Cassowary yana zaune ne a cikin New Guinea da kuma gefen Australia. Waɗannan manyan tsuntsaye ne masu haɗari ga mutane, amma yawanci suna rayuwa ne a cikin gandun daji kuma sun fi so su ɓoye daga baƙi. Sunan "cassowary" an fassara shi daga Papuan a matsayin "kan mai ƙaho" kuma yana bayanin babban fasalin su: girma a kan kai.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Cassowary
Tarihin bayyanar beraye, wanda akasarinsu yake, an bayyana su a wani bangare kwanan nan. A da, anyi imani cewa dukkansu sun faru ne a wani wuri guda - bayan haka, da wuya irin jinsin berayen da suka warwatsu a nahiyoyi daban-daban (jimina, emu, kiwi, tinam, rhea, cassowary) sun rasa keel dinsu daban da juna.
Amma masu bincike daga Ostiraliya da New Zealand sun gano cewa wannan shi ne ainihin yadda ya kasance: Rabaye a matsayin sarki mai raba gari kimanin shekaru miliyan 100 da suka gabata, lokacin da nahiyar Afirka guda daya tak ta riga ta rabe biyu. Dalilin rasa ikon tashi shi ne ƙarancin ɗimbin yawa a ƙarshen Cretaceous, bayan haka kuma an sake sakin raƙuman muhalli da yawa.
Bidiyo: Cassowary
Masu farauta sun zama karami, kuma magabatan raƙuman zamani sun fara girma da girma kuma suna tashi ƙasa da ƙasa, don haka da shigewar lokaci, maganganun su kawai suna taƙama. Amma kafin bayyanar cassowary na farko, har yanzu yana da nisa sosai: a juyin halitta, wannan tsuntsu ne "samari". Tsoffin burbushin halittu na Emuarius masu alaƙa da cassowaries sun kai kimanin shekaru miliyan 20-25, kuma tsofaffin abubuwan cassowaries suna "kawai" shekaru miliyan 3-4.
Burbushin kasusuwa ana samunsu da wuya, kusan duk a yankin da suke rayuwa. An samo samfurin daya a Kudancin Ostiraliya - wannan yana nuna cewa a baya zangon wadannan tsuntsayen ya fi fadi, kodayake yankunan da ke waje da na yanzu ba su da yawan jama'a. Tsarin halittar jiki (Casuarius) ya bayyana ta M.-J. Brisson a cikin 1760.
Ya haɗa da nau'i uku:
- kwalkwali ko cassowary na kowa;
- cassowary mai wuyan lemu;
- muruk.
Na farkon an bayyana shi ne tun ma fiye da yanayin - ta K. Linnaeus a 1758. Sauran biyun sun sami bayanin kimiyya ne kawai a cikin karni na 19. Wasu masu bincike sunyi imanin cewa yakamata a bambanta wasu jinsuna, amma bambance-bambancensa da muruk ba su da yawa, kuma wannan mahangar ba mahangar masana kimiyya gaba daya. Jinsunan da aka lissafa, bi da bi, sun kasu kashi biyu cikin jimloli biyu.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Cassowary na Bird
Cassowary babban tsuntsu ne kuma baya iya tashi. Cassowaries masu ɗauke da kwalkwali suna girma zuwa tsayin ɗan adam, wato, santimita 160-180, kuma mafi tsayi ma zai iya kaiwa mita biyu. Nauyin su shine kilogram 50-60. Waɗannan sigogin sun sa sun zama mafi girman tsuntsu a cikin Ostiraliya da Oceania, kuma a duniya sun fi na biyun zogi kawai.
Kodayake daya daga cikin jinsunan cassowary ake kira da kwalkwali, a hakikanin gaskiya, fitowar, "hular" sosai, tana cikin duka ukun. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban game da ayyukan da yake aiwatarwa. Misali, cewa ana iya amfani dashi don shawo kan matsaloli daga rassa lokacin gudu, a cikin faɗa tsakanin mata, zuwa rake ganye yayin neman abinci, sadarwa.
Muruki ana rarrabe shi da wuyan gashinsa. Amma a cikin sauran nau'ikan biyu akwai "'yan kunne" a wuya, a cikin mai mai lemu mai lemu, kuma a cikin hular kwano biyu. Gwanin Cassowary ya yi fice wajen kwatankwacin fuka-fukan Avian cikin taushi da sassauci. Fukafukan suna da ƙyalle, tsuntsu ba zai iya tashi ba har na ɗan gajeren lokaci. An rage gashin fuka-fuka, sau da yawa yan ƙasar suna yin ado da tufafin su da su.
