Damisa mai nisa An kira shi da kyau ɗayan kyawawan kyawawan dabbobin gidan kyanwa. Wannan shi ne mafi karancin dukkan nau'ikan tallafi. An fassara sunan daga Latin azaman “tabo mai zaki”. Tare da manyan danginsa mafi kusa - damisa, zakuna, jaguar, damisa na daga cikin yanayin halittar jini.
Asalin jinsin da bayanin
Photo: Damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya
Mutanen d cient a sun yi imani cewa damisa ta fito ne daga zaki da burodi, kasancewar su matasan zamani. Wannan ya bayyana a cikin sunan sa. Wani suna - "damisa" ta fito ne daga yaren mutanen Hatti na da. Kalmar "Far Eastern" ishara ce ga yanayin yanayin dabbar.
Ambaton farko na damisar Gabas ta Gabas ya bayyana a 1637 a cikin yarjejeniyar tsakanin Koriya da China. Ya ce ya kamata Koriya ta samar wa da Sinawan fata daga 100 zuwa 142 na wadannan kyawawan dabbobi a kowace shekara. Bajamushe masanin kimiyyar Schlegel ya daga damisa mai nisa zuwa wani jinsi daban a cikin 1857.
Bidiyo: Damisar Gabas ta Gabas
Bincike a matakin kwayoyin halitta ya nuna cewa dangantakar dake tsakanin wakilan jinsin "panther" tana da kusanci sosai. Kakannin damisa kai tsaye ya samo asali ne daga Asiya, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya yi ƙaura zuwa Afirka kuma ya zauna a yankunanta. Ragowar damisar tana da shekaru miliyan 2-3.5.
Dangane da bayanan kwayar halitta, an gano cewa kakannin damisa na Gabas ta Tsakiya (Amur) sune ƙananan Chineseasashen China na Arewa. Damisar zamani, a cewar binciken, ta tashi ne kimanin shekaru dubu 400 zuwa 800 da suka gabata, kuma bayan dubu 170 zuwa 300 ya bazu zuwa Asiya.
A halin yanzu, akwai kusan mutane 30 na wannan nau'in a cikin daji, kuma dukkansu suna zaune ne a kudu maso yamma na Gabas ta Gabas ta Rasha, a ɗan arewacin arewa na daidai da na 45, kodayake a farkon karni na 20 zangon ya mamaye yankin Koriya, China, Ussuriysk da Amur ...
Bayyanar abubuwa da fasali
Hoto: Dabbar damisa ta Gabas
Ana daukar Damisa a matsayin ɗayan kyawawan kuliyoyi a duniya, kuma ana ɗaukar raƙuman yankin Gabas mafi kyawu na irinsa. Sau da yawa masana na kwatanta shi da damisar dusar ƙanƙara.
Waɗannan dabbobin siriri suna da halaye masu zuwa:
- Tsawon jiki - daga 107 zuwa 138 cm;
- Tsawon wutsiya - daga 81 zuwa 91 cm;
- Nauyin mata - har zuwa 50 kilogiram .;
- Nauyin maza ya kai 70 kilogiram.
A lokacin bazara, tsawon gashin yana gajere kuma galibi baya wuce cm 2,5. A lokacin hunturu, yakan zama mai kauri, ya cika kuma yayi girma har zuwa cm 5-6. A cikin launin hunturu, launin rawaya mai haske, ja da launuka masu launin zinare suna cin nasara. A lokacin rani, Jawo ya zama mai haske.
A watse ko'ina cikin jiki akwai tabo baƙi da yawa ko zobban rosette. A gefen, sun kai cm 5x5. Ba a tsara gaban muzzle da tabo. Akwai alamun duhu kusa da vibrissae da kusurwoyin bakin. Gaban goshi, kunci da wuya an rufe su da ƙananan aibobi. Kunnuwa a baya baƙi ne.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Babban aikin launi shine sake kamanni. Godiya gareshi, makiya makiya na dabbobi ba zasu iya tantance girman su daidai ba, tunanin abubuwan bangon ya zama mai yaudara kuma damisa ba zata zama sananne ba game da yanayin muhallin.
