Sunanta Karin newt samu saboda doguwar kugunta, tana miƙewa ta baya da wutsiya. Waɗannan amphibians galibi masu tarawa ne ke ajiye su. A mazauninsu na yau da kullun, adadin su na raguwa koyaushe. Dabbar tana kama da ɗan toka ko kadangaru, amma ba haka bane. Zasu iya rayuwa a cikin ƙasa da ruwa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Crested newt
Triturus cristatus ya fito ne daga jinsin halittar Triturus kuma ya kasance cikin umarnin ƙwararrun amphibians. Carancin ƙaramin harsashi na aji na amphibians ne.
Sabbi na dangi ne masu zuwa:
- masu salamanders;
- masu salamanders;
- huhu mara salamanders.
A baya can, an yi imani cewa jinsin ya haɗa da ƙananan ƙananan 4: T. c. cristatus, T. dobrogicus, T. karelinii, da T. carnifex. Yanzu masana ilimin halitta ba su rarrabe ƙananan ƙananan abubuwa a cikin waɗannan amphibians ba. An gano jinsin ne a shekara ta 1553 ta wani dan Switzerland mai binciken K. Gesner. Da farko ya sanya mata suna ƙadangare na cikin ruwa. Sunan tritons an ba wa dangi a cikin 1768 daga masanin Austrian I. Laurenti.
Bidiyo: Crested newt
A cikin tsohuwar tarihin Girka, Triton ɗan Poseidon da Amphitrite ne. A lokacin Ambaliyar, ya busa ƙaho bisa umarnin mahaifinsa kuma raƙuman ruwa suka ja baya. A cikin yaƙin tare da ƙattai, allahn ya fitar da bawon teku kuma ƙattai suka gudu. Triton an nuna shi da jikin mutum da wutsiyoyi irin na dolphin maimakon ƙafa. Ya taimaki Argonauts su bar tafkinsu kuma su tafi bakin teku.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wakilin jinsin yana da wata kadara ta musamman na sabuntawa. Amphibians na iya dawo da ɓatattun wutsiyoyi, ƙafafu ko wutsiyoyi. R. Mattey yayi bincike mai ban mamaki a shekara ta 1925 - dabbobi na iya sabunta halittun ciki da gani koda bayan sun yanke jijiyar gani.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Crested newt a cikin yanayi
Girman manya ya kai santimita 11-18, a Turai - har zuwa 20 santimita. Jikin jikinsa kamar na dunƙule-dunkule, kan babba kuma shimfide yake. An haɗa su ta gajeriyar wuya. An wutsiya wutsiyar. Tsawonsa ya yi daidai da tsawon jiki. Gabobin jiki iri daya ne, sun bunkasa sosai. A ƙafafun gaba, yatsun sirara 3-4, a ƙafafun baya, 5.
Ana aiwatar da zuƙowa na larvae ta gill. Amhibians na manya suna numfasawa ta cikin fata da huhu, wanda ƙwarin ke canzawa zuwa ciki. Tare da taimakon bakin fata na fata akan jela, amphibians suna samun oxygen daga ruwa. Idan dabbobi suka zabi salon rayuwar kasa, yakan bace kamar ba dole ba. Sabbi na iya yin kuwwa, girgiza, ko bushewa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kodayake idanuwan amphibians suna da rauni sosai, ƙanshin ƙanshi yana da kyau ƙwarai: sabbin abubuwa masu ƙyalƙyali na iya jin warin ganima a nesa na mita 200-300.
Jinsin sun banbanta da sabon abu sabo da babu bakake mai tsayi a tsakanin idanu. Sashin sama na jiki duhu ne da ƙananan wuraren da ake iya gani. Cikin ciki rawaya ne ko lemu. Akwai gungu da yawa na ɗigon fari a kan kunci da gefuna. Maƙogwaron yana da duhu, wani lokacin rawaya, tare da fararen speck. Hakoran suna gudana cikin layi biyu masu layi daya. Tsarin jazz yana ba ka damar riƙe wanda aka azabtar.
