Jellyfish ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan tsoffin halittu waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwa a duniya. Sun rayu a Duniya tun kafin bayyanar dinosaur. Wasu nau'ikan basa cutarwa kwata-kwata, yayin da wasu kuma zasu iya kashewa da taɓawa ɗaya. Mutanen da ke yin kifi suna adana jellyfish a cikin akwatinan ruwa, suna lura da yanayin rayuwar su.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Medusa
Dangane da bincike, rayuwar farkon jellyfish ta samo asali ne daga duniya sama da shekaru miliyan 650 da suka gabata. Tun da farko kifin ya zo ƙasa. Daga Girkanci μέδουσα an fassara shi azaman mai tsaro, sarki. Halittar mai suna Karl Linnaeus ta sanya masa suna a tsakiyar karni na 18 don girmama Gorgon Medusa saboda kwatankwacinsa na waje. Zamanin Medusoid wani mataki ne a cikin rayuwar masu rarrafe. Na mallakar ƙaramin Medusozoa ne. Gabaɗaya, akwai fiye da nau'in 9 dubu.
Bidiyo: Medusa
Akwai nau'ikan 3 na jellyfish, waɗanda ake kira bisa ga tsarin su:
- kwalin jellyfish;
- hydro-jellyfish;
- scyphomedusa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mafi yawan jellyfish mai guba a duniya yana cikin nau'in akwatin jellyfish. Sunanta shine Tekun Ruwa ko Akwatin Medusa. Gubarsa na iya kashe mutum a cikin kusan aan mintoci kaɗan, kuma kusan launin shuɗi ba a gan shi a kan ruwa, wanda ke ba da sauƙi a yi karo da shi.
Turritopsis nutricula na cikin hydro-jellyfish - jinsin da ake ganin ba mai mutuwa. Idan suka balaga, sai su nitse zuwa cikin tekun kuma su rikide su zama polyp. Sabbin tsari suna haɓaka akan sa, daga abin da jellyfish ke bayyana. Zasu iya rayar da wani adadi mara iyaka har sai wani mai farauta ya cinye su.
Scyphomedusa sun fi girma idan aka kwatanta da sauran azuzuwan. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Cyanei - manyan halittu waɗanda suka kai tsawon mita 37 kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin mafiya tsayi a duniya. Cizon ƙwayoyin scyphoid sun yi kama da na ƙudan zuma kuma suna iya haifar da tashin hankali.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Medusa a cikin teku
Tunda halittun suna 95% na ruwa, 3% gishiri da furotin 1-2%, jikinsu kusan a bayyane yake, tare da ɗan ɗanɗano. Suna motsawa ta ragin tsoka kuma suna kama da laima, kararrawa ko jelly-like disc. Akwai shinge a gefuna. Dogaro da jinsin, suna iya zama gajeru kuma masu kauri ko tsayi da sirara.
Adadin harbe na iya bambanta daga huɗu zuwa ɗari da yawa. Koyaya, lambar koyaushe zata kasance mai sau huɗu, tunda membobin wannan ƙaramin suna da yanayin haske. A cikin kwale-kwalen tekun akwai guba, wanda ke taimaka wa dabbobi sosai yayin farauta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wasu nau'in jellyfish na iya harbawa har tsawon makonni bayan sun mutu. Wasu kuma na iya kashe kusan mutane 60 da guba cikin fewan mintina kaɗan.
Bangaren waje yana da ma'amala, kamar halittar duniya, kuma mai santsi. Lowerarshen yana kama da jaka, a tsakiyarsa akwai buɗe baki. A wasu mutane yana kama da bututu, a wasu kuma gajere ne kuma mai kauri, a wasu kuma kamannin kulob ne. Wannan rami yana taimakawa wajen cire tarkacen abinci.
Duk tsawon rayuwa, girman halittu baya tsayawa. Girman girman ya dogara da nau'in: ƙila ba za su wuce 'yan milimita ba, ko kuma za su iya kaiwa mita 2.5 a faɗi, kuma tare da tanti, duk mita 30-37, wanda ya ninka tsawon na whale shuɗi sau biyu.
Brains da hankula sun ɓace. Koyaya, tare da taimakon ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi, halittu suna rarrabe tsakanin haske da duhu. A lokaci guda, abubuwa basa iya gani. Amma wannan ba ya tsoma baki tare da farauta da amsawa ga haɗari. Wasu mutane suna haske a cikin duhu da haske mai haske ja ko shuɗi a zurfin zurfin.
Tunda jikin jellyfish na dadadden abu ne, ya ƙunshi yadudduka biyu kawai, waɗanda mesogley ke haɗe da junan su - wani abu mai ɗaci. Na waje - a kansa akwai rudiments na tsarin juyayi da ƙwayoyin cuta, na ciki - yana cikin narkar da abinci.