Wannan launi ana kiransa patronizing. Hakazalika da zanan yatsan mutum, damisa suma daban ne, suna bawa mutane damar gano su. Kan yana zagaye kuma yana ɗan ƙarami. Sashin gaban yana da ɗan elongated. Kunnen da aka ware daban yana zagaye.
Idanun ƙanana ne tare da ɗan zagaye. Vibrissae na iya zama baƙar fata, fari ko haɗe kuma ya kai 11 cm tsayi. 30 hakora masu kaifi. Harshen yana da kumburi wanda aka rufe da epithelium mai tauri, wanda ke ba da damar naman ya tsage daga ƙashi kuma ya taimaka wajen wanka.
Ina damisar Gabas mai nisa take?
Photo: Far Eastern Amur damisa
Wadannan kuliyoyin daji suna dacewa da kowane yanki, don haka zasu iya rayuwa a kowane yanayi na halitta. A lokaci guda, suna guje wa ƙauyuka da wuraren da mutane galibi ke ziyarta.
Sharudda don zabar wurin zama:
- tsarin dutse tare da raƙuman ruwa, duwatsu da bayan gari;
- tudu mai laushi mai laushi tare da itacen al'ul da gandun daji oak;
- yawan barewar da ta wuce mutane 10 a kowace muraba'in kilomita 10;
- kasancewar wasu ungulaye.
Mafi kyawun zaɓi don zaɓar wurin zama shine tsakiya da ƙarshen kwararar ruwan rafin da yake barin Amur Bay da yankin Kogin Razdolnaya. Wannan yanki ya kai kilomita murabba'i dubu 3, tsayin da ke sama da matakin teku yana da mita 700.
Yawan unguloli a wannan yankin yanayi ne mai kyau don tarwatsa masu cin abincin a wannan yankin, da kuma filin da ba shi da kyau, ɗan murfin dusar ƙanƙara a cikin hunturu da kuma gandun daji masu yanke-yanke wanda baƙar fata da itacen al'ul na Koriya suka girma.
A karni na 20, damisawa suna zaune a kudu maso gabashin Rasha, yankin Koriya da arewa maso gabashin China. Sakamakon mamayewar mutane zuwa mazauninsu, aka raba na biyun zuwa yankuna daban daban 3, wanda ya taimaka wajen kirkirar mutane 3 da suka zama ruwan dare. Yanzu damisa suna zaune a cikin tsaunuka da dazuzzuka tsakanin Rasha, China da DPRK tare da tsayin kilomita murabba'i dubu 10.
Me damisar Gabas ta Gabas ke ci?
Photo: Far Eastern damisa ja littafin
Mafi yawan lokutan farauta suna cikin magariba da rabin farkon dare. A cikin yanayi mai gzo a cikin hunturu, wannan na iya faruwa yayin rana. Suna farauta su kadai. Ganin wanda aka azabtar daga kwanton baunar, sai suka haura zuwa sama da mita 5-10 kuma tare da tsalle da sauri sun cinye ganimar, suna manne da makogwaronta.
Idan ganimar ta fi girma musamman, to damisa suna rayuwa a nan kusa har tsawon mako guda, suna kariya daga sauran maharan. Idan mutum ya kusanci gawar, kuliyoyin daji ba za su kawo hari ba kuma su nuna zalunci, amma za su koma cikin ganima ne lokacin da mutane suka tafi.
Damisa ba ta da daɗi a cikin abinci kuma za ta ci duk abin da za su iya kamawa. Kuma ba matsala komai girman wanda aka azabtar.
