Nambat - na musamman marsupial asali daga Ostiraliya. Waɗannan kyawawan dabbobi masu ban dariya suna da girman girman kurege. Amma duk da kankantar su, suna iya shimfida harshensu rabin rabin jikin su, wanda zai basu damar cin abinci a lokutan cin abinci, wanda shine asalin abincin. Kodayake nambats suna daga cikin marsupials, amma sun rasa 'yar jaka ta musamman. Theananan sa bya suna riƙe da dogon gashi mai laushi a kan uwar.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Hotuna: Nambat
Nambat ya fara zama sananne ga Turawa a cikin 1831. Wasu gungun masu bincike wadanda suka je kwarin Avon karkashin jagorancin Robert Dale ne suka gano gandun dajin. Sun ga wata kyakkyawar dabba wacce da farko ta tuna musu da wani kurege. Koyaya, bayan sun kama shi, sun tabbata cewa ƙaramar ankara ce mai launin rawaya mai launin fari da fari a bayan bayanta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: George Robert Waterhouse ne ya buga rabon farko, wanda yayi bayanin jinsin a 1836. Kuma dangin Myrmecobius flaviatus sun kasance cikin farkon sashin John Gould's Mammals na Ostiraliya, wanda aka buga a 1845, tare da zane-zane na H.H. Richter.
Nambat ta Ostiraliya, Myrmecobius flaviatus, ita ce kawai marsupial da ke ciyar da kusan kawai a kan tururuwa kuma tana rayuwa ne kawai a cikin rarraba tarkunan. Miliyoyin shekaru na wannan daidaitawar sun haifar da sifofi iri-iri na tsarin halittar jiki, musamman saboda halaye na haƙori waɗanda ke wahalar da su gano alaƙar phylogenetic tare da sauran marsupials.
Daga nazarin jerin DNA, an sanya dangin Myrmecobiidae a cikin dasyuromorph na marsupial, amma ainihin matsayin ya bambanta daga karatu zuwa karatu. Bambancin Myrmecobius a bayyane yake ba kawai a cikin ɗabi'unsu na musamman na cin abinci ba, har ma a keɓewar yanayin halittar su.
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Photo: Nambat dabba
Nambat wata karamar halitta ce mai launuka iri-iri daga tsawonta daga 35 zuwa 45 cm, gami da wutsiyarta, tare da daddafe da bakin ƙyalli da ƙwanƙwasa, wutsiyar bushiya, kusan tsayi daidai da jiki. Nauyin antar din marsupial ya kai 300-752. Tsawon harshe na bakin ciki mai makauri zai iya zuwa 100 mm. Launin ya ƙunshi gajerun, mara nauyi, launuka masu launin ja-launin ruwan kasa ko launin toka-launin ruwan kasa masu launin toka-zuwa zuwa launin toka-masu launin toka-launin toka-masu launin ruwan kasa masu launin toka-zuwa zuwa launin toka-masu launin toka-launin toka-masu launin ruwan kasa masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin ruwan kasa masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin ruwan kasa masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-kanƙare da launin ruwan kasa masu launin toka-launin toka-masu launin toka-launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-masu launin toka-kanƙare da launin ruwan kasa masu launin toka-launin toka-masu launin toka. Suna gudana ta baya da gindi, suna baiwa kowane mutum fasali na musamman. Aya daga cikin duhun duhu, wanda farin launi ya ƙarfafa a ƙasansa, yana ƙetare fuska yana kewaya idanuwa.
Bidiyo: Nambat
Gashin kan jela ya fi na jiki tsawo. Launin wutsiya ba ya bambanta sosai tsakanin Nambats. Launi ne mai launin ruwan kasa tare da feshin fari da orange-launin ruwan kasa a ƙasan. Gashin ciki fari ne. Idanuwa da kunnuwa an girke su bisa kai. Feetafafun gaba suna da yatsu biyar kuma na baya suna da huɗu. Yatsun suna da kaifin farce mai kaifi.