Maza ba su kai na mata girma ba, launinsu ya fi kyau. Gashin fuka-fukan tsuntsayen masu girma launin ruwan kasa ne, ba kuma baƙi ba, kamar yadda yake a cikin manya, suna da ƙaramar girma a saman kai. Cassowaries suna da ƙafafu masu kyau tare da yatsun kafa uku, kowannensu ya ƙare da farce masu ban sha'awa. Tsuntsu na iya amfani da su a matsayin makami: mafi tsayi ya kai 10-14 cm kuma, idan cassowary ya same su da kyau, zai iya kashe mutum daga bugu na farko.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Kodayake cassowary yana da nauyi kuma maras kyau, kuma bai san yadda ake tashi ba kwata-kwata, yana gudu da sauri - yana samar da 40-50 km / h a cikin gandun daji, kuma yana hanzarta ma mafi kyau a filin ƙasa. Ya kuma yi tsalle mita daya da rabi a tsayi kuma yayi iyo sosai - yana da kyau kada a sanya wannan tsuntsu makiyi.
Ina cassowary ke rayuwa?
Hotuna: Cassowary mai ɗauke da kwalkwali
Suna zaune a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, galibi a tsibirin New Guinea. Smallangin dangi kaɗan a cikin Tekun Ostiraliya. Dukkanin jinsunan guda uku suna zaune kusa da juna, jeren jeren su ma sun hadu, amma da kyar suke haduwa da juna.
Sun fi son filin tsayi daban-daban: muruki tsaunuka ne, cassowaries masu ɗauke da hular kwano sun fi son yankuna da ke kan matsakaicin matsakaici, kuma waɗanda ke da wuyan lemu suna zaune a ƙasan tsaunuka. Muruk sun fi kowane zaɓi - a cikin tsaunukan da suke rayuwa don kar su haɗu da wasu nau'ikan halittu, kuma idan ba su ba za su iya rayuwa a kowane tsayi.
Dukkanin jinsunan guda uku suna rayuwa ne a cikin gandun daji mafi nisa kuma ba sa son kamfanin kowa - ba wasu cassowaries, har ma da jinsin su, mafi karancin mutane. Wannan tsuntsun yana da sirri da kuma firgita, kuma duk yana iya jin tsoro ya gudu da ganin mutum, ko ya afka masa.
Suna zaune galibi yankunan bakin teku na arewacin tsibirin, da lardin Morobi, da kogin Ramu, da ƙananan tsibirai kusa da New Guinea. Ba a tabbatar ko cassowaries sun rayu a kan waɗannan tsibirin a da ba, ko kuma an shigo da su daga New Guinea.
Sun zauna a Ostiraliya tun zamanin da, kuma kafin a sami yawancin su: koda a cikin Pleistocene, sun rayu a wani babban ɓangare na babban yankin. A kwanakin nan, ana iya samun cassowaries kawai a cikin Cape York. Kamar a New Guinea, suna rayuwa ne a cikin dazuzzuka - wani lokacin ana lura dasu a cikin buɗaɗɗun wurare, amma kawai saboda sare dazuzzuka, yana tilasta su matsawa.
Yanzu kun san inda tsuntsun tsuntsaye ke rayuwa. Bari muga me zata ci.
Menene cassowary ke ci?
Hotuna: Cristow-kamar cassowary
Tsarin waɗannan tsuntsayen sun haɗa da:
- apples and ayaba, da kuma wasu fruitsa fruitsan fruitsa fruitsan itace - inabin daji, da myrtle, da dare, da dabino, da sauransu;
- namomin kaza;
- kwadi;
- macizai;
- dodunan kodi;
- kwari;
- kifi;
- beraye
Asali, suna cin 'ya'yan itacen da suka faɗi ko girma akan ƙananan rassan. Wuraren da musamman yawancin fruita fruitan itace ke faɗuwa daga bishiyoyi, suna tunawa kuma suna ziyarta a kai a kai, kuma idan suka sami wasu tsuntsayen a wurin, sai su kore su. Duk wani fruita isan itace ya haɗiye duka ba tare da taunawa ba. Godiya ga wannan, ana kiyaye tsaba gabaɗaya kuma, suna ratsawa ta cikin daji, cassowaries suna ɗauke da su, suna yin aiki mai mahimmanci kuma suna barin gandun dajin ruwan sama. Amma dukan 'ya'yan itace ba sauki narkewa ba, sabili da haka dole ne su haɗiye duwatsu don inganta narkewa.
