Tabbas mutane da yawa sun taɓa jin labarin irin wannan dabba ta musamman kamar Shaidan Tasmaniyya... Sunanta na sihiri, mai ban tsoro da tsoratarwa shine yayi magana don kansa. Wace irin rayuwa yake yi? Waɗanne halaye yake da su? Shin halayyarsa da gaske zunubi ne da shaidan? Bari muyi ƙoƙari mu fahimci wannan duka daki-daki kuma mu fahimci ko wannan dabbar da ba a saba da ita ba tana ba da sunan laƙabi mai daɗi sosai.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Shaidan din Tasmaniya
Har ila yau, ana kiran shaidan na Tasmaniyan shaidan marsupial. Wannan dabba mai shayarwa tana daga cikin gidan marsupials masu cin nama da kuma aljanun aljannu (Sarcophilus), wanda shine kawai wakilinsa. Tambayar ba da son rai ta taso ba: "Me yasa wannan dabbar ta cancanci wannan suna na rashin son kai?" Don haka turawan mulkin mallaka da suka zo Tasmania daga Turai suka fara ba shi suna. Dabbar ta tsoratar da su da rawar jiki, da kururuwar ban tsoro da ban tsoro, abin da ya sa ta sami wannan laƙabin kuma, kamar yadda ya zo daga baya, ba a banza ba. Haushin shaidan hakika mai zafin rai ne, kuma babban bakin mai kaifi da kaifin baki da bakin launi na fur din kawai yana karfafa ra'ayin mutane game da shi. An fassara sunan jinsi a cikin Latin kamar "mai son nama."
Bidiyo: Tasmani Iblis
Gabaɗaya, tare da zurfin nazari da yawan nazarin halittu, ya zamana cewa dangin shaidan na kusa sune marubutan marubutan (quolls), kuma akwai dangantaka mafi nisa tare da thylacins (kerketai marsupial), waɗanda yanzu sun shuɗe. Wannan dabba an fara bayyana ta a kimiyance a farkon karni na sha tara, kuma a shekarar 1841 mai shayarwa ya sami sunansa na yanzu kuma aka sanya shi a matsayin dabba daya tilo da ke wakiltar dangin marsupials a Australia.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An san shaidan Tasmaniyanci a matsayin mafi girman danniya a duniya, wannan an tabbatar da shi a hukumance.
Girman shaidan marsupial ya yi kama da na karamin kare, tsayin dabbar ya fara daga 24 zuwa 30 cm, tsayin jiki daga 50 zuwa 80 cm, kuma nauyin ya bambanta daga 10 zuwa 12 kilogiram. A waje, shaidan hakika yayi kamanceceniya da kare ko karamin bear, yankan ido da bakin fuska yayi kama da koala. Gabaɗaya, kallon irin wannan halin na marsupial, ba a lura da jin tsoro, amma, akasin haka, ga mutane da yawa, yana iya zama mai farin ciki, kyakkyawa da kyakkyawa.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Dabba Tasmaniyanci Dabba
Komai a bayyane yake da girman shaidan, amma ya kamata a lura cewa mace ta fi namiji ƙima. Hakanan ana banbanta shi da kasancewar wata jakar fata, wacce take bude baya kuma tana da nonuwan guda hudu a boye a ciki. Gabaɗaya, mai farautar yana da madaidaicin tsari kuma mai wadataccen tsarin mulki. Da alama shi mai rikitarwa ne kuma mara hankali, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba, shaidan yana da rauni, yana da ƙarfi kuma yana da jijiyoyin jiki. Gabobin dabbar ba su da tsayi, tsayin ƙafafun gaba ya ɗan wuce ƙafafun baya, wanda baƙon abu ne ga marsupials. Legsafafun gaban Iblis yan yatsu biyar ne, yatsan yatsa yana nesa da sauran, don haka ya fi dacewa a riƙe ganimar. Yatsun farko a gabobin baya baya nan, kuma kaifi da kaifi masu karfi na dabbar suna iya wargaza naman.