A ina ne jellyfish ke rayuwa?
Photo: jellyfish cikin ruwa
Wadannan kwayoyin suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin ruwan gishiri, don haka zaka iya cin karo da su a kusan kowane teku ko teku (ban da na cikin teku). Wani lokaci ana iya samun su a cikin rufaffun lagoons ko gishirin gishiri a tsibirin murjani.
Wasu wakilai na wannan nau'in suna da zafi kuma suna rayuwa a saman wuraren tafki mai kyau da rana, kamar fantsama a bakin ruwa, yayin da wasu suka fi son ruwan sanyi kuma suna rayuwa ne kawai a cikin zurfin. Yankin yana da fadi sosai - daga Arctic zuwa tekuna masu zafi.
Jinsi daya ne kawai ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai dadi - Craspedacusta sowerbyi, dan asalin gandun dajin Amazon na Kudancin Amurka. Yanzu jinsin ya zauna a dukkan nahiyoyi banda Afirka. Kowane mutum ya shiga sabon mazaunin tare da dabbobin da aka yi jigilarsu ko tsire-tsire a waje da wuraren da suka saba.
Dabbobi masu haɗari na iya rayuwa a cikin yanayi daban-daban kuma su isa kowane girman. Speciesananan nau'ikan sun fi son bays, tashar jiragen ruwa, tsattsauran ra'ayi. Lagoon Jellyfish da Blue Executioner suna da dangantaka mai fa'ida tare da algae unicellular, wanda ke haɗuwa da jikin dabbobi kuma yana iya samar da abinci daga ƙarfin hasken rana.
Jellyfish shima yana iya ciyarwa akan wannan samfurin, yana inganta aikin photosynthesis, saboda haka koyaushe suna saman ruwa. Ana ajiye mutane na itacen mangrove a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a cikin tushen mangroves a Tekun Meziko. Suna amfani da mafi yawan rayuwarsu a ciki juye don algae su sami haske sosai.
Yanzu kun san inda ake samun jellyfish. Bari mu ga abin da suke ci.
Menene jellyfish ke ci?
Hotuna: Shudi jellyfish
Dabbobi ana daukar su mafi yawaitar mahauta a duniyar tamu. Tunda waɗannan halittun basu da gabobin narkewa, abinci yana shiga cikin rami na ciki, wanda, tare da taimakon enzymes na musamman, zai iya narkar da kwayar halitta mai laushi.
Abincin Jellyfish ya kunshi yafi plankton:
- cananan ɓawon burodi;
- soya;
- kifin caviar;
- zooplankton;
- qwai na halittun ruwa;
- karami mutane.
Bakin dabbobi yana ƙarƙashin jikin mai-ƙararrawa. Hakanan yana aiki don sakin sirri daga jiki. Kayan abinci da ba a so sun rabu da rami ɗaya. Suna kama ganima tare da aiwatar da lalata abubuwa. Wasu jinsunan suna da kwayoyin halitta akan tantaninsu wanda ke fitar da wani abu mai larurar jiki.
Yawancin jellyfish mafarauta ne masu wuce gona da iri. Suna jiran wanda aka azabtar ya yi iyo da kansa don ya harbe su da ƙoshin baya. Ana narkar da abinci nan take a cikin ramin da ke haɗe da buɗe bakin. Wasu nau'ikan halittu masu iya iyo ne sosai kuma suna bin abincinsu "zuwa nasara."
Saboda karancin hakora, ba shi da ma'ana don kama halittun da suka fi ka girma. Medusa ba za ta iya tauna abinci ba kawai tana bin abin da zai dace a bakinta. Individualsananan mutane suna kama abin da ba ya ba da juriya, kuma waɗanda suka fi girma suna farautar ƙananan kifi da abokan aikinsu. Mafi girman halittu a cikin rayuwarsu duka suna cin fiye da kifaye dubu 15.