Abincin tsire-tsire ya yi nasara a cikin abincin cassowary, amma kuma ba ya watsi da dabbobi kwata-kwata: yana kuma farautar ƙananan dabbobi, kodayake yawanci ba ya yin hakan da gangan, amma kawai ya haɗu, misali, maciji ko kwado, yana ƙoƙari ya kama ya cinye shi. A cikin tafki yana iya tsunduma cikin kamun kifi kuma yana yin sa sosai. Ba ya watsi da kayan kara kuzari da gawa. Abincin dabbobi, kamar namomin kaza, ana buƙata ta kayan kwalliya don sake cika furotin a jiki. Hakanan suna buƙatar samun ruwa koyaushe - suna sha da yawa, sabili da haka su sasanta don a sami tushe a kusa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: 'Ya'yan da suka shude cikin cassowary sun tsiro fiye da wadanda ba su da irin wannan "maganin". Ga wasu nau'ikan, bambancin ya zama sananne sosai, shi ne mafi girma ga Ryparosa javanica: 'ya'yan iri na tsiro tare da yiwuwar kashi 4%, kuma waɗanda aka hayayyafa da kasusuwa - 92%.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Cassowary mata
Suna cikin sirri, suna nuna nutsuwa kuma sun gwammace su ɓuya a cikin dajin - saboda waɗannan sifofin halayensu, ɗayan jinsin ne kawai, wanda yake da hular kwano, wanda aka yi karatunsa da kyau. Suna da ƙarancin jefa kuri'a, saboda haka yawanci suna da wahalar ganewa, duk da cewa suna da tsayi. Cassowary yana ciyar da mafi yawancin rana don neman abinci: yana motsawa daga ɗayan sau da yawa zuwa wani, yana zaɓar daga cikin fruitsa fruitsan fruitsa fruitsan da suka faɗi waɗanda suka fi kyau, suna ƙoƙarin ɗaukar waɗanda suke girma ƙasa da ƙasa. Tsuntsayen na yin hakan a hankali, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa zai iya ba da tunanin mara lahani - musamman tunda bayyanar sa ba ta da illa.
Amma wannan ra'ayin ba daidai bane: cassowaries suna da sauri, masu ƙarfi kuma masu lalata, kuma mafi mahimmanci, suna da haɗari sosai. Suna iya saurin yin sauri tsakanin bishiyoyi, ƙari kuma, su mafarauta ne, don haka suna da saurin tashin hankali. Yawancin lokaci ba a kawo wa mutane hari - sai dai idan suna kare kansu, amma wani lokacin suna iya yanke shawarar cewa suna buƙatar kare yankinsu. Mafi yawan lokuta, cassowary yana nuna zalunci ga mutum idan kaji nasa suna kusa. Kafin kai hari, yawanci yakan ɗauki hoto mai ban tsoro: sai ya sunkuya, jikinsa yana rawar jiki, wuyansa ya kumbura kuma gashinsa ya tashi. A wannan halin, yana da kyau a yi ritaya kai tsaye: idan har yanzu ba a fara fadan ba, cassowaries ba su son bi.
Babban abu shine zaɓi hanyar da ta dace - idan ka gudu zuwa ga kajin ko kama, cassowary zai kai hari. Yana bugawa da ƙafa biyu a lokaci ɗaya - nauyi da tsayin wannan tsuntsayen suna ba shi damar kawo bugu mai ƙarfi, amma mafi mahimmin makami doguwa ne da kaifi kama da wuƙaƙe. Hakanan Cassowaries suna nuna zalunci ga danginsu: idan suka hadu, fada na iya farawa, wanda yaci nasara ya kori wanda ya rasa kuma yayi la'akari da yankin da yake. Mafi yawanci, mata kan shiga faɗa - ko dai da juna ko da maza, alhali su ne ke nuna tashin hankali.