Idan aka kwatantashi da dukkan jiki, kan yana da girma, yana da ɗan ƙarau mara kyau da ƙananan baƙaƙen idanu. Kunnuwan dabba suna zagaye kuma suna da kyau, sun fito daban don kalar hodarsu ta fuskar baƙar fata. Fahimtar da doguwar vibrissae fuskar shaidan, don haka ƙanshin mai farautar yana da kyau ƙwarai. Gashi na shaidan marsupial gajere ne kuma baƙi ne, kawai a yankin sternum kuma sama da wutsiya akwai dogayen fararen fata a bayyane, ƙananan farin fari kuma na iya bayyana a ɓangarorin.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yanayin jelar shaidan na nuna lafiyar dabbar. Ana amfani da wutsiya azaman ma'ajiyar kayan mai. Idan ya kasance da wadataccen abinci kuma an sanya shi cikin baƙar gashi mai gashi, to dabbar tana jin daɗi sosai.
Ba don komai ba cewa babban shaidan yana da babban kai, saboda yana da ci gaba sosai kuma yana da ƙarfi sosai, waɗanda suke aiki a matsayin babban makami mai ban tsoro. Cizon shaidan ɗaya kawai yana huda ƙashin baya ko kwanyar wanda aka azabtar. Molar, kamar dutsen niƙa yakan murƙushe har da ƙasusuwa masu kauri.
Ina shaidan din Tasmaniya yake rayuwa?
Photo: Shedaniyan Tasmania a yanayi
Idan aka yi la'akari da sunan mai farautar, ba shi da wuyar fahimtar inda yake da mazaunin dindindin. Shaidan marsupial yana fama da tsibirin Tasmania, watau ba shi yiwuwa a sadu da shi a cikin yanayin ɗabi'a ban da wannan wurin. A baya can, mai farautar ya kasance yana zaune a yankin na Australiya kuma ya yadu sosai a can, don haka yanayin ya kasance kusan ƙarni shida da suka gabata, yanzu babu wani fasali na sararin samaniya a kan yankin Ostiraliya, da yawa daga munanan abubuwan anthropogenic sun haifar da waɗannan mummunan sakamakon.
Da fari dai, laifin batan Shaidan din Tasmanian shi ne shigo da kare dingo daji zuwa Ostiraliya, wanda ya fara farautar mafarautan marsup, yana rage yawan mutanensa sosai. Abu na biyu, mutane sun fara lalata shaidan ba ji ba gani saboda hare-haren wuce gona da iri da ya kai a gidajen kaji da kuma harin 'yan fashi a kan' yan raguna. Don haka an shafe shaidan marsupial gaba daya, kuma ya bace daga yankin Ostiraliya. Yana da kyau a kan ƙasar Tasmaniyya ba su da lokacin halakar da shi, amma bayan sun farga, sai suka ɗauki doka wacce ta kafa doka mai tsauri kan duk wani aikin farauta dangane da wannan dabba ta musamman.
A halin yanzu, dabbobi sun gwammace su zauna a arewa, yamma da tsakiyar yankin Tasmania, suna nesa da mutumin da ke ɗauke da haɗari.
Dabbobi suna son:
- dazuzzuka;
- yankin makiyayar tumaki;
- savannah;
- ƙasa mai duwatsu.
Menene shaidan Tasmanian yake ci?
Photo: Shedaniyan Tasmaniya a Ostiraliya
Shaidanun Tasmaniyya suna da kwadayin abinci sosai kuma suna cin amana. A wani lokaci, suna cin abincin da ya kai kashi goma sha biyar cikin ɗari na nauyinsu, kuma idan sun ji yunwa sosai, to wannan kashi zai iya zuwa arba'in.
Abincin su na yau da kullun ya ƙunshi:
- kananan dabbobi masu shayarwa;
- kadangaru;
- macizai;
- tsuntsaye;
- kwadi;
- kowane irin kwari;
- beraye;
- kayan kwalliya;
- kifi;
- gawa.
Game da hanyoyin farauta, shaidan yana amfani da dabarar da babu matsala ta cizon kwanyar kai ko kashin baya, wanda ke hana wanda aka yiwa fyade. Devananan shaidanu suna iya jimre wa manyan dabbobi, amma raunana ko marasa lafiya. Sau da yawa suna yiwa garken tumaki da na shanu, suna bayyanar da raunin mahada a cikin su. Kaifin gani da ƙamshi suna kama duk abin da ke kewaye, wanda ke taimakawa ƙwarai don neman abinci.