Dabbobi ba sa iya ganin irin abin da suke kama. Saboda haka, kama ganima ta harbe, suna jin shi. A wasu nau'ikan, ruwan da ke ɓoye daga tantin yana dogara da shi sosai don kada ya zamewa. Wasu jinsunan suna shan ruwa mai yawa kuma suna zaɓar abinci daga ciki. Jellyfish na Australiya da aka hango suna rarraba tan 13 na ruwa kowace rana.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Pink jellyfish
Tunda mutane kusan basa iya tsayayya da igiyar ruwa, masu bincike sun sanya su a matsayin wakilan plankton. Zasu iya yin iyo akan na yanzu kawai ta hanyar laima laima da tura ruwa daga ƙananan jiki ta hanyar rage tsoka. Jet din da aka kera yana ingiza jiki gaba. Wasu ra'ayoyi masu motsi suna haɗe da wasu abubuwa. Jakunkunan da ke kan bakin ƙararrawa suna aiki a matsayin ma'auni. Idan gangar jikin ta fadi a gefenta, tsokokin da jijiyoyin jikinsu ke da alhakin fara aiki sai jiki ya daidaita. Yana da wuya a ɓoye a cikin buɗaɗɗun teku, don haka nuna gaskiya yana taimakawa rufe fuska sosai a cikin ruwa. Wannan yana taimaka wajan guji faɗawa cikin wasu dabbobin. Kwayoyin halitta basa cin abincin mutane. Mutum na iya shan wahala daga jellyfish kawai lokacin da aka wanke shi bakin teku.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Jellyfish na iya sabunta sassan sassan jiki da suka ɓace. Idan ka raba su gida biyu, duk sassan biyu zasu rayu kuma zasu murmure, su juye zuwa mutane biyu masu kama. Lokacin da tsutsa ta rabu, tsutsa iri daya zata bayyana.
Tsarin rayuwar dabbobi gajere ne. Mafi ƙanƙantar da hankali daga cikinsu yana rayuwa ne har zuwa shekara guda. Gaggauta haɓaka ana tabbatar da shi ta ciwan abinci koyaushe. Wasu nau'in suna da saurin ƙaura. Kifin jellyfish na zinariya, wanda ke zaune a Tafkin jellyfish, wanda aka haɗa shi da teku ta rami ƙarƙashin ƙasa, yi iyo zuwa gabar gabashin gabas da safe kuma ya dawo da yamma.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Kyakkyawan jellyfish
Halittu suna hayayyafa ta hanyar jima'i ko na ciyayi. A cikin bambance-bambancen farko, maniyyi da kwai sun girma a cikin gonads, bayan haka suna fita ta baki suna yin takin, yayin aiwatar da abin da aka haifa planula - tsutsa. Ba da daɗewa ba sai ya daidaita zuwa gindin kuma ya haɗa kansa da wani dutse, bayan haka an samar da polyp, wanda, bi da bi, ya ninka ta yin toho. A kan polyp, daughtera daughteran daughtera daughtera suna birbishin juna. Lokacin da cikakken jellyfish ya kasance, sai ya fara yin iyo kuma yana shawagi. Wasu jinsunan suna hayayyafa ta wata hanya daban-daban: matakin polyp baya nan, an haifi 'ya'yan daga tsutsa. A wasu jinsunan, polyps suna samuwa a cikin gonads kuma, ta hanyar tsallake tsaka-tsakin matakan, jarirai suna fitowa daga garesu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Dabbobi suna da taki yadda zasu iya yin ƙwai sama da dubu arba'in kowace rana.
Sabon jellyfish da aka haifa yana ciyarwa kuma yana girma, yana juya zuwa cikin girma tare da cikakkun al'aura da shirye-shiryen haifuwa. Don haka, an rufe tsarin rayuwa. Bayan haifuwa, kwayoyin galibi galibi suna mutuwa - abokan gaba ne ke cinye su ko kuma aka jefa su bakin teku.
Gwanayen haihuwa na maza sune ruwan hoda ko shunayya, mata rawaya ne ko lemu. Thearin haske mai haske, ƙaramin mutum ne. Sautin ya dusashe da shekaru. Gabobin haihuwa suna a cikin ɓangaren sama na jiki a cikin surar ƙwarya.
Abokan gaba na jellyfish
Hotuna: Babban jellyfish
Idan aka kalli jellyfish din, zai yi wuya ayi tunanin wani yana cin naman sa, saboda dabbobi kusan sun hada da ruwa kuma kadan ne ake ci a cikinsu. Amma duk da haka manyan abokan gaba na kwayoyin halitta sune kunkuru, anchovies, tuna, maƙarƙashiya, moonfish na teku, kifin kifi, shark, da wasu tsuntsaye.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin Rasha, ana kiran dabbobi da man alade. A cikin China, Japan, Korea, jellyfish har yanzu ana amfani dasu don abinci kuma ana kiransu naman kristal. Wani lokaci aikin gishirin yakan wuce sama da wata guda. Tsoffin Romansan Rumawa suna ɗauka a matsayin abinci mai dadi kuma ana yi masa aiki a teburin liyafa.
