Swallowtail malam buɗe ido Yana daya daga cikin kyawawan kyawawan shararrun rana a cikin tsakiyar tsaunukanmu. Kwarin, saboda wayewa da keɓancewa, ana ɗaukarsa abin so ga masu tarawa da masoya asu. Kusan kowa ya san waɗannan halittu masu ban mamaki. Launi mai haske da girman girma suna ba wa malam buɗe ido alheri da keɓancewa.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Swallowtail Butterfly
Jinsunan Papilio machaon na gidan Sailboat ne (daga Lat.Papilionidae). Wani ɗan asalin ƙasar Sweden ɗan asalin ƙasar Sweden ne ya gano wannan ra'ayi a cikin 1758, Karl Liney. Masanin ilmin halitta ya sanya sunan malam buɗe ido bayan tsoffin likitan Girkanci Machaon, wanda ya kasance mai ilimin hanyoyin kwantar da hankali, likita mai fiɗa kuma ya yi yaƙi don Helenawa a Yaƙin Trojan (1194 BC). Likitan dan Asclepius ne (allahn warkarwa) da Epione.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Akwai tatsuniya cewa Dr. Machaon ya warkar da mayaƙan da suka ji rauni a yaƙi. A cikin yakin Troy, ya shiga cikin sa'a don ya sami hannu da zuciyar Elena kyakkyawa. Amma lokacin da ya mutu a ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe, ransa ya zama kyakkyawa mai launin rawaya mai launin shuɗi mai baƙar fata a fukafukanta.
Tunda yankin hadiyar ta ya fadi sosai, har zuwa rabe-raben ƙananan asu 37 ake rarrabewa. Mafi sananne tsakanin su:
- Orientis - kudu da Siberia;
- Ussuriensis - Amur da Primorye;
- Hippocrates - Japan, Sakhalin, Tsibirin Kuril;
- Amurensis - basin na tsakiya da ƙananan Amur;
- Asiatica - Yakutia ta Tsakiya;
- Kamtschadalus - Kamchatka;
- Gorganus - Tsakiyar Turai, Caucasus;
- Aliaska - Arewacin Amurka;
- Brutannicus Seitz - Burtaniya;
- Centralis - Yankin Caucasian na Tekun Caspian, Arewacin Caspian, kwarin Kura;
- Muetingi - Elbrus;
- Syriacus - Siriya.
Akwai wasu ƙananan rabe-raben, amma masana kimiyya basu san yawancin su ba, la'akari da siffofin yanayi ne kawai, kwatankwacin mutane zaɓaɓɓu. Dogaro da launin fuka-fuka akan yanayin zafin jiki ba ya bawa masu harajin haraji damar zuwa ga ra'ayi na bai daya, sakamakon haka ake samun mahawara akai akai game da wannan batun. A waje, kamannin yayi kama da jirgin ruwan Corsican da jirgin ruwan Aleksanor.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hotuna: Machaon
Launin haɗi mai haske da kyau - rawaya ko m. A sama akwai samfurin layin baƙar fata. Girman jiki ya kai santimita 10 a mata sannan 8 a maza. Faɗin fikafikan daga santimita 6 zuwa 10, ya dogara da ƙananan filayen. A gefen gefen fikafikan akwai samfurin launuka masu launin rawaya kamar wata.
Dogayen wutsiyoyi a kan fikafikan baya, ba kusa da ciki ba. Tsawon su na iya zuwa milimita 10. A gefen, fuka-fukan an tsara su da shuɗi mai launin shuɗi da rawaya. A gefen ciki na fikafikan akwai “ido” ja. Tsammani na rayuwa har zuwa kwanaki 24.
Bidiyo: Swallowtail Butterfly
Caterpillars sun ƙyanƙyashe kore tare da ratsi mai baƙar fata waɗanda akannansu akwai ɗigon ja da yawa. Tsawon jikinsu lokacin haihuwa kusan milimita 2 ne. A cikin ɓangaren prothoracic akwai gland ɗin da ke kama da yatsu wanda ke samar da “ƙahonin” orange.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: "Kaho" suna zama kariya daga makiya na halitta. Glandar tana bayar da wani wari mara dadi wanda yake tunkude masu farauta. Caterpillars suna kwance a cikin yawancin rana. Suna yin suturar kansu kamar dusar tsuntsaye dan kar su ja hankalin tsuntsayen.