Fatar, dangane da nau'in, na iya zama mai santsi ko mai kumburi. Rough zuwa tabawa. A kan ciki, yawanci ba tare da bayyananniyar sauƙi ba, a bayanta yana da ƙwanƙwo mai laushi. Launi ya dogara ba kawai ga nau'in ba, har ma a kan mazaunin. Waɗannan dalilai suna tasiri kan sifa da girman dutsen dorsal na namiji wanda ke girma a lokacin saduwa.
Dutsen da ke tsayi na iya zuwa santimita ɗaya da rabi, ana furta bakin kogin a wutsiya. Mafi yawan ɓangaren da yake gudana daga kai zuwa ƙasan wutsiya. Ba a bayyana wutsiya sosai. A cikin lokuta na al'ada, ba a iya ganin dutsen a cikin maza.
A ina ne sabon gidan rayuwa yake rayuwa?
Photo: Crested newt a Rasha
Gidan mazaunin halittu yana da fadi sosai. Ya haɗa da yawancin Turai, gami da Burtaniya, amma ban da Ireland. Amphibians suna zaune a cikin Ukraine, a yamma da Rasha. Iyakar kudu ta faɗi tare da Romania, Alps, Moldova, Bahar Maliya. A arewa, tana iyaka da Finland da Sweden.
Mafi yawanci ana samunsu a yankunan gandun daji tare da ƙananan ruwa - tabkuna, kududdufai, ramuka, da baya, kogin peat, da magudanan ruwa. Sun fi yawan lokacinsu a gabar teku, saboda haka suna samun mafaka a rubabben kututture, ramin tawadar ruwa, da bawon bishiyoyi da suka faɗi.
Dabbobi suna rayuwa a kusan dukkanin nahiyoyi, ban da Australia, Antarctica, Afirka. Kuna iya saduwa dasu a Arewacin Amurka da Kudancin Amurka, Asiya har ma fiye da Yankin Arctic. Halittu suna zaɓar wurare tare da yalwar ciyayi. An guji gurɓatattun wuraren. A lokacin bazara har zuwa tsakiyar lokacin rani suna zaune cikin ruwa. Bayan sun isa kasa, halittun suna buya a mafaka.
Tare da farkon yanayin sanyi, amphibians suna bacci na tsawon watanni 7-8 kuma suna huda ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rubabbun bishiyoyi, matattun itace ko kuma tarin ganyen da suka faɗi. Wani lokaci zaka ga gungu na halittu suna rungume da juna. Mutane sun fi dacewa don buɗe sarari. Yana da matukar wahala a sami sabbin sabbin abubuwa a yankunan noma da kuma wuraren da mutane ke zama.
Yawan zurfin tafki galibi bai fi mita daya da rabi ba, galibi mita 0.7-0.9. Madatsun ruwa na ɗan lokaci bazai wuce mita 0.2-0.3 ba. Dabbobi suna farkawa a rabi na biyu na Afrilu, lokacin da iska ke ɗumi har zuwa digiri 9-10. Mulkin mallaka na jikin ruwa yana faruwa tare da yanayin zafi sama da digiri 12-13.
Menene sabon sabo da aka ci?
Photo: Crested newt daga littafin Red
Abincin ya bambanta da na ƙasa.
A cikin ruwa, amphibians suna cin abinci:
- ƙwayoyin ruwa;
- kifin kifi;
- kananan kayan kwalliya;
- sauro sauro;
- masoya ruwa;
- mazari;
- tagwaye;
- ruwan kwari
A ƙasar, ba a cika cin abinci sau da yawa kuma ba a cika yawaita ba.
Ga mafi yawancin shine:
- tsutsar ciki;
- kwari da larvae;
- slugs;
- komai acorns
Rashin gani mai kyau baya barin kama dabbobi masu laushi, saboda haka sababbi yakan zama cikin yunwa. Gabobin layin na gefe suna taimakawa wajen kamun kayan kwalliya wadanda suke iyo har zuwa bakin bakin amphibian a nesa da santimita daya. Sabbin farauta don ƙwai kifi da tadpoles. Molluscs sune kusan 60% na abincin amphibians, larvae na kwari - har zuwa 40%.