Maza sun fi nutsuwa, kuma idan maza biyu suka hadu a daji, yawanci sukan watse. Yawancin lokaci cassowaries suna riƙe ɗayan ɗaya, kawai banda shine lokacin saduwa. Kasance a farke da daddare, musamman mai aiki da yamma. Amma a ranar akwai lokacin hutawa, lokacin da tsuntsayen suka sami ƙarfi don fara tafiya ta cikin daji kuma tare da fitowar magariba ta gaba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Cassowary kajin
Tsuntsaye da yawa suna haduwa kawai lokacin da lokacin kiwo ya fara, a cikin sauran watannin babu wata dangantaka tsakanin cassowaries, kuma idan sun hadu, zasu iya watsewa kawai ko fara fada. Nesting yana faruwa a cikin watanni na ƙarshe na hunturu da kuma farkon watanni na bazara - don kudancin duniya - daga Yuli zuwa Satumba. Idan wannan lokacin ya zo, kowane ɗa namiji yana zaune yankinsa mai faɗin kilomita murabba'i da yawa, kuma yana fara jira har sai mace ta ɓace a ciki. Ganin ta, namijin ya fara karkarwa: wuyansa ya kumbura, gashinsa ya tashi, kuma yana yin sautukan abin da ke maimaita "buu-buuu".
Idan mace tana da sha’awa, sai ta kusanto, sai namijin ya nitse a kasa. Bayan haka, mace na iya tsayawa a bayansa a matsayin wata alama da ke nuna cewa an yarda da neman aure, ko kuma su bar shi, ko kuma su kai hari gaba daya - wannan wani yanayi ne mara dadi musamman, saboda maza sun riga sun yi kankanta, don haka, fara fada a irin wannan yanayin mara kyau, galibi suna mutuwa.
Idan komai ya tafi daidai, cassowaries suna samarda ma'aurata kuma suna kasancewa tare tsawon sati 3-4. A wannan halin, babban abin da ke damun namiji ne ke daukar sa - shi ne dole ne ya gina gidajan, mace kawai ke yin kwai a ciki, wanda aikinta ya kare a kanta - ta fita, namijin ya kasance kuma ya kunshi kwayayen. Mace sau da yawa takan je wurin wani namijin kuma su aura tare, kuma wani lokacin, kafin ƙarshen lokacin saduwa, ta sami damar yin hakan a karo na uku. Bayan an gama ta, sai ta tafi ta zauna daban - ba ta damu da duk abin da ya faru da kajin ba.
Qwai da kansu suna da girma, nauyinsu yakai gram 500-600, mai launi mai duhu, wani lokacin kusan baƙi, tare da launuka daban-daban - galibi koren ko zaitun. A cikin kamawa, yawanci suna 3-6, wani lokacin sun fi, yana da muhimmanci a shirya su na tsawon makonni 6-7 - kuma ga namiji wannan lokaci ne mai wahala, yana ɗan ci kaɗan kuma ya rasa kashi ɗaya cikin uku na nauyinsa. Aƙarshe, kaji suna bayyana: suna da ci gaba sosai kuma suna iya bin mahaifinsu tuni a ranar ƙyanƙyashewa, amma ya zama dole a kula da su, waɗanda mahaifa ke yi har sai jariran sun kai wata 9 - bayan haka sun fara rayuwa daban, kuma ubannin na zuwa kawai sabon lokacin mating.
Da farko, samarin cassowaries suna da rauni sosai - suna buƙatar ba kawai a koya musu yadda ake nuna hali a cikin daji ba don kada masu farauta su kama su, amma kuma don kare su daga gare su. Duk da cewa ubannin suna aiwatar da aikinsu da himma, yawancin samarin cassowaries har yanzu suna fadawa cikin tarkon masu farauta - yana da kyau idan aƙalla kaji ɗaya daga cikin kama ya zama babba. Suna girma zuwa manya da shekara ɗaya da rabi, amma sun girma ne kawai da shekaru 3. A cikin duka, suna rayuwa shekaru 14-20, suna iya rayuwa fiye da haka, kawai dai yana da wuya tsofaffi su tsayayya da gasa tare da matasa don mafi kyawun makircin kuma su ciyar da kansu - a cikin zaman talala suna rayuwa har zuwa shekaru 30-40.