Zai iya zama:
- samarin daji;
- barewa;
- barewa;
- barewa;
- kurege;
- badgers;
- masu zafin nama;
- kwari;
- jan barewa;
- tsuntsaye.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Wannan nau'in damisa yana matukar son cin karnuka. Sabili da haka, a ƙofar shiga wuraren kariya na gandun dajin na ƙasa, za a yi gargaɗi: "ba a yarda da karnuka ba".
A matsakaita, damisa na bukatar dabba mai ƙafafun kofato na tsawon kwanaki. Zasu iya shimfida abinci har zuwa makonni biyu. Tare da karancin adadin ungulaye, tsakanin lokacin da aka kamasu zai iya zama har zuwa kwanaki 25, sauran lokutan kuliyoyi zasu iya ciye-ciye akan ƙananan dabbobi.
Don tsarkake ciki daga ulu (yawanci nasa, haɗiye yayin wanka), masu cin nama suna cin ciyawa da tsire-tsire na hatsi. Najasar tasu ta kunshi har zuwa 7.6% na ragowar tsire-tsire wadanda zasu iya tsarkake hanyar hanji.
Fasali na ɗabi'a da salon rayuwa
Photo: Damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya
Kasancewa shi kaɗai bisa ɗabi'a, damisoshin Gabas suna zaune a cikin yankuna daban-daban, wanda yanki a cikin maza ya kai murabba'in kilomita 238-315, matsakaicin da aka rubuta shi ne 509, kuma a mata yawanci ya ninka sau 5 - 108-127 murabba'in kilomita.
Basa barin yankin da aka zaɓa na mazauninsu tsawon shekaru. Duk lokacin rani da damuna, suna amfani da hanyoyi iri ɗaya da mafaka don 'ya'yansu. Wata sabuwar mace da aka haifa ta mamaye ƙaramin yanki. Bai wuce murabba'in kilomita 10 ba. Bayan shekara guda, yankin yana ƙaruwa zuwa murabba'in kilomita 40, sannan kuma zuwa 120.
Makircin mutane daban-daban na iya raba kan iyakoki; damisa na iya raba hanyar dutsen ɗaya. Yankin tsakiyar yankin ne kawai ke da kariyar tsaro, amma ba igiyoyin sa ba. Samari maza na iya farauta ba tare da hukunci ba a cikin yankin baƙon har sai sun fara sa alamarsa.
Yawancin saduwa suna iyakance ne ga tsoratarwa da kara. Amma yanayi ma zai yiwu idan namiji mai rauni ya mutu a yaƙi. Yankunan mata kuma ba sa cikawa. Yankunan maza na iya haɗuwa da mata manya 2-3.
Damisoshin Gabas da yawa ba alama keɓaɓɓun yankunan su ba, amma ɓangarorinsu na tsakiya, ɓarnar bawon bishiyoyi, sassauta ƙasa da dusar ƙanƙara, alama wuraren da fitsari, najasa, da barin alamomi. A mafi yawan lokuta, waɗannan alamun alaƙa ne.
Gaskiya mai ban sha'awa: Abubuwan damisa na Gabas ta Tsakiya shine mafi aminci irin sa. A duk tarihin rayuwar su, ba a rubuta ko wani yanayi na harin mutum guda ba.
Tsarin zamantakewa da haifuwa
Hotuna: Damisar damisa ta Gabas
Damisar Amur sun isa shiri don kiwo da shekaru 2.5-3. A cikin mata, wannan yana faruwa da ɗan lokaci. Lokacin wasan dabba yana farawa a rabi na biyu na hunturu. Ciki a cikin mata na faruwa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara 3 kuma yana ɗaukar kwanaki 95-105. Landan zai iya ƙunsar daga toa 1a 1 zuwa 5, yawanci 2-3.
Kamar kuliyoyi na al'ada, lokacin jima'i yana tare da ihu mai ban tsoro, kodayake damisa yawanci shiru ne kuma da wuya su yi magana. Babban abin sha'awa shine ga mata, wanda kittens ɗinsu ke cikin samartaka, lokacin da yakamata yayi ya zama mai cin gashin kansa. Galibi ana kafa maƙarƙashiyar maɗaurai a cikin rami ko kogo.