Pupae na iya zama launin toka ko kore. Generationarshen ƙarni na ƙarshe koyaushe suna yin hirar a cikin ɗaliban yara. An haifi babban mutum a cikin bazara, lokacin da duk sanyi ya wuce. Don rabin awa na farko, sun bushe fikafikan kuma sun narke, sannan kuma suna yawo a yankin.
Don haka muka gano shi yaya malam buɗe ido mai haɗiyi yake?... Yanzu bari mu gano inda Swallowtail malam buɗe ido yake zaune.
A ina ne malam buɗe ido na haɗiye yake zaune?
Hotuna: Swallowtail Butterfly
Wannan nau'in yana kusan kowane kusurwa na Duniya. Ana iya samun kwari a Arewacin Amurka, a kudancin Indiya, a Arewacin Afirka, a kan tsibirin Tekun Indiya, a duk yankin Asiya, a Ingila, kwari suna zaune ne kawai a ƙasashen Norfolk County da kuma cikin yankin da ya faro daga Tekun Arctic zuwa Bahar Maliya.
Swallowtail malam buɗe ido na iya rayuwa a kusan kowane yanayi, kowane yanayi ya dace da shi. An hadu da malam buɗe ido a cikin tsaunukan Tibet a tsawan mita 4500 sama da matakin teku. Irin wannan rarrabawar ƙasa da yawa ya haifar da irin wannan jerin ƙananan filayen.
Kwari suna son sarari, saboda haka sun fi son filaye, gefunan daji, steepes, lambuna, da tundra zuwa gurbatattun biranen birni. A asu na iya tashi a tsawan mita 2.5 zuwa 4. Ba su dade a kan tsire-tsire daya tsawon lokaci, don haka masana halitta suna kiran su da kuzari mai kuzari.
A arewacin kewayon, ana iya samun waɗannan kyawawan halittun a lokacin bazara, a yankunan kudanci, jinsunan suna farke daga Mayu zuwa Satumba. Lepidoptera ya fi son kada yayi ƙaura, amma ya zauna don hunturu a ƙasashensu na asali. Musamman manyan ɗimbin yawa ana lura dasu a ƙasashen da aka shuka da karas, seedsa caraan caraway, fennel, da dill.
Rubuce-rubucen Orientis sun fi son sauyin yanayi na kudanci, Asiatica - arewa, Gorganus ya zaɓi mai dumi matsakaici. Brutannicus masoya ne ga yanayi mai danshi, yayin da Centralis da Rustaveli suka zaɓi yankuna masu tsaunuka. Gabaɗaya, nau'ikan suna zaɓar yankunan rana tare da yalwar furanni.
Menene malam buɗe ido na haɗiye yake ci?
Hotuna: Machaon
Da zaran an sami kwari, nan take kwaron zai fara cin ganyen shukar da aka sa masa kwan. Caterpillars suna ciyarwa sosai, suna samar da makamashi mai mahimmanci a wannan matakin. Mafi sau da yawa, jinsin laima ya zama abinci ga nau'ikan da ke tsakiyar layin, kamar su:
- Faski;
- Dill;
- Karafa;
- Karas (daji ko na yau da kullum)
- Hogweed;
- Buteni;
- Angelica;
- Prangos;
- Gorichnik;
- Fennel;
- Cut;
- Celery;
- Cinya;
- Cut;
- Girchovnitsa.
Mazaunan wasu yankuna suna ciyar da tsire-tsire na dangin Rutaceae - tokar daji, Amur karammiski, nau'ikan ganye duka; Compositae: abinci mai ɗaci; Birch: Als na Maksimovich, alder na Japan. A ƙarshen haɓakar sa, sha'awar kwari yana raguwa kuma a zahiri baya cin abinci.
Manya suna cin abincin nectar, kamar yawancin sauran butterflies, godiya ga doguwar baƙon proboscis. Ba su da mahimmanci game da abinci kamar katako, don haka suka zaɓi ba shuke-shuke kawai ba. Don neman abincin kansu, kwari sukan ziyarci furanni daban-daban.
Ga manya, ba a buƙatar abinci mai yawa, ɗigon furen nectar fure ya ishe su, kuma suna shayar da ƙishirwa da raɓa da safe. Lepidoptera ya sami duk abubuwan da ake buƙata don tallafawa ƙaramin kwayar daga ƙasa mai ƙunshe da gishiri ko kayayyakin ɓarnatar daga wasu dabbobi.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Swallowtail malam buɗe ido daga littafin Red Book
Butterflies suna aiki da rana. Hakanan suna yin fure-fure da furanni waɗanda ke yin furanni da rana kawai. Imagoes yana rayuwa ne kawai 'yan makonni kuma, bayan hadi (maza) da ƙwai (mata), kwari suka mutu. Lokacin bazara yana farawa daga Mayu zuwa Yuni da Yuli-Agusta, ana iya samun ƙananan kudu a watan Satumba.