Carrion yana jan hankalin dabbobi tare da warinsa, saboda haka yawancin marsupials suna haɗuwa akan wata babbar gawar da ta faɗi, wanda akasari ana ɗaure rikice rikice na jini saboda sassaka. A lokacin idi, ana ta jin kuwwa da kukan shaidanu ko'ina, suna yanka manyan gawarwaki. Kusan ba abin da ya rage daga abincin dare mai daɗi, ba a cin nama kawai, har ma da fata tare da Jawo, duk cikin har ma da ƙasusuwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Aljannu ba su da wayewa sosai kuma ba sa rarrabewa a cikin abinci, don haka tare da gawar za su iya cin damarta, gutsuttukan mayafai, alamun roba masu alamar shanu da tumaki, abin wuya.
Shaidanun Tasmaniyya suna jin daɗin cin zomo, daji kangaroos, berayen kangaroo, mahaifa, wallabies. An fashi suna iya ɗaukar abinci daga marsupial marten, suna cin ragowar abincin manyan mafarautan, suna iya hawa bishiyoyi da duwatsu, inda suke tsunduma cikin lalata tsuntsayen tsuntsaye. Hakanan abinci na asalin tsirrai yana cikin menu na shaidan, dabbobi na iya cin fruitsa ,an itace, tushe da tubers na wasu tsire-tsire, kuma ba zasu ƙi fruitsa juan itace masu icyan itace ba. Lokacin da abinci yayi ƙaranci, shaiɗanu suna adanawa ta wutsiyar kayan abinci da na kitse.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A cikin mawuyacin lokaci, a lokacin yunwa, shaidan yana iya cin abinci tare da ɗan'uwansa da ya raunana, don haka cin naman mutane a tsakaninsu yana faruwa.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Shaidan Tasmaniyanci daga littafin Red Book
Shaidan marsupial ya fi son wanzuwar kadaici kuma ba a hade shi da wani yanki na musamman ba, mazaunanta na iya mamayewa tare da yankunan wasu danginsu, rigingimun filaye a muhallin wadannan dabbobin galibi ba sa faruwa, duk rikice-rikice na faruwa ko dai saboda sassaka-babban ganima, ko saboda kyakkyawan jima'i na shaidan. Marsupials suna aiki da daddare, kuma da rana suna ɓoyewa a cikin mafakarsu, waɗanda suke tanadawa a cikin kogon dutse, ƙananan ramuka, dazuzzuka masu yawa, ramuka. Don dalilai na aminci, akwai irin wadatattun gidajen da yawa a lokaci guda, to galibi sukan koma zuriya.
Kamar yadda muka riga muka gani, shaidan marsupial yana da lahani mai kyau, gani da ƙanshi, suna iya iyo sosai, amma suna yin sa ne idan ya zama dole. Matasa na iya cin nasara bisa bishiyar bishiya, wanda tsofaffin ƙarni basu iyawa ba. A lokacin yunwa, irin wannan ikon hawa cikin kambin itace yana ceton dabbobin dabbobi daga manya yan uwan su na kabilu.
Shaidanun aljannu suna da tsafta mai ban mamaki, suna iya lasa kansu tsawon awanni don haka babu wani ƙanshin waje wanda yake tsangwama ga farauta. An lura cewa dabbobin suna narkar da gabansu gaba-gaba a cikin siffar ladle domin dibar ruwa da wanke fuskokinsu da nononsu; irin wadannan hanyoyin ruwan na yau da kullun a cikin dabbobi.
Dabbobi suna nuna laulayi na musamman, nuna ƙarfi da sassauci yayin da suke cikin haɗari ko kuma, akasin haka, suna kai hari. Yanayin dabbobin ba shi da tsari kuma yana cin karensa ba babbaka, kuma yawan jin sautinsu yana ba ka tsoro. Daga dabbobin, kuna iya jin haushi, da tari, da wata kara ta shaidan, da kuma babbar motsin rai da za a iya ji na kilomita da yawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana ilimin dabbobi sun yi rikodin nau'ikan siginar sauti guda 20 da shaidanun Tasmaniya suka fitar.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Tasmaniy Iblis Cub
Shaidanun aljanun Tasmaniyya sun kusanci shekaru biyu da haihuwa. Kuma lokacin saduwarsu yana sauka ne a watan Maris ko Afrilu. Lokacin da aka kulla ƙawancen gajeran lokaci, babu ƙanshin neman aure a nan, dabbobi suna nuna fushi da ɓarna. Rigima sau da yawa takan barke tsakanin maza. Bayan kamala, nan take macen da ke cikin fushi ta kora mai gida gida don shirya haihuwa ita kadai.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Masana kimiyya sun gano cewa kwanan nan shaitanun aljannu suka fara yin kiwo duk tsawon shekara, a bayyane yake, wannan shine yadda dabbobi suke kokarin cika fewan rukuninsu.