Ga yawancin kifi, jellyfish abune mai mahimmanci kuma ana ciyar dasu saboda rashin ƙarin abinci mai gamsarwa. Koyaya, ga wasu nau'in, gelatinous halittu sune babban abinci. Wani salon rayuwa yana ƙarfafa kifi don cin jellyfish, gwargwadon ninkaya tare da kwararar ruwa.
Abokan gaba na wadannan halittun suna da kauri, siririyar fata, wacce ke zama kyakkyawar kariya daga shingen tanti. Tsarin cin abinci ta hanyar atamfa abu ne na musamman: suna haɗiye ƙananan jellyfish duka, kuma a cikin manyan mutane suna cizon laima a ɓangarorin. A cikin Kogin jellyfish, kwayoyin basu da abokan gaba na halitta, don haka babu abinda ke barazana ga rayuwarsu da haihuwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Giant jellyfish
Ga duk mazaunan teku, gurɓataccen yanayi abu ne mara kyau, amma wannan bai shafi jellyfish ba. Kwanan nan, yawan dabbobi a duk kusurwar duniya suna ta ƙaruwa ba fasawa. Masana kimiyya daga Jami'ar British Columbia sun kalli karuwar adadin halittu a cikin tekuna.
Masu bincike sun lura da nau'ikan jellyfish 138 tun daga 1960. Masana ilimin halitta sun tattara bayanai daga 45 na halittu masu rai. Sakamakon ya nuna cewa a cikin kashi 62% na yankuna, yawan mutanen ya karu a kwanan nan. Musamman, a cikin Tekun Bahar Rum da Baƙin Baƙi, gabar arewa maso gabashin Amurka, tekunan gabashin Asiya, Tsibirin Hawaii da Antarctica.
Labarin game da karuwar mutane zai fi farin ciki idan hakan ba yana nufin keta alfarmar yanayin ƙasa baki ɗaya ba. Jellyfish ba kawai lalata masana'antar kifi ba ne, amma kuma yayi alkawarin konewa ga masu ninkaya, haifar da matsala a cikin aikin tsarin na lantarki, da toshe hanyoyin shigar jiragen ruwa.
A cikin tsibirin Pacific na Palau a cikin Tekun Jellyfish, tare da yanki na mita 460x160, kimanin miliyan biyu na zinare da wata na gelatinous halittu suna rayuwa. Babu abin da ke hana ci gaban su, sai ga waɗanda suke son yin iyo a cikin wani tafki mai kama da jelly. Ba shi yiwuwa a tantance ainihin adadin, saboda tafkin yana cike da halittu masu haske.
Jellyfish kariya
Hotuna: Medusa daga littafin Red
Duk da karuwar adadi da karuwar mutane, wasu nau'ikan har yanzu suna bukatar kiyayewa. A tsakiyar karni na 20, Odessia maeotica da Olindias inexpectata gama gari ne, idan ba gama gari ba. Koyaya, tun daga shekarun 1970s, lambar ta fara raguwa saboda ƙaruwar gishirin teku da gurɓataccen yanayi, musamman, Tekun Azov. Tsufa na jikin ruwa da kuma yadda suke cike da abubuwan gina jiki ya haifar da bacewar jinsunan Odessia maeotica daga yankin arewa maso yamma na Bahar Maliya. Olindias inexpectata an daina samun sa a gabar tekun Romania da Bulgaria na tekun Black da Azov.
An jera ire-irensu a cikin littafin Red Book of Ukraine, inda aka sanya musu nau'ikan jinsunan da ke cikin hatsari, da kuma littafin Red Book of the Black Sea mai dauke da nau'in halittu masu rauni. A halin yanzu, lambar ba ta da yawa ta yadda wasu mutane kalilan za a iya samu. Duk da wannan, wani lokacin a cikin Taganrog Bay na Bahar Maliya, kwayoyin sun zama babban kayan zooplankton.
Don kiyaye nau'ikan halittu da ci gaban alummarsu, ana buƙatar kiyaye matsuguni da tsabtace jikin ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun yi imanin cewa ƙaruwar lambobi wata manuniya ce ta lalacewar yanayin yanayin halittun ruwa. A Koriya, wata kungiyar masu bincike sun yanke shawarar yakar matsalar tare da taimakon mutum-mutumi masu kama halittu a kan yanar gizo.
A cikin burbushin halittu jellyfish ya bayyana ba zato ba tsammani ba tare da siffofin canji ba. Tunda halittu suna bukatar dukkan gabobi don su rayu, da wuya wata halitta ta rikon kwarya ba tare da halaye masu kyau su wanzu ba. Dangane da hujjojin, jellyfish koyaushe suna cikin yanayin su tun daga ranar da Allah ya halitta su a ranar 5th na mako (Farawa 1:21).
Ranar bugawa: 21.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/29/2019 a 18:27