Gaskiyar wasa: Mata ba su da 'yar jaka kamar sauran marsupials. Madadin haka, akwai dunƙulalliyar fata waɗanda ke lulluɓe da gajerun, lalatattun gashin gwal.
A lokacin ƙuruciya, tsayin nambat bai wuce 20 mm ba. Lokacin da sasan suka kai tsawon 30 mm, suna haɓaka layerasa mai haske ƙasa. Halin fararen ratsi suna bayyana lokacin da tsawon ya kusan 55 mm. Suna da mafi girman gani na kowane yanki, kuma wannan shine mahimmin hankali da ake amfani dashi don hango masu yiwuwar lalata. Nambats na iya shiga cikin halin suma, wanda zai iya kaiwa awanni 15 a rana a lokacin sanyi.
A ina nambat din take?
Hotuna: Nambat marsupial
A baya can, nambats sun yadu a kudancin Australia da yankuna yamma, daga arewa maso yammacin New South Wales har zuwa gabar Tekun Indiya. Sun mamaye wani daushen bushe bushe da busasshiyar dazuzzuka da gandun daji, wanda ya kunshi bishiyoyi masu furanni da bishiyun danginsu kamar su eucalyptus da acacias. Hakanan an sami Nambats da yawa a wuraren kiwo da suka hada da Triodia da ganyen Plectrachne.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yankinsu ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da Baturewa suka isa yankin. Wannan jinsin na musamman ya wanzu ne a filaye biyu kacal a cikin Dajin Dryandra da kuma Tsarkakakken Gandun Dajin na Perup a Yammacin Ostiraliya. Koyaya, a cikin recentan shekarun nan an sake samun nasarar sake shigarta cikin yankuna da yawa da ke cikin daji, gami da sassan Kudancin Ostiraliya da New South Wales.
Yanzu ana iya samun su ne kawai a cikin dazuzzukan eucalyptus, waɗanda suke a tsawan kusan kimanin 317 m sama da matakin teku, a kan gandun daji na tsohuwar dutsen. Saboda yadudduka daɗaɗɗun bishiyoyi, dabbobin marsupial suna da kwanciyar hankali a nan. Katako daga gandun daji na eucalyptus suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar dabbobi. Da daddare, nambats suna neman mafaka a cikin katako, kuma da rana suna iya ɓoyewa a cikinsu daga masu farauta (musamman tsuntsaye da Fox) yayin da suke ɓoye a cikin duhun gungumen.
A lokacin lokutan saduwa, rajistan ayyukan suna ba da wurin zama. Mafi mahimmanci, ainihin yawancin bishiyoyi a cikin dazuzzuka suna cin abinci ne a kan tururuwa, tushen abincin nambat. Anteaters na duniyar Marsupial suna da dogaro sosai da kasancewar tururuwa a yankin. Kasancewar wannan kwarin ya takaita mazaunin. A yankunan da suke da sanyi ko sanyi sosai, kwatancin baya rayuwa cikin wadatattun lambobi saboda haka babu nambats.
Menene nambat take ci?
Hotuna: Nambat Ostiraliya
Abincin nambat ya kunshi yawanci tururuwa da tururuwa, kodayake lokaci-lokaci suna iya cinye sauran invertebrates suma. Ta hanyar cinye kwatankwacin 15,000-22,000 a kowace rana, nambats sun haɓaka halaye da yawa waɗanda ke taimaka musu ciyar da abinci cikin nasara.