Halittan makiya na cassowaries
Hotuna: Cassowary
Mutane ƙalilan ne ke yiwa manyan tsuntsayen barazana - da farko, mutum ne. Mazauna New Guinea sun yi ta farautar su tsawon dubunnan shekaru don samun fuka-fukai da farata - ana amfani da su don ƙirƙirar kayan ado da kayan aikin kere-kere. Naman Cassowary shima yana da babban dandano kuma, mahimmanci, ana iya samun da yawa daga tsuntsu ɗaya.
Saboda haka, farautar cassowaries, kamar yadda aka gudanar a baya, kuma ke ci gaba a yau, kuma mutane ne manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da cassowaries da suka riga suka balaga suna mutuwa. Amma kuma suna da wasu abokan gaba - boars.
Cassowaries suna gasa tare da su don abinci, saboda aladun daji suna da irin wannan abincin kuma suma suna buƙatar abinci mai yawa. Sabili da haka, idan su da cassowaries suka zauna kusa, to abu ne mai wuya duka su ciyar. Ganin cewa yawan aladen daji a New Guinea yana da yawa, ba abu ne mai sauki ba a samu wurare masu arzikin abinci wadanda har yanzu ba su mamaye su ba.
Aladu na ƙoƙari kada su yi faɗa da cassowaries, amma galibi suna lalata gidajen sau da zaran sun fita, kuma suna lalata ƙwai. Wani maƙiyan - dingo, suma suna kai hari ga kajin ko lalata gidajen, amma wannan yana haifar da babbar illa ga yawan jama'a.
Gabaɗaya, idan cassowary babba yana da 'yan barazanar kaɗan saboda girma da haɗari, to yayin da suke ƙuruciya, har ma fiye da haka kafin su fito daga ƙwai, dabbobi masu yawa na iya yi musu barazana, saboda haka yawanci yana da matukar wahala a rayu a shekarar farko ta rayuwa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Cassowaries na iya cin fruitsa fruitsan itace masu guba waɗanda wasu dabbobi zasu sanya guba - waɗannan fruitsa fruitsan itacen suna ratsa tsarin narkewar abinci da sauri, kuma basa haifar da lahani ga tsuntsaye.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Cassowary na Bird
Daga cikin ukun, barazanar da ake yi wa muruk ita ce mafi karami. Yawan su yana da karko sosai, har ma suna faɗaɗa zangon su ta hanyar wasu nau'ikan halittu biyu masu banƙyama, wato ɗaukar kwalkwali da wuyan lemu. Amma an riga an rarraba su a matsayin jinsin masu rauni, don haka ya zama dole a dauki matakan takaita farautar su.
Amma a zahiri, ana yin su ne kawai a Ostiraliya, amma ba a New Guinea ba, inda yawancin waɗannan tsuntsayen ke rayuwa. Yawan wadannan jinsunan suna da wahalar kimantawa daidai saboda yanayin sirrinsu, kuma saboda suna rayuwa a cikin New Guinea da ba ta ci gaba ba.
An yi imanin cewa waɗancan da sauransu kusan daga 1,000 zuwa 10,000. Akwai ƙananan cassowaries da suka rage a Ostiraliya, kuma zangonsu ya ragu da sau 4-5 kawai a cikin karnin da ya gabata. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ci gaban yankin da mutane ke yi da kuma ci gaban hanyar sadarwa: kamar yadda masu binciken suka gano, fiye da rabin mutuwar waɗannan tsuntsayen a Ostiraliya haɗari ne ya haifar da su a kan hanyoyi. Sabili da haka, a cikin wuraren da suke kusa da su, alamun hanya suna sanya gargaɗi game da wannan.
Wata matsala: ba kamar ɗakunan ajiyar kuɗi na New Guinea ba, mutanen Ostiraliya sun saba sosai - sau da yawa ana ciyar da su yayin wasan motsa jiki, sakamakon haka, tsuntsayen suna koyan karɓar abinci daga mutane, suna zuwa kusa da birane, shi ya sa galibi suke mutuwa a ƙafafun.
Cassowary - tsuntsu mai ban sha'awa, kuma yana da amfani, saboda shine mafi kyawun mai rarraba 'ya'yan itace. Ba a rarraba wasu nau'in kwata-kwata sai su, don haka ƙarancin cassowaries na iya haifar da raguwa mai yawa a cikin bambancin dazukan wurare masu zafi.
Ranar bugawa: 07.07.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 09/24/2019 da karfe 20:45
