarancin ozone a cikin samar da kayan sanyaya. A wannan lokacin, hakikanin "rikicin freon" ya fara. Bugu da kari, ci gaban ya bukaci gagarumin saka hannun jari na kudi, wanda ba zai iya ba amma harzuka 'yan kasuwa. An yi sa'a, an sami mafita kuma masana'antun maimakon freons sun fara amfani da wasu abubuwa a cikin aerosols (mai samar da hawan hydrocarbon kamar butane ko propane). A yau, abu ne na yau da kullun don amfani da kayan shigarwa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da halayen sunadarai masu zafi wanda ke ɗaukar zafi.
Haka kuma yana yiwuwa a share yanayi daga abin da ke cikin freons (a cewar masana ilimin kimiyyar lissafi) tare da taimakon naúrar wutar NPP, ƙarfinsa dole ne ya zama aƙalla 10 GW. Wannan ƙirar za ta kasance kyakkyawar tushen makamashi. Bayan duk wannan, sananne ne cewa Rana na iya samar da kimanin tan 5-6 na ozone a cikin dakika ɗaya kacal. Ta hanyar ƙara wannan mai nuna alama tare da taimakon rukunin wutar, zai yiwu a sami daidaito tsakanin lalatawar ozone da samarwa.
Masana kimiyya da yawa na ganin yana da kyau a kirkiro "masana'antar lemar sararin samaniya" wacce zata inganta yanayin tsarin ozone.
Baya ga wannan aikin, akwai wasu da yawa, gami da samar da lemar sararin samaniya ta sararin samaniya ko samar da lemar sararin samaniya a sararin samaniya. Babban rashin dacewar dukkanin ra'ayoyi da shawarwari shine tsadarsu. Babban asaran kuɗi yana tura ayyukan cikin bango kuma wasu daga cikinsu basu cika ba.