Ana amfani da danshi mai tsayi don rataye rajistan ayyukan da ƙananan ramuka a ƙasa. Hancinsu yana da matukar damuwa, kuma yana jin kasancewar tururuwa ta wari da kananan girgizar kasa. Doguwar siraran sirara, tare da miyau, na bawa nambat damar samun damar shiga mashigar ƙurayen cikin sauri da sauri fitar da kwari waɗanda suka manne da miyau mai ɗaci.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: An yi yau da gandun dajin marsupial ne daga wata ƙwarƙwara mai yalwa da hadaddiyar gland, kuma ƙafafu na gaba da na baya suna da fika masu kaifi waɗanda ke ba ka damar saurin shiga cikin labyrinth na filayen.
A cikin bakin akwai madogara 47 zuwa 50 na "turaku" a maimakon madaidaitan hakora, kamar sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa, saboda nambats ba sa tauna lambobi. Abincin abinci na yau da kullun ya yi daidai da kusan 10% na nauyin jikin ƙanwar marsupial marsupial, gami da ƙwari daga asalin:
- Tsarin gida;
- Kayan kwalliya;
- Ammar din;
- Microcerotermes;
- Jumla;
- Paracapritermes;
- Nasutitermes;
- Tumulitermes;
- Abun ciki.
Matsayin mai ƙa'ida, yawan abin amfani ya dogara da girman nau'in almara a cikin yankin. Saboda gaskiyar cewa Coptotermes da Amitermies sune nau'ikan kwatankwacin na yau da kullun a cikin mazauninsu, sune suka fi cinyewa. Koyaya, nambats suna da abubuwan da suke so musamman. Wasu mata sun fi son nau'ikan Coptotermes a wasu lokutan shekara, kuma wasu dabbobin da ke cin abincin marsupial sun ki cin nau'ikan Nasutitermes a lokacin hunturu.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Yayin cin abinci, wannan dabba ba ta da amsa ko kaɗan ga abin da ke faruwa a kusa. A irin wannan lokacin, ana iya goge nambata har ma a ɗauka.
Nambat yana aiki tare da ranarta tare da yanayin yanayin yanayin zafin jiki mai raɗaɗi a cikin hunturu daga tsakiyar safiya zuwa tsakar rana; a lokacin bazara yakan tashi da wuri, kuma a lokacin zafin rana yakan jira ya sake ciyarwa da rana.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Hotuna: Nambat marsupial anteater
Nambat ne kawai ke aiki a rana. Da dare, marsupial ya koma cikin gida, wanda zai iya zama a cikin itace, ramin itace ko burrow. Gida yawanci yana da kunkuntar hanyar shiga, mai tsawon mita 1-2, wanda ya kare a cikin wani daki mai fadi da shimfidar ciyawa mai laushi na ganye, ciyawa, furanni da farfasa haushi. Nambat din na iya toshe kofar gidan sa tare da kaurin katon bakin sa don hana masu farauta samun damar shiga burrow.
Manya ne keɓaɓɓun dabbobi. A farkon rayuwa, mutane suna kafa yanki har zuwa 1.5 km² kuma suna kare shi. Hanyoyin su na hayewa a lokacin kiwo, lokacin da mazaje suka nemi hanyar samin miji. Lokacin da nambats ke motsawa, suna motsawa cikin jerks. Lokaci-lokaci ana katse ciyarwar su don nazarin abubuwan da ke kewaye da su don masu farauta.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: A zaune tsaye a ƙafafun kafa na baya, nambat suna ɗaga girarsu sama. Lokacin da suke cikin farin ciki ko damuwa, sai su lanƙwasa jelarsu ta bayansu kuma su fara yage gashinsu.
Idan sun ji tsoro ko kuma sun tsoratar, da sauri za su gudu, suna yin saurin kilomita 32 cikin sa'a guda, har sai sun isa ga wani rami ko rami. Da zaran barazanar ta wuce, sai dabbobi su ci gaba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Photo: Nambat dabba
Dangane da lokacin saduwa, wanda ya fara daga Disamba zuwa Janairu, nambatsi maza suna ɓoye wani abu mai mai daga glandon da ke saman kirji. Baya ga jan hankalin mace, warin kuma yana gargadin sauran masu nema da su kaurace. Kafin saduwa, nambats na jinsi biyu suna yin sauti wanda ya ƙunshi jerin dannawa mai laushi. Irin wannan rawar muryar na daɗaɗɗa yayin lokacin kiwo da cikin yarinta lokacin da maraƙin ke magana da uwa.