Lokacin haihuwar yana dauke da kimanin makonni uku, a cikin zuriyar akwai kusan guda talatin, wanda girmansa yayi daidai da 'ya'yan itacen ceri. Kusan nan da nan, suna rugawa cikin jakar mahaifiya, suna riƙe da fur din suna rarrafe a ciki.
Kutyats an haife su ne ba kawai na microscopic ba, amma makafi ne kuma tsirara ne, kawai a lokacin da suka cika wata uku suna gani kuma sun sami baƙar fata, kuma kusa da wata huɗu sun fara rarrafe daga cikin jaka, to, nauyinsu ya kai gram ɗari biyu. Har zuwa watannin takwas, uwar tana shayar da su da nono, sannan su koma cin abincin manya. A watan Disamba, matasa sun sami cikakken 'yanci, suna barin rayuwar manya da' yancin kai. Ya kamata a sani cewa tsawon rayuwar shaidan ya kai kimanin shekaru bakwai ko takwas.
Abokan gaba na shaidanun Tasmania
Photo: Shedaniyan Tasmaniya a yanayi
A bayyane yake, saboda tsananin yanayi da tashin hankali, shaidan marsupial ba shi da makiya da yawa a cikin yanayin ɗabi'ar daji.
Masu ba da fatawar sun hada da:
- karnukan dingo;
- dawakai;
- kwarkwata;
- tsuntsaye masu cin nama.
Amma tsuntsaye, tsoran dabbobi kawai suke yi, basa iya cin nasara akan babban shaitan. An gabatar da fox zuwa Tasmania ba bisa doka ba kuma nan da nan ta zama mai gasa abinci kuma makiyin shaidan. Daga dingo, dabbar ta koma zama a cikin wuraren da karnukan ba su da kwanciyar hankali. Shaidan malalataccen malami a lokacin haɗari da sauri ya haɗu ya juya zuwa mai lalata, mai muscular da dodgy wanda zai iya saurin gudu zuwa kilomita 13 a awa daya. Tasmaniyanci kuma yana da wata hanyar kariya - wannan ɓoye ɓataccen ɓataccen ɓoye ne lokacin firgita, wannan ƙamshin ya fi hankali da ƙamshi fiye da na dabbar skunks. Shaidanun aljannu suna aiki ne a matsayin makiyansu, saboda galibi, tare da rashin abinci, manyan mutane suna cin ƙananan dabbobi.
Har ila yau, masu cutar dabbobin duniyar suna fama da wata mummunar cuta wacce ke haifar da kumburin fuska, ba shi da magani kuma ana yawan maimaita annobarta lokaci-lokaci kowane shekaru 77, suna kwashe rayuka da yawa na shaidan. Masana kimiyya har yanzu basu iya gano dalilin da yasa hakan ke faruwa ba.
Hakanan ana iya ƙidaya mutum daga cikin magabtan shaidan, domin saboda shi ne wannan kusan mazaunin Tasmania ya kusan ɓacewa daga doron ƙasa. Tabbas, yanzu wannan dabba tana da tsaro sosai, lambarta ta ɗan haɓaka kaɗan kuma ta zama mai karko, amma, duka ɗaya, dabbobin sun sami babbar illa daga hannun mutane.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Shedaniyan Tasmaniya a Ostiraliya
Kamar yadda aka riga aka ambata, shaidan marsupial, wanda ya yadu ko'ina a cikin Ostiraliya, ya ɓace gaba ɗaya daga wannan nahiya, ya kasance cikin ƙarshen tsibirin Tasmania. Adadin dabba a tsibirin ya ragu sosai saboda ayyukan dabbanci da saurin mutum, don haka hukumomin Ostireliya a cikin 1941 suka gabatar da mafi tsananin hana duk wani aikin farauta game da wannan dabbar. Bala'in barkewar annoba mai saurin gaske, wanda har yanzu ba a fayyace musababbinsa ba, ya ci rayukan mutane da yawa na shedanun Tasmaniyya, qarshe na qarshe a cikin lamarin ya faru ne a shekarar 1995, ya rage adadin shaidan da kashi tamanin cikin dari, kafin wannan annobar ta kasance a shekarar 1950.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Mace tana da nono hudu ne kawai, don haka kawai wani ɗan ƙaramin ɓangaren daga cikin zuriyar ya tsira, tana cin sauran kanta, don haka dokokin zaɓi na ɗabi'a.