Kittens an haife su suna da nauyin gram 400-500, tare da gashi mai kauri. Bayan kwana 9, idanunsu suka buɗe. Bayan wasu yan kwanaki sai su fara rarrafe, kuma bayan wata daya suna gudu sosai. A watanni 2, suna barin kogon kuma suna bincika yankin tare da mahaifiyarsu. A cikin watanni shida, jarirai ba za su iya bin mahaifiyarsu ba, amma suyi tafiya daidai da ita.
Daga makonni 6-9, yaran sun fara cin nama, amma har yanzu uwar na ci gaba da ciyar da su da madara. Kimanin watanni 8, kuliyoyi matasa sun mallaki farauta mai zaman kanta. A lokacin da yakai watanni 12-14, tsafin yakan lalace, amma damisa na iya zama cikin rukuni na tsawon lokaci, koda bayan haihuwar zuriya ta gaba.
Abokan gaba na damisoshin Gabas
Hotuna: Damisa mai nisa na Dabba
Sauran dabbobi basa haifar da wata hatsari ga damisa kuma basu zama gasar cin abinci ba. Damisa na iya jin tsoron karnuka, a matsayin mafarauta, da kerkeci, tunda suna karatun dabbobi. Amma, tunda yawan waɗannan da waɗancan a cikin waɗannan yankuna kaɗan ne, babu wasu abubuwan tuntuɓe tsakanin waɗannan dabbobin kuma ba sa shafar juna ta kowace hanya.
Akwai sanannen ra'ayi cewa damisa na iya zama abokan damisa, amma ba daidai bane. Damisa mai nisa da damisa Amur na iya zama tare cikin lumana da juna. Idan damisa tayi kokarin afkawa dangin ta, to zai iya samun mafaka a bishiya cikin sauki.
Gasar neman farauta a cikin wadannan dabbobin ma ba abune mai wahala ba, domin dukkansu suna farautar silar sira, kuma yawansu a wuraren yana da girma sosai kuma yana karuwa kowace shekara. Lynx gama gari shima baya kawo wata damuwa ga damisa.
Babu gasar cin abinci tsakanin damisa da beran Himalayan, kuma alaƙar su ba ta adawa ba. Rikice-rikice na iya tashi ne kawai saboda neman mafakar mata da tsintsiya madaurinki daya. Har yanzu masana ba su tsayar da wanda ya fi fifiko a zabar kogo ba.
Wserai, gaggafa masu sanƙo, gaggafa zinariya, da baƙin ungulu na iya cin abincin ganimar dawa daga masu satar. Karami ya rage na iya zuwa tsuntsaye, jays, magpies. Amma, ta wata hanyar, ba su cikin sahun masu fafatawa da abinci na damisa. Dawakai, karnukan beraye na iya cin damisa idan sun san cewa ba zai sake komawa ganima ba.
Yawan jama'a da matsayin jinsin
Photo: Far Eastern Amur damisa
Duk tsawon tarihin lura da damisa ta Gabas, an san cewa itsasashe ba su da yawa. Bayanai daga shekarun baya kan yawan mutane sun bayyana damisar a matsayin mai farauta irin ta yau da kullun, amma ba yawa ga Yankin Gabas. A cikin 1870 akwai ambaton bayyanar kuliyoyi a cikin Yankin Ussuriysk, amma har ma akwai mafi ƙarancin cikinsu kamar Amur damisa.
Babban dalilan raguwar lambar sune:
- Farautar farauta;
- Gutsurewar yankin, gina manyan hanyoyi, sare dazuzzuka, yawan gobara;
- Rage wadataccen abinci saboda kashewar ungulat;
- Giciye masu alaƙa da alaƙa, sakamakon haka - ƙarewa da talaucin kayan ƙirar.