Bayan yadawo, wanda ya banbanta daga minti daya zuwa awa, namiji na iya barin saduwa da wata mace, ko kuma ya kasance a cikin kogon har zuwa karshen lokacin saduwa. Koyaya, bayan ƙarshen lokacin haihuwa, namiji yakan bar mace. Mace zata fara kula da yaran da kanta. Nambats dabbobi ne masu auren mata fiye da daya kuma a kakar wasa mai zuwa mazan mata da wata mace.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Hanyoyin haihuwa na Nambat na yanayi ne, mace tana samar da zuriya ɗaya a kowace shekara. Tana da hanyoyi masu motsa jiki da yawa yayin lokacin kiwo daya. Don haka, matan da ba su yi ciki ba ko kuma suka rasa 'ya'yansu na iya sake yin juna biyu tare da abokin zama daban.
Mata na haihuwa a lokacin da suka kai watanni 12, kuma maza suna girma cikin jima'i a watanni 24. Bayan kwanaki 14 na ciki, matan Nambat suna haihuwar sa twoa biyu ko hudu a watan Janairu ko Fabrairu. Crumbs da ba a ci gaba ba kimanin 20 mm tsawon tafiya zuwa uwar nono. Ba kamar yawancin marsupials ba, matan nambats ba su da 'yar jaka don ɗaukar ɗiyansu. Madadin haka, nonuwanta an lullube da gashin zinariya wanda ya sha bamban da doguwar farin gashin da ke kirjinta.
A can, kananan jarirai suna yin goshin gabansu, suna manne da gashin da ke cikin mammary gland, kuma suna mannewa kan nonuwan na tsawon watanni shida. Har sai sun girma sosai yadda mahaifiya ba zata iya motsawa ba. A ƙarshen Yuli, an ware jarirai daga kan nono kuma a sa su a cikin gida. Duk da rabuwa da nonuwan, amma sun ci gaba da shayarwa har tsawon wata tara. A ƙarshen Satumba, nambats na samari sun fara yin abincin kansu da kansu kuma sun bar kogon mahaifiya.
Abokan gaba na nambats
Hotuna: Nambat daga Ostiraliya
Nambats suna da sauye-sauye da yawa don taimaka musu guje wa masu farauta. Da farko dai, dajin daji yana taimaka musu su kame kansu, saboda Gashin anteater yayi daidai da launi. Kunnuwansu madaidaiciya suna tsaye a kan kai, kuma idanunsu suna kallon ta wasu fuskoki, wanda ke ba wa waɗannan marshabar damar ji ko ganin marasa kyau suna zuwa gabansu. Abun takaici, saboda kankantar su, sai suka zama masu saukin kai ga masu farauta.
Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa waɗanda suke farautar nambats:
- Red foxes da aka gabatar daga Turai;
- Kalmomin katifu;
- Manyan fankoki, shaho, mikiya;
- Kuliyoyin daji;
- Ladangare kamar ƙurar ƙira.
Hatta kananan jinsunan masu farauta, kamar kananan mikiya, wadanda ke da girman daga 45 cm zuwa 55 cm, suna iya mamaye nambats cikin sauki.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Dangane da karuwar yawan masu cutar daji a cikin dazuzzuka, mutanen nambat suna raguwa cikin sauri saboda ana farautar su a koda yaushe.