Adadin dabbobin shaidan na Tasmania a yau sun kasance kaɗan, amma matakan kariya sun sami tasirin su, saboda haka a hankali a hankali kuma a hankali, amma dabbobin ta sun ƙaru kuma sun sami kwanciyar hankali, wanda aƙalla kaɗan ne, amma mai sanyaya rai. Idan tun da farko ana daukar wannan nau'in dabbobi a cikin hatsari, yanzu kungiyoyin kare muhalli suna son sanya shi matsayin masu rauni. Har yanzu ba a warware wannan batun ba a ƙarshe, amma abu ɗaya ya bayyana - wannan dabbar tana da buƙatar matakan kariya na musamman na musamman, saboda haka yana da kyau a kula da ita cikin kulawa da kyau, kuma ya fi kyau kada a tsoma baki cikin rayuwar shaidan gaba ɗaya.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Shaidan mareniya shine ke rike da tarihin karfin cizon sa, wanda, idan aka kwatanta shi da nauyin jikin sa, ana ɗaukar shi mafi ƙarfi daga cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa.
Shaidanu na Tasmanian
Photo: Shaidan Tasmaniyanci daga littafin Red Book
Adadin aljanun Tasmani har yanzu ba su da yawa, kodayake ya sami kwanciyar hankali a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Haramcin haramcin farauta da hana fitarwa waɗannan dabbobin masu ban mamaki sun sami fa'idodi masu kyau. A baya can, adadi mai yawa dabbobi mutum ya hallaka saboda gaskiyar cewa shaidan ya afkawa dabbobin. Daga nan mutane suka fara cin naman sa, wanda su ma suke so, saboda shi adadin dabbobi ya ragu sosai, kuma daga yankin Ostiraliya ya ɓace gaba ɗaya.
Yanzu, saboda matakan kariyar da aka karɓa da kuma dokoki da yawa, ba a gudanar da farautar marsupials, kuma an hana shi fita daga tsibirin. Aya daga cikin maƙiyan maƙiyin shaidan masifa shine mummunan cuta, wanda har yanzu ba a sami magani ba.Wannan mummunan nau'in cutar sankara ya yanke kusan dabbobi kusan kusan rabin sama da shekaru goma sha biyar.
Shaidan din Tasmaniyan yana cikin littafin Red Book na duniya. An sanya shi cikin haɗari daga hukumomin Australiya. Dangane da kiyasi a 2006, adadin dabbobi 80,000 ne kawai, kodayake a cikin shekarun 90 na karnin da ya gabata akwai kusan 140,000 daga cikinsu. Laifin na da hadari da yaduwar cutar kansa. Masana ilmin namun daji suna ta kara, amma har yanzu ba su iya shawo kan cutar ba. Ofaya daga cikin matakan kariya shine ƙirƙirar keɓaɓɓun wurare inda ake kaurar dabbobin da basu kamu da cutar ba, wasu dabbobin an kaisu babban yankin Australiya kanta. Ya rage a sa rai cewa za a gano dalilin wannan cuta mai hatsari, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, mutane za su sami ingantattun hanyoyin magance ta.
A karshen zan so in kara hakan Shaidan Tasmaniyya abin birgewa ne kuma babu irinsa a cikin irinsa, har yanzu karatunsa yana gudana, saboda yana haifar da sha'awar da ba a taɓa gani ba, tsakanin masana kimiyya da talakawa. Ana iya kiran shaidan marsupal ɗayan alamomin nahiyar ta Ostiraliya. Duk da tsananin zafinsa da fushinsa, dabbar tana da kyau da kyau, ya sami babban shahara da soyayya tsakanin masu yawon bude ido daga ko'ina cikin duniya.
Ranar bugawa: 20.07.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 09/26/2019 a 9:22