A doron kasa, tsutsotsi na duniya sun kai kashi 60% na abincin, slugs 10-20%, kwari da tsutsu - 20-40%, ƙananan mutane na wani nau'in - 5%. A cikin yanayin kiwo a gida, ana ciyar da manya da crickets na gida ko ayaba, abinci ko tsutsar ciki, kyankyasai, molluscs da sauran kwari. A cikin ruwa, ana ba halittu katantanwa, kwari, jini.
Harin da aka kai wa daidaikun mutane, amma na karami, a wasu yankuna ya haifar da raguwar mutane. A kan ƙasa, amphibians suna farauta galibi da daddare ko kuma da rana a cikin yanayi mai ruwa. Suna kama duk abin da ya zo kusa kuma ya dace a cikin baki.
Kayayyakin tsutsa ne kawai da aka kyankyashe akan zooplankton. Yayin da suka girma, suna canzawa zuwa manyan ganima. A matakin larva, sababbi suna ciyar da abinci akan gastropods, caddisflies, gizo-gizo, cladocerans, lamellar gill, da tackpods. Halittun suna da kyakkyawar sha'awa, galibi suna afkawa waɗanda abin ya shafa wanda ya wuce girmansu.
Yanzu kun san abin da za ku ciyar da sabon sabon. Bari muga yadda yake rayuwa a cikin daji.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Crested newt
Sababbin mutane da aka kama suna fara ayyukansu a watan Maris zuwa Afrilu, bayan kankara ta narke. Dangane da yankin, wannan aikin zai iya wucewa daga Fabrairu zuwa Mayu. Halittu sun fi son salon rayuwar dare, amma a lokacin saduwarsu suna iya yin aiki tsawon rana.
Dabbobi masu kyau ne na ninkaya kuma suna jin daɗin zama cikin ruwa fiye da ƙasa. Ana amfani da wutsiya a matsayin abin firgita. Amphibians suna motsawa da sauri tare da ƙasan gawarwakin ruwa, yayin da suke tafiya a ƙasa kamar ba shi da kyau.
Bayan ƙarshen lokacin kiwo, mutane sukan ƙaura zuwa ƙasa, amma wasu mazan sun fi son zama a cikin ruwa har zuwa ƙarshen kaka. Kodayake suna tafiya a ƙasa da wahala, yayin lokutan haɗari, dabbobi na iya motsawa tare da saurin gudu.
Amphibians na iya yin rarrafe daga jikin ruwa na kilomita ɗaya da rabi. Matafiya wadanda suka fi karfin gwiwa samari ne masu shekaru daya zuwa biyu. Sabbin da ke da ƙwarewa masu yawa suna ƙoƙarin daidaitawa kusa da ruwa. Ramin hijirar baya tono kansu. Yi amfani da shirye. An toshe su cikin rukuni don rasa ƙarancin danshi.
A cikin gida, amphibians suna rayuwa fiye da yadda suke a cikin yanayi. A cikin bauta, inda babu abin da ke yi musu barazana, sababbi na iya rayuwa na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Mafi shahararren mutumin da aka rubuta ya mutu yana da shekara 28 - tarihi har ma a tsakanin masu shekaru ɗari da haihuwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Crested newt a cikin yanayi
Bayan sun fito daga barci, amphibians sun dawo cikin tafki, inda aka haife su. Maza sun fara zuwa. Idan ana ruwan sama, hanyar za ta zama mai sauƙi, idan akwai sanyi zai yi wuya a samu wurin. Namiji ya mamaye yankinsa kuma yana jiran isowar mace.