Idan 'yan damfara suka hango hatsari ko suka haɗu da mai farauta, sukan daskare kuma suyi motsi har sai haɗarin ya wuce. Idan suka fara bin su, da sauri zasu gudu. Lokaci-lokaci, nambat na iya kokarin kawar da masu farauta ta hanyar haifar da gurnani. Suna da ɗan ƙaramin sautin murya duk da cewa. Suna iya yin ihu, kuwwa, ko maimaita sautukan "shiru" lokacin damuwa.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Hotuna: Nambat
Yawan Nambat ya fara raguwa a tsakiyar 1800s, amma mafi saurin ɓata lokaci ya faru a yankin busassun a cikin 1940s da 1950s. Lokacin wannan koma baya yayi daidai da shigowa da dawakai zuwa yankin. A yau, yawan nambat yana iyakance ga 'yan gandun daji a kudu maso yammacin Ostiraliya. Kuma ko da akwai lokuta na raguwa a cikin shekarun 1970 inda jinsuna suka ɓace daga wasu wuraren zama da yawa.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Guba da aka zaba na dawakai tun shekarar 1983 ya kasance tare da karuwar yawan nambat, kuma karuwar yawan dabbobi ya ci gaba, duk da shekarun da suka biyo baya da karancin ruwan sama. Maido da yawan jama'a a yankunan da Nambats ke zaune a baya ya fara ne a shekarar 1985. An yi amfani da dabbobi daga Dajin Dryandra don sake cika gandun dajin Boyagin, inda jinsunan suka bace a shekarun 1970.
Ana kulawa da Foxes koyaushe. Canza yanayin wuta da lalata muhalli sun fara shafar raguwar mutane, wanda ya haifar da raguwar adadin rajistan da nambat ke amfani da shi a matsayin mafaka daga masu farauta, don hutawa da kuma tushen tururuwa. Sake haifuwa na nambats da bayyanar zuriya sun bada shaidar yiwuwar kwarjinin marsupial. A yau akwai muhimmiyar dama ga ƙaurar dabbobi zuwa wasu yankuna.
Nambat mai gadi
Hotuna: Littafin Nambat Red
Nambats suna cikin IUCN Red List of Species barazana. Raguwar lambobi a cikin shekaru biyar (tsakanin 2003 da 2008) ya faru da fiye da 20%. Wannan ya haifar da yawan nambat na kimanin mutane 1000 da suka manyanta a duniya. A cikin gandun daji na Dryand, lambobi na ci gaba da raguwa saboda dalilan da ba a sani ba.
Adadin mutane a cikin Perup yana da karko kuma mai yuwuwa yana ƙaruwa. A cikin sabbin wuraren da aka samar da mutane, akwai mutane tsakanin 500 zuwa 600, kuma da alama jama'a sun daidaita. Koyaya, dabbobin da aka samo a can basu wadatar da kansu ba kuma, sabili da haka, kasancewar su ba'a ɗauke su da aminci ba.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Gabatarwar da yawa daga masu lalata irin su jan ja da tsuntsaye masu cin nama sun taimaka wajen raguwar yawan mutanen nambat. Shigo da zomaye da beraye ya ba da gudummawa ga ƙaruwa da kuliyoyi, waɗanda su ma wani babban mai cin nama ne ga masu cin abincin marsupial.
An dauki matakai don adana nau'ikan. Waɗannan sun haɗa da kiwo a cikin fursunoni, shirye-shiryen sake gabatarwa, yankuna masu kariya da shirye-shiryen kula da ja. Don dawo da yawan jama'a, duk abubuwan da ke tasiri ga ci gaban dabba a cikin mawuyacin yanayi an yi la'akari da su. Ana kuma kokarin kara yawan kungiyoyin da ke dogaro da kansu zuwa akalla tara, da kuma adadin ga mutane 4000. Effortsoƙarin gaske don kare waɗannan dabbobin yanzu shine mataki na gaba kuma mai mahimmanci don kiyaye dabba ta musamman - nambat, tare da marsupials iri-iri.
Ranar bugawa: 15.04.2019
Ranar sabuntawa: 19.09.2019 a 21:24