Swallowtail halittu ne masu motsi sosai. Ko da suna cin abincin nectar, ba sa narkar da fikafikan su don tashi a kowane dakika. Kowane mutum mai saurin zuwa ƙaura ya tashi zuwa birane kuma ya zauna a wuraren shakatawa, filayen lambu, a kan ciyawar da ke cike da shuke-shuke furanni.
Don neman mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa da wurare tare da tushen abinci mai kyau, kwari suna shirye suyi tafiya mai nisa. Yawancin mutane suna kawo ƙarni biyu a kowace rayuwa, a arewacin kewayon - ɗaya, a kudu - har zuwa uku. Manya suna damuwa game da kiwo kuma suna ƙoƙari su sami abokin tarayya da wuri-wuri.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wannan nau'in kwari yana da kayan aiki masu ban sha'awa. Sun fara cin ganye daga gefuna. Bayan sun isa jijiyar ta tsakiya, sai su matsa zuwa na gaba. Suna samun nauyi sosai da sauri. Amma, da zaran ɗalibin ɗalibi ya girma, an gama ci gaban. Mwoyi na buƙatar kuzari ne kawai don tashi da haifuwa.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Machaon Butterfly Caterpillar
Tunda yanayi ya ba da damar haɗiye don kasancewa ɗan lokaci kaɗan, kawai rubabbun immediatelyan haifuwa nan da nan za su fara neman abokin zama. Ma'aurata suna samun junan su ta hanyar samar da sinadarin pheromone, wanda suke saki a cikin muhalli.
A lokacin rayuwar ta ba ta jimawa ba, mace ke kula da kwan 100-200. A kowace dabarar, tana sanya kwai masu kamannin kwando guda 2-3 na launin rawaya mai haske a ƙarƙashin ganye ko kan bishiyar shuke-shuke. Bayan kamar mako guda, ƙwai suka yi duhu kuma suka canza launinsu zuwa baƙi.
Mata da gangan suna sa kwai ɗaya a kan ganyayen tsire-tsire daban-daban don ba da abinci ga kwari-kwari. Bayan kwanaki 8-10, sai tsutsa ta shigo, wacce ta fara ci. Yana da kimanin makonni 7, an haɗa katango da zaren alharini zuwa ƙurar shuken, zafin na ƙarshe yana faruwa kuma kowane ɗalibin ɗalibi ne.
Puyamilan sun kasance a cikin yanayin motsi na tsawon makonni 2-3, bayan haka sai su zama babban malam buɗe ido. A cikin akwon, yawancin gabobin caterpillar sun lalace, suna rikidewa zuwa gabobin manya. Tsarin yana kama da narkar da jikin ku a cikin kwakwa.
'Yan rani na rani galibi kore ne, waɗanda ke damuna suna launin ruwan kasa. Malam buɗe ido zai kasance a cikin matakin pupa har zuwa kwanakin farko na dumi. Lokacin da kwakwa ya fashe, ana haifar da kyakkyawar halitta. A asu na zaune a rana na wani lokaci kuma ya bushe fukafukan da suka yaɗu, bayan haka sai ya tafi neman abinci da abokin tarayya.
Abokan gaba na makiyaya na hadaddiyar malam buɗe ido
Hotuna: Swallowtail Butterfly
A dukkan matakan rayuwa, kwaro yana cikin haɗari. Labarin Swallowtail na iya zama abinci ga arachnids, tsuntsaye, tururuwa, kwari, da ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wadanda suka fi kowa rauni sune kwari a cikin caterpillar ko stage of pupal. Kwarin na sarrafawa don kaucewa hare-hare saboda launin kwalliyar ta.
A lokacin kuruciya, kyanwa tana kama da kwatancen tsuntsaye. Bayan wani narkakken narkakken launin toka mai haske a jiki. Yanayin launuka ya bayyana wa masu farautar cewa kwari basu dace da cin ɗan adam ba. Idan tsutsar ciki ta hango hatsari, tana fara fitar da wani wari mara dadi tare da kahonninta, wanda yake nuna cewa dandano shima abin kyama ne.
A kan fikafikan bayan fure akwai launuka ja-shuɗi tare da kan iyaka baki, masu kama da idanu. Lokacin da fukafukai suka bazu, wadannan tabo na gani suna karya gwiwa daga masu son cin abincin asu. An gyara tasirin ne ta hanyar tsawan matakai a saman fikafikan, kama da wutsiyoyi.