Lokacin da mace ta kusa, namiji yana yada pheromones, yana rawanta da wutsiyarsa. Cavalier yana yin rawar rawa, yana ƙoƙari ya ba da ƙaunatacciyar ƙaunataccensa, ya lanƙwasa dukkan jikinsa, ya shafa a kanta, ya ɗan huta kansa da jelarsa. A karshen aikin, namiji ya sanya kwayar cutar spermatophore a kasan, sannan mace ta dauke shi da cloaca.
Hadi yana faruwa a cikin jiki. Mace tana sanya fari, rawaya ko rawaya-koren ƙwai game da milimita 5 a diamita a ƙarshen bazara da farkon bazara. Qwai ana jujjuya su cikin guda 2-3 a cikin ganyen tsire-tsire na ruwa. Larvae na bayyana bayan kwanaki 14-18. Da farko, suna ciyar da abu daga buhunan gwaiduwa, sannan suna farautar zooplankton.
Tsutsa suna koren, ciki da gefuna zinariya ce. Wutsiyoyi da fin a cikin duhu tare da farin launi. Gishiri suna da ja. Suna girma cikin tsayi har zuwa santimita 8. Ba kamar nau'ikan da ke da alaƙa da juna ba, suna rayuwa ne a cikin kwatarniyar ruwa, kuma ba a ƙasa ba, don haka kifayen da ke farautar su sukan ci su.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Gaban kafa ya fara girma a cikin larvae. Na baya suna girma cikin kimanin makonni 7-8.
Ci gaban Larval yana ɗaukar kimanin watanni 3, bayan haka yara kanana suna fitowa daga ruwa zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da madatsar ruwa ta kafe, aikin yana hanzarta, kuma idan akwai wadataccen ruwa, akasin haka, yakan daɗe. Wanda ba a canza shi ba larvae hibernate a cikin wannan tsari. Amma babu fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin uku daga cikinsu da suka rayu har zuwa bazara.
Abokan gaba na sabbin sabo
Hoto: Mace da aka kirkira newt
Fatar Amphibian tana fitar da gamsai da wani abu mai guba wanda zai iya cutar da wata dabba.
Amma, duk da wannan, sabon yana da abokan gaba na halitta da yawa:
- koren kwadi;
- macizai;
- macizai;
- wasu kifi;
- herons;
- storks da sauran tsuntsaye.
Wasu lokuta kunkuru mai fadama ko bakakken stork na iya yin lahani ga rayuwar wani ɗan amphibian. Yawancin masu cin abincin ruwa kamar wasu nau'in kifi, amphibians, invertebrates basu damu da cin tsutsa ba. Cin naman mutane ba bakon abu ba ne a cikin bauta. Wasu kifayen da kifin da aka gabatar ya yi wa mummunar illa.
Cutar da ke haifar da ciwon huhu na iya shiga jikin dabbar da abinci. Daga ciki: Batrachotaenia karpathica, Cosmocerca longicauda, Halipegus ovocaudatus, Opisthioglyphe ranae, Pleurogenes claviger, Chabaudgolvania terdentatum, Hedruris androphora.
A cikin gida, sabbin sababbi suna iya kamuwa da cututtuka da yawa. Cututtuka mafi yawa suna da alaƙa da tsarin narkewa. Matsaloli suna da alaƙa da ciyarwar da ba ta dace ba ko cinye ƙasa a cikin ciki.
Mutanen Aquarium galibi suna fama da cututtukan fungal waɗanda ke shafar fata. Mucorosis ana ɗaukar matsalar mafi yawan gaske. Cutar da aka fi sani da ita ita ce sepsis. Wannan yana faruwa ne sakamakon shigar kwayoyin cuta cikin jiki. Ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki na iya haifar da tarawar ruwa a cikin kyallen takarda - mai kauri.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Crested newt cikin ruwa
Babban ƙwarewa ga ƙimar ruwa shi ne babban abin da ke haifar da koma baya ga ƙididdigar sabuwar jama'a. Yawan wannan nau'in yana raguwa da sauri fiye da sauran amphibians. Don T. cristatus, gurɓatar masana'antu da magudanan ruwa suna zama mafi haɗari.