A cikin 1971-1973, akwai kusan mutane 45 a cikin Yankin Primorsky, tare da damisa 25-30 ne kawai mazaunan dindindin, sauran baƙi ne daga DPRK. A shekarar 1976, kimanin dabbobi 30-36 suka rage, 15 daga cikinsu 15 mazauna ne na dindindin. Dangane da sakamakon lissafin shekarun 1980, ya bayyana cewa damisa ba sa rayuwa a yammacin Primorye.
Karatuttukan da suka biyo baya sun nuna lambobi masu daidaituwa: mutane 30-36. Koyaya, a watan Fabrairun 1997, yawan ya ragu zuwa damisa ta 29-31. A cikin shekarun 2000s, wannan adadi ya kasance mai karko, kodayake matakin ba da gaskiya yake ba. Nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya gano maza 18 da mata 19.
Godiya ga tsananin kariya daga masu farauta, an ƙara yawan mutane. Zane-zane na 2017 ya nuna sakamako mai kyau: Damisai Amur manya 89 da yara 21 an kidaya su a cikin yankin da aka kiyaye. Amma, a cewar masana, aƙalla ana buƙatar mutane 120 don ƙirƙirar kwanciyar hankali na yawan jama'a.
Kariyar damisa ta Gabas
Hoto: Damisar Gabas ta Tsakiya daga littafin Red Book
A karni na 20, an tsara jinsin a cikin Lissafin IUCN, IUCN Red List, Rasha Red List, da CITES Rataye na 1. Peananan raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman raƙuman ruwa suna nufin dabbobi a gab da halaka tare da iyakantaccen iyaka. Tun daga 1956, an hana farautar kuliyoyin daji a yankin ƙasar Rasha.
Dokar Laifuka ta Tarayyar Rasha ta ce saboda kisan damisar da ke Gabas ta Tsakiya, za a hukunta mafarauci a kurkuku na tsawon shekaru 3, idan ba kare kai ba ne. Idan kisan ya faru a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar da aka tsara, mahalarta za su fuskanci shekaru 7 a kurkuku kuma su biya diyya har zuwa miliyan 2 rubles.
Tun daga 1916, an sami wurin ajiyar yanayi "Kedrovaya Pad", wanda yake cikin mazaunin Amur damisa. Yankin ta ya kai murabba'in kilomita 18. Tun shekara ta 2008, ajiyar Leopardovy ke aiki. Ya kai sama da murabba'in kilomita 169.
A cikin Yankin Primorsky, akwai filin shakatawa na ƙasa "ofasar Damisa". Yankinsa - murabba'in kilomita 262, ya mamaye kusan 60% na duk mazaunin damisa na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Adadin duka yankunan da aka kiyaye shine murabba'in kilomita 360. Wannan adadi ya wuce yankin Moscow sau ɗaya da rabi.
A cikin 2016, an buɗe rami don kiyaye yawan damisar Amur. Wani ɓangare na babbar hanya yanzu ya shiga ciki kuma hanyoyin gargajiya na motsi na masu farauta sun zama mafi aminci. Kyamarorin infrared na atomatik masu amfani da infrared 400 a cikin yankin keɓaɓɓu sun kafa cibiyar sadarwa mafi girma a cikin Tarayyar Rasha.
Kodayake ana daukar zaki a matsayin sarkin dabbobi, babu wata dabba da za ta iya kwatanta ta da damisa mai nisa ta fuskar kyawun tsarin, jituwa ta jiki, ƙarfi, kuzari da kuzari, karamci, wanda ya haɗu da dukkan fa'idodin wakilan dangin. Kyakkyawa da kyakkyawa, sassauƙa kuma mai ƙarfin hali, Damisa mai nisa ya bayyana a cikin yanayi azaman kyakkyawan mai farauta.
Ranar bugawa: 03/30/2019
Ranar da aka sabunta: 19.09.2019 a 11:27