Shekaru saba'in da suka wuce, an dauki asu a matsayin kwari saboda yawan cin tsire-tsire da mutane suka shuka. Mutane sun lalata malam buɗe ido ta kowace hanya, suna kula da filayen da guba da sinadarai. Saboda wannan, yawan jinsin da sauri ya ragu kuma ya zama aiki mai matsala saduwa da wannan halittar mai jujjuyawa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Machaon
Yawan haɗiyun ƙananan ne kuma yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da lalata mahalli na asali. A yankin ƙasar Rasha, ana ɗaukar ƙididdigar ƙananan. Peasashen da ke rayuwa a yankuna tare da hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa da magudanan ruwa suna fuskantar guba tare da magungunan ƙwari.
Mafi girman lalacewa shine lalacewar konewar ciyawar kaka, wacce ta sami babbar masifa. Lokacin ƙona ciyawa a cikin bazara, an lalata yawancin pupae, waɗanda ke bacci akan tsire-tsire masu tushe. Yankan rani a kan manyan hanyoyi shima yana haifar da lahani mai yawa a lambobi.
Rabon zargi ya hau kan masu tarawa waɗanda ke son samun nau'ikan nau'ikan da ke tattare da haɗari kamar yadda ya kamata a cikin tarin su. Suna kama mutane ko dai don abubuwan sirri, ko don musayar tare da wasu masoya irin na malam buɗe ido daga ƙasashe daban-daban. Amma babu wanda ke tattara ƙididdiga, kamar bayanai akan yawan lalacewar.
Matsalolin ƙasa sun haɗa da yanayin yanayin sanyi, ƙarancin yanayin zafi, farkon sanyi, saboda abin da mutum ba shi da lokacin yin ɗuwawu, tsawan kaka, wanda ke haifar da shan kazamar larvae ta hanyar fungi da ƙwayoyin cuta. Rushewar lambobi ana lura da ita ko'ina cikin Turai. A wasu ƙasashe, ana kiyaye nau'in.
Swallowtail malam buɗe ido
Hotuna: Swallowtail malam buɗe ido daga littafin Red Book
An sanya jinsin a cikin littafin Red Data Book of Ukraine a 1994, a 1998 a littafin Red Data na yankin Moscow, da Red Data Book na Vologda Region, da Red Data Book of Lithuania, da Red Data Book of Karelia kuma an sanya shi zuwa rukuni na 3. A cikin littafin Red Book na Jamus, an sanya shi rukuni na 4. A cikin Littafin Ja na Latvia da Littafin Ja na yankin Smolensk, an yiwa jinsunan alamun nau'ikan 2 na hatsarin bacewa.
Masana ilimin halitta a duniya suna damuwa game da yawan kwari kuma suna daukar matakai don kawar da barazanar bacewar nau'in. A cikin Tatarstan, an haɓaka aikin don ci gaban ginin gida mai suna "Kwarin Makhaon". An tsara shi ta hanyar da za ta iya kiyaye yanayin ƙasa tare da adadi mai yawa na tabki kamar yadda ya yiwu.
Domin jawo hankali ga matsalar, a shekarar 2013 a Latvia an sanya hoton kwari a jikin rigar makamai na yankin Skrudaliena. A cikin 2006, haɗiye ya zama alama ta Jamus. A cikin kasashen da ke sama, an dauki matakan kariya don kamo manyan malamai da lalata kwari. Haramun ne yada yaduwar maganin kwari da kiwo a cikin mazaunin.
Kulawa mazaunan duniya suna tsunduma cikin kwarkwata a gida. don wannan, dole ne a samar da butterflies tare da akwatin kifaye na lita 10 a kan kowane mutum 5, kwantena mai ruwa, dill da reshe, inda caterpillars ɗin za su yi kwazo cikin tsammanin metamorphosis. Ana buƙatar ruwa da zuma don ciyar da butterflies.
Waɗannan halittu masu saurin lalacewa suna faranta mana rai da kyawun su, sauƙin gudu, da canji mai ban mamaki. Wasu suna ƙoƙari su kama asu don raha, ba tare da sanin cewa rayuwarta ta yi tsawo ba. Bestaukakarsu an fi jin daɗinsu a cikin daji ba tare da rage ɗan gajeren lokacin rayuwar butterflies ba.
Ranar bugawa: 02.06.2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 25.09.2019 a 22:06