A cikin yankuna da yawa, inda kimanin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar amphibians a matsayin jinsin gama gari, yanzu ba za a same su ba. Newt ɗin da aka kirkira ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan mafi saurin haɗarin haɗari a cikin fauna na Turai. Duk da fadi da yawa, nau'ikan ba su da yawa, musamman a arewa da gabashin wuraren da ya saba.
Kowane mutum yana warwatse a cikin kewayon a cikin salon mosaic kuma ana samun su sau da yawa ƙasa da yadda aka saba. Idan aka kwatanta da shi, ana ɗaukar tsefe a matsayin jinsin asali. Kodayake a cikin lambobi sabon wanda aka kirkira ya ninka sau 5 a cikin wanda aka saba, a dazuzzuka masu dazuzzuka yawan jama'a yayi daidai, kuma a wasu wuraren ma sun wuce irin na da.
Saboda mummunar lalata wuraren zama tun daga 1940, yawan mutanen Turai ya ragu sosai. Yawan yawan mutane ya kasance samfurin 1.6-4.5 a kowace kadada ta fili. A wuraren da mutane ke yawan zuwa, akwai kusan kusan ɓacewa daga manyan ƙauyuka.
Inara hanyoyin sadarwar hanyoyi, gabatarwar kifaye masu farauta (musamman, Amur mai bacci), lalata mutane, lalata biranen ƙasa da tarkon filaye marasa kyau yana shafar adadin halittu. Aikin haƙawar boar shima mummunan abu ne.
Tsare sabbin sabbin abubuwa
Photo: Crested newt daga littafin Red
An tsara jinsin a cikin littafin Red Book na kasa da kasa, Red Book of Latvia, Lithuania, Tatarstan. An kiyaye shi ta Yarjejeniyar Berne (Annex II). Kodayake ba a jera shi a cikin littafin Red Book na Rasha ba, tunda galibi ana ɗaukarsa ba barazana ba ce, an haɗa jinsunan a cikin littafin Bayanai na Red bayanai na yankuna 25 na Rasha. Daga cikinsu akwai Orenburg, Moscow, Ulyanovsk, Republic of Bashkortostan da sauransu.
A halin yanzu, ba a amfani da matakan tsaro na musamman. Dabbobi suna rayuwa a cikin ajiyar 13 a cikin Rasha, musamman, Zhigulevsky da sauran tanadi. Rage haɓakar sunadarai na ruwa na iya haifar da ɓacewar gabaɗar mutanen amphibians. Saboda haka, ana ba da shawarar ƙuntata ayyukan noma da gandun daji.
Don kiyaye jinsunan, ya zama dole a gudanar da aiki kan nemo rukunin gida masu karko da gabatar da tsarin mulki mai kariya a cikin irin wadannan yankuna, ana mai da hankali kan kiyaye jikin ruwa, da kuma gabatar da haramcin cinikayyar sabbin sababbi. An haɗa nau'ikan a cikin jerin dabbobin da ba su da yawa na yankin Saratov kuma an ba da shawarar sanya su cikin Littafin Bayanai na Red na wannan yankin.
A cikin manyan ƙauyuka, ana ba da shawarar a sake dawo da yanayin halittu na cikin ruwa, a maye gurbin bankunan da aka yi wa ado da ciyayi na halitta don jin daɗin halittar halittu, da kuma dakatar da fitowar ruwan guguwa da ba a kula da shi ba a cikin ƙananan koguna tare da katako.
Sabbin labarai kuma tsutsarsa suna tsunduma cikin lalata sauro, wanda ke kawo babbar fa'ida ga ɗan adam. Hakanan, amphibians suna cin dako na cututtuka daban-daban. Tare da kulawa mai kyau, ba zaku iya yin ado da akwatin kifaye kawai tare da sabbin sababbi masu kyan gani ba, amma kuma ku hayayyafa su cikin nasara. Jarirai suna buƙatar abinci na yau da kullun, ciyayi da wuraren kwana na wucin gadi.
Ranar bugawa: 22.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 a 18:52
